Trachysalambria curvirostris
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''Trachysalambria curvirostris'' (formerly ''Trachypenaeus curvirostris'') is a species of prawn that lives in shallow waters of the Indo-West Pacific. It is one of the most important species targeted by prawn fishery, with annual harvests of more than 300,000 t, mostly landed in China.


Distribution and ecology

''T. curvirostris'' is widely distributed across the Indo-West Pacific, from
East Africa East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa: Due to the historical ...
and the
Red Sea The Red Sea ( ar, البحر الأحمر - بحر القلزم, translit=Modern: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval: Baḥr al-Qulzum; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; T ...
to
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
and
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
. It has also entered the
Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...
as a
Lessepsian migrant The Lessepsian migration (also called Erythrean invasion) is the migration of marine species across the Suez Canal, usually from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and more rarely in the opposite direction. When the canal was completed in 18 ...
, through the
Suez Canal The Suez Canal ( arz, قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ, ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The long canal is a popular ...
. It lives at depths of over sandy or muddy bottoms.


Description

''Trachysalambria curvirostris'' is a small prawn, with males reaching a total length of up to , and females reaching . The
exoskeleton An exoskeleton (from Greek ''éxō'' "outer" and ''skeletós'' "skeleton") is an external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) in for example, a human. In usage, some of the ...
is "densely pubescent" (covered in thick down). The rostrum is straight or slightly curved upwards, and bears 7–11 teeth on the dorsal (upper) side. The last four segments of the pleon have a median crest, while the second segment has a
tubercle In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal. In plants A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection ...
on the mid-line. ''T. curvirostris'' can be distinguished from similar species that occur in the same areas (such as '' Megokris sedili'' and '' Megokris granulosus'') by the form of the petasma and thelycum (male and female reproductive structures), and by the colouration of the
uropod Uropods are posterior appendages found on a wide variety of crustaceans. They typically have functions in locomotion. Definition Uropods are often defined as the appendages of the last body segment of a crustacean. An alternative definition sugge ...
s; these are red or reddish brown, with conspicuous white margins in ''T. curvirostris'', but yellowish with grey or brown margins and centre in ''M. sedili'', and red or reddish brown with golden margins in ''M. granulosus''.


Life cycle

The biology of ''T. curvirostris'' is poorly known; in the waters around Korea, mating takes place in June, July and August. Females lay up to 100,000 eggs, each one around in diameter, with the female's fecundity being directly related to her body size. Over the next 15 hours, the eggs grow to in diameter; at this point, they hatch into the first nauplius larva. The nauplii have only three pairs of
appendage An appendage (or outgrowth) is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body. In arthropods, an appendage refers to any of the homologous body parts that may extend from a body segment, including anten ...
s: two pairs of antennae, and the mandibles. The larva passes through a further five naupliar stages by
ecdysis Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Since the cuticle of these animals typically forms a largely inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. The remna ...
, with increasing numbers of
seta In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. Th ...
e (bristles) appearing on the appendages at each stage. Around 41 hours after hatching, the larva moults into the first protozoea stage, by which time the body is long. The body is now differentiated into a
cephalothorax The cephalothorax, also called prosoma in some groups, is a tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. (The terms ''prosoma'' and ''opisthosoma'' are equivalent to ''cepha ...
and an
abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...
, bears several thoracic appendages, and the larva now begins to ingest food. After a further two protozoea stages, the larva hatches into the first mysis stage. This is typically 7 days after hatching, and the animal is typically around long. There are a further two mysis stages before the first post-larval stage, at a length of around . In this stage, the
pleopod The decapod ( crustaceans such as a crab, lobster, shrimp or prawn) is made up of 20 body segments grouped into two main body parts: the cephalothorax and the pleon (abdomen). Each segment may possess one pair of appendages, although in various ...
s (swimmerets; abdominal appendages) become functional, and the animal closely resembles the adult form. Females live for 14–15 months, and reach sexual maturity at a
carapace A carapace is a Dorsum (biology), dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tor ...
length of . Males live for 13–14 months. In Korean waters, the adults migrate into shallower water in April.


