The Languages of Africa
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''The Languages of Africa'' is a 1963 book of essays by the linguist
Joseph Greenberg Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages. Life Early life and education Joseph Greenberg was born on ...
, in which the author sets forth a genetic
classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes. It may also refer to: Business, organizat ...
of
African languages The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families: * Niger–Congo or perhaps Atlantic–Congo languages (includes Bantu and non-Bantu, and possibly Mande and others) are spoken in West, Central, Southeast and Southern A ...
that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today. It is an expanded and extensively revised version of his 1955 work ''Studies in African Linguistic Classification'', which was itself a compilation of eight articles which Greenberg had published in the ''Southwestern Journal of Anthropology'' between 1949 and 1954. It was first published in 1963 as Part II of the ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', Vol. 29, No. 1; however, its second edition of 1966, in which it was published (by
Indiana University Indiana University (IU) is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana. Campuses Indiana University has two core campuses, five regional campuses, and two regional centers under the administration of IUPUI. *Indiana Universit ...
, Bloomington: Mouton & Co., The Hague) as an independent work, is more commonly cited. Its author describes it as based on three fundamentals of method: * "The sole relevance in comparison of resemblances involving both sound and meaning in specific forms." * "
Mass comparison Mass comparison is a method developed by Joseph Greenberg to determine the level of genetic relatedness between languages. It is now usually called multilateral comparison. The method is rejected by most linguists , though not all. Some of the to ...
as against isolated comparisons between pairs of languages." * "Only linguistic evidence is relevant in drawing conclusions about classification."


Innovations

Greenberg's Niger–Congo family was substantially foreshadowed by Westermann's "
Western Sudanic The Mande languages are spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé peoples and include Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Dioula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai. There are "60 to 75 languages spoken by 30 to 40 million ...
", but he changed the subclassification, including
Fulani The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people ( ff, Fulɓe, ; french: Peul, links=no; ha, Fulani or Hilani; pt, Fula, links=no; wo, Pël; bm, Fulaw) are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. ...
(as
West Atlantic West Atlantic is a holding company for two European cargo airlines, West Air Sweden and West Atlantic UK, with its head office in Malmö, Sweden. West Atlantic employ some 650 staff and operate a fleet of 22 aircraft. The airline specializes in ...
) and the newly postulated Adamawa–Eastern, excluding Songhai, and classifying
Bantu Bantu may refer to: *Bantu languages, constitute the largest sub-branch of the Niger–Congo languages *Bantu peoples, over 400 peoples of Africa speaking a Bantu language * Bantu knots, a type of African hairstyle *Black Association for National ...
as merely a subfamily of Benue–Congo (previously termed "Semi-Bantu"). Semitic,
Berber Berber or Berbers may refer to: Ethnic group * Berbers, an ethnic group native to Northern Africa * Berber languages, a family of Afro-Asiatic languages Places * Berber, Sudan, a town on the Nile People with the surname * Ady Berber (1913–196 ...
,
Egyptian Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...
and
Cushitic The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and the Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. As o ...
had been generally accepted as members of a "Hamito-Semitic" family, while
Chadic The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 150 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, the Central African Republic, and northern Cam ...
,
Fulani The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people ( ff, Fulɓe, ; french: Peul, links=no; ha, Fulani or Hilani; pt, Fula, links=no; wo, Pël; bm, Fulaw) are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. ...
, " Nilo-Hamitic" and Hottentot had all been controversially proposed as members. He accepted Chadic (while changing its membership), and rejected the other three, establishing to most linguists' satisfaction that they had been classified as "Hamitic" for purely typological reasons. This demonstration also led to the rejection (by him and by linguistics as a whole) of the term
Hamitic Hamites is the name formerly used for some Northern and Horn of Africa peoples in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races which was developed originally by Europeans in support of colonialism and slavery. ...
as having no coherent meaning in historical linguistics; as a result, he renamed the newly reclassified family "
Afroasiatic The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic su ...
". Following Schapera and rejecting Meinhof, he classified Hottentot as a member of the
Central Khoisan languages The Khoi languages are the largest of the non- Bantu language families indigenous to Southern Africa. They were once considered to be a branch of a Khoisan language family, and were known as Central Khoisan in that scenario. Though Khoisan is ...
. To Khoisan he also added the much more northerly Hadza (Hatsa) and Sandawe. His most revolutionary step was the postulation of the
Nilo-Saharan The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50–60 million people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of the Nile meet. T ...
family. This is still controversial, because so far attempts to reconstruct this family have been unsuccessful, but it holds promise and is it widely used. Prior linguists had noticed an apparent relationship between the majority of the languages, but had never formally proposed a family. These languages – the
Eastern Sudanic In most classifications, the Eastern Sudanic languages are a group of nine families of languages that may constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Eastern Sudanic languages are spoken from southern Egypt to northern Tanzania. Nub ...
,
Central Sudanic Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic, Chad, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Nigeria and ...
, Kunama and Berta branches – Greenberg placed into a core group he called Chari–Nile, to which he added all the remaining unclassified languages of Africa that did not have noun classes. The distinction between Chari–Nile and the peripheral branches has since been abandoned. On a lower level, he placed "Nilo-Hamitic" firmly within
Nilotic The Nilotic peoples are people indigenous to the Nile Valley who speak Nilotic languages. They inhabit South Sudan, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. Among these are the Burun-sp ...
, following a suggestion of Köhler, and placed Eastern Sudanic on a firmer foundation. Finally, he assigned the unclassified languages of the Nuba Hills of
Kordofan Kordofan ( ar, كردفان ') is a former province of central Sudan. In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states: North Kordofan, South Kordofan and West Kordofan. In August 2005, West Kordofan State was abolished and its territory di ...
to the Niger–Congo family, calling the result ''Congo–Kordofanian''. The relationship has been accepted, with the exception of the " Tumtum" group, though the
Kordofanian languages The Kordofanian languages are a geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in the Nuba Mountains of the Kurdufan, Sudan: Talodi–Heiban languages, Lafofa languages, Rashad languages, Katla languages and Kadu languages. The first four gro ...
are no longer seen as being a primary branch, and the name 'Congo–Kordofanian' is no longer used. Greenberg's four families became the dominant conception of African languages, though his subclassification did not fare as well. Niger−Congo and Afroasiatic are nearly universally accepted, with no significant support for Hamitic or the independence of Bantu. Nilo-Saharan is still considered provisional. Khoisan is now rejected by specialists, except as a term of convenience, though it may be retained in less specialized literature.


Classification

The book classifies Africa's languages into four stocks not presumed to be related to each other, as follows:


I. Congo–Kordofanian

:I.A Niger–Congo :I.A.1
West Atlantic West Atlantic is a holding company for two European cargo airlines, West Air Sweden and West Atlantic UK, with its head office in Malmö, Sweden. West Atlantic employ some 650 staff and operate a fleet of 22 aircraft. The airline specializes in ...
: I.A.1.a Northern:
Wolof Wolof or Wollof may refer to: * Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mal ...
, Serer-Sin,
Fulani The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people ( ff, Fulɓe, ; french: Peul, links=no; ha, Fulani or Hilani; pt, Fula, links=no; wo, Pël; bm, Fulaw) are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. ...
, Serer-Non, Konyagi, Basari,
Biafada Biafada (''ga-njoola''Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. ''Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification''. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.) is a Senegambian language of Guinea ...
, Badyara ( Pajade), Dyola, Mandyak,
Balante Balanta (or Balant) is a group of two closely related Bak languages of West Africa spoken by the Balanta people. Description Balanta is now generally divided into two distinct languages: Balanta-Kentohe and Balanta-Ganja. Balanta-Kentohe The B ...