Fishery

A
fishery Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life; or more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ( a.k.a. fishing ground). Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms, both ...
for ''T. curvirostris'' was started in the mid 20th century, growing to over 300,000 t annually in the 21st century. It is a commercially important species in
Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...
,
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
,
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
and
Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
, and is also fished on smaller scales in
Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
, the
Red Sea The Red Sea ( ar, البحر الأحمر - بحر القلزم, translit=Modern: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval: Baḥr al-Qulzum; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; T ...
, the
Gulf of Aden The Gulf of Aden ( ar, خليج عدن, so, Gacanka Cadmeed 𐒅𐒖𐒐𐒕𐒌 𐒋𐒖𐒆𐒗𐒒) is a deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean between Yemen to the north, the Arabian Sea to the east, Djibouti to the west, and the Guardafui Channe ...
and the
Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea ( ar, اَلْبَحرْ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, Al-Bahr al-ˁArabī) is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan, Iran and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel ...
. Although it is abundant around the coasts of
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, ''T. curvirostris'' is too small to be commercially viable there. The fishery for ''T. curvirostris'' is carried out with
otter trawl Bottom trawling is trawling (towing a trawl, which is a fishing net) along the seafloor. It is also referred to as "dragging". The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and demersal trawling. Benthic trawling is towin ...
s, gill nets and as an
artisan An artisan (from french: artisan, it, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand. These objects may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative art ...
al fishery. It is easier to catch at night, and is fished only in waters less than deep. Worldwide, ''T. curvirostris'' is one of the five most important single species targeted by shrimp and prawn fisheries, with most of the harvest being landed in China. In Korea, ''T. curvirostris'' is the dominant species in the shrimp fishery, accounting for more than 50% of landings (other abundant prawn species in the area include ''
Penaeus chinensis The Chinese white shrimp, oriental shrimp, or fleshy prawn (''Fenneropenaeus chinensis'') is a species of shrimp. It is aquaculture, cultivated at an fishing industry in China, industrial level off mainland China. Production was devastated by a se ...
'', ''
Metapenaeus joyneri ''Metapenaeus'' is a genus of prawns, containing the following species: *'' Metapenaeus affinis'' (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) *'' Metapenaeus alcocki'' M. J. George & Rao, 1968 *'' Metapenaeus anchistus'' (de Man, 1920) *'' Metapenaeus arabicus'' H ...
'' and ''
Metapenaeopsis dalei ''Metapenaeopsis'', the velvet shrimps, is a prawn genus in the family Penaeidae. It contains these species: * '' Metapenaeopsis acclivis'' (Rathbun, 1902) * '' Metapenaeopsis aegyptia'' Galil & Golani, 1990 * '' Metapenaeopsis andamanensis'' (W ...
'').


Taxonomy

The species was first described by
William Stimpson William Stimpson (February 14, 1832 – May 26, 1872) was a noted American scientist. He was interested particularly in marine biology. Stimpson became an important early contributor to the work of the Smithsonian Institution and later, direc ...
in 1860, as a species in the genus '' Penaeus'', with a type locality of
Shimoda, Shizuoka 270px, Shimoda City Hall is a city and port located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 21,402 in 10,787 households, and a population density of 200 persons per km2. The total area of the city is . In the 1 ...
, Japan. In 1901, Alcock erected a new genus ''Trachypeneus'' (later emended to ''Trachypenaeus'' after a petition to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 26 commissioners from 20 countries. Orga ...
by Lipke Holthuis). In 1934,
Martin Burkenroad Martin David Burkenroad (March 20, 1910 – January 12, 1986) was an American marine biologist. He specialized in decapod crustaceans and fisheries science. Biography Burkenroad was born in New Orleans in 1910 as the only child of coffee import ...
introduced ''Trachysalambria'' as a subgenus of ''Trachypenaeus'', assigning ''T. curvirostris'' as its
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
. This subgenus was in turn elevated to the rank of genus in 1997, by
Isabel Pérez Farfante Isabel Pérez Farfante (July 24, 1916 – August 20, 2009) was a Cuban-born carcinologist. She was the first Cuban woman to receive her Ph.D. from an Ivy League school. She returned to Cuba from the United States only to be blacklisted by Fidel ...
and
Brian Kensley Brian (sometimes spelled Bryan in English) is a male given name of Irish and Breton origin, as well as a surname of Occitan origin. It is common in the English-speaking world. It is possible that the name is derived from an Old Celtic word mea ...
.
Common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...
s for the species include "cocktail shrimp", "hardback prawn", "southern rough prawn", and the name preferred by the
Food and Agriculture Organization The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)french: link=no, Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture; it, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura is an intern ...
, "southern rough shrimp".


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5234019 Penaeidae Crustaceans described in 1860 Commercial crustaceans Edible crustaceans