, Banyun, Nalu, Cobiana, Cassanga, Bidyogo : I.A.1.b Southern: Temne, Baga, Landoma, Kissi, Bulom, Limba, Gola :I.A.2 Mande : I.A.2.a Western : I.A.2.a.1
Malinke Maninka (also known as Malinke), or more precisely Eastern Maninka, is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande language family. It is the mother tongue of the Malinké peop ...
, Bambara, Dyula,
Mandinka Mandinka, Mandika, Mandinkha, Mandinko, or Mandingo may refer to: Media * ''Mandingo'' (novel), a bestselling novel published in 1957 * ''Mandingo'' (film), a 1975 film based on the eponymous 1957 novel * ''Mandingo (play)'', a play by Jack Kir ...
, Numu,
Ligbi The Ligbi (or Ligby) people speak a Mande language in Ghana, in the north-west corner of the Brong-Ahafo Region. Ligbi is spoken by approximately 10,000 speakers (1988 GILLBT/ SIL). It is fairly closely related to Jula, Vai and Kono. A small ...
, Huela, Vai, Kono, Koranko, Khasonke
Bobo Bobo may refer to: Animals and plants * Bobo (gorilla) a popular gorilla at the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle from 1953 to 1968 * Bobo, Vietnamese name for Job's tears, a plant of south-east Asia Entertainment, arts and media * ''Bobo'' (mag ...
: I.A.2.a.3 Mende, Loko,
Gbandi Gbandi (or Bandi, Bande, Gbande, Gbunde) is an ethnic group of Liberia. It is also the language traditionally spoken by these people. Famous Gbandi Personalities: Dr. Stephen A. Yekehson - Late ( professor and president of the University of Liber ...
, Loma, Kpelle ( Guerze) : I.A.2.a.4 Susu, Dyalonke : I.A.2.a.5 Soninke,
Bozo Bozo or bozo may refer to: People *Bozo people, a fishing people of the central Niger delta in Mali ** Bozo language, languages of the Bozo people * Frédéric Bozo, history Professor at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle * Bozo Mille ...
: I.A.2.a.6 Duun, Dzuun, Jo, Seenku ( Sembla), Kpan, Banka : I.A.2.b Eastern : I.A.2.b.1
Mano Mano may refer to: People * Mano people, an ethnic group in Liberia * Mano (name), a list of people with either the given name or surname * Mano (Mozambican footballer) (born 1984), real name Celso Halilo de Abdul * Mano (Portuguese footballer) ...
,
Dan Dan or DAN may refer to: People * Dan (name), including a list of people with the name ** Dan (king), several kings of Denmark * Dan people, an ethnic group located in West Africa **Dan language, a Mande language spoken primarily in Côte d'Ivoi ...
( Gio), Guro ( Kweni),
Mwa MWA may refer to: * Machas with Attitude, Indian hip hop group * Mandatory Work Activity, UK * Married Women's Association, UK * May Week Alternative, a Cambridge University student charity * Metropolitan Waterfront Alliance, for the NY-NJ wate ...
,
Nwa NWA or Nwa most commonly refers to: * N.W.A ("Niggaz Wit Attitudes"), a hip hop group from Compton, California, US * National Wrestling Alliance, a professional wrestling organization NWA or Nwa may refer to: Music * New Weird America, a subgenr ...
,
Beng A Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) or a Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE) is an academic undergraduate degree awarded to a student after three to five years of studying engineering at an accredited college or university. In the UK, a Bache ...
, Gban, Tura (
Wen Wen, wen, or WEN may refer to: * WEN, New York Stock Exchange symbol for Wendy's/Arby's Group * WEN, Amtrak station code for Columbia Station in Wenatchee, Washington, United States * WEN, ICAO airline designator for WestJet Encore * Wen (surnam ...
), Yaure : I.A.2.b.2
Samo Samo (–) founded the first recorded political union of Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire (''realm'', ''kingdom'', or ''tribal union''), stretching from Silesia to present-day Slovakia, ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to ...
, Bisa, Busa, Kyenga, Shanga :I.A.3 Voltaic : I.A.3.a
Senoufo The Senufo people, also known as Siena, Senefo, Sene, Senoufo, and Syénambélé, are a West African ethnolinguistic group. They consist of diverse subgroups living in a region spanning the northern Ivory Coast, the southeastern Mali and the wes ...
:
Minianka Minyanka (also known as Mamara, Miniyanka, Minya, Mianka, Minianka, or Tupiire) is a northern Senufo language spoken by about 750,000 people in southeastern Mali. It is closely related to Supyire. Minyanka is one of the national languages of Ma ...
, Tagba,
Foro Foro ( ar, فورو, ti, ፎሮ) is a town in the Northern Red Sea region (Zoba Semienawi Keyih Bahri) of Eritrea. Overview A small city located near the coast, Foro was built at the confluence of the Haddas, Aligide and Comaile rivers. In t ...
, Tagwana ( Takponin),
Dyimini The Djimini (also spelt Dyimini) people of Côte d’Ivoire belong to the larger Senoufo group. They have a population of about 100,000 and live in the north-eastern area of Côte d’Ivoire, in Burkina Faso and Mali. The Djimini pass on their stor ...
,
Nafana The Nafana are a Senufo people living in the central north-west of Ghana and the north-east of Côte d'Ivoire, in the area east of Bondoukou. They number about 45, 000 (SIL/GILLBT 1992) and they speak Nafaanra, a Senufo language. They are surro ...
: I.A.3.b. Lobi-Dogon: Lobi, Dyan, Puguli,
Gan The word Gan or the initials GAN may refer to: Places *Gan, a component of Hebrew placenames literally meaning "garden" China * Gan River (Jiangxi) * Gan River (Inner Mongolia), * Gan County, in Jiangxi province * Gansu, abbreviated ''Gā ...
, Gouin, Turuka, Doghosie, Doghosie-Fing, Kyan, Tara, Bwamu, Wara, Natioro, Dogon,
Kulango Kulango is a Niger–Congo language of Ivory Coast and across the border in Ghana. It is one of the Kulango languages, and it may be classified as a Gur language. There are two principal varieties, distinct enough to be considered separate lang ...
: I.A.3.c Grusi: Awuna,
Kasena The Kassena people are an ethnic group located along the northern Ghana and Burkina Faso border. They speak the Kasem language. Their king lives in the town of Tiébélé. The Kasenna are closely related to the people of Nankanni and were brough ...
, Nunuma, Lyele, Tamprusi, Kanjaga (Bulea) (moved to group d), Degha,
Siti Siti or SITI may refer to: People * Siti (given name), a common Malay female given name * Siti Kassim (born 1961), Comorian politician * Siti Mwinyi (born 1932), Tanzanian first lady * Beáta Siti (born 1973), Hungarian handball player and coach ...
, Kurumba ( Fulse), Sisala : I.A.3.d Mossi, Dagomba, Kusasi, Nankanse,
Talensi Tallensi, also spelled Talensi, are a people of northern Ghana who speak a language of the Gur branch of the Niger-Congo language family. They grow millet and sorghum as staples and raise cattle, sheep, and goats on a small scale. Their normal do ...
, Mamprusi, Wala, Dagari, Birifo, Namnam, Kanjaga ( Bulea) (moved from group c) : I.A.3.e
Tem Tem or TEM may refer to: Acronyms * Threat and error management, an aviation safety management model. * Telecom Expense Management * Telecom Equipment Manufacturer * TEM (currency), local to Volos, Greece * TEM (nuclear propulsion), a Russian ...
,
Kabre The Kabiye, also known as Kabye, Kabre, Cabrai', are a people living in the north central mountains and northern plains of Togo. They speak the Kabiye language. The Kabye are primarily known for farming and cultivation of harsh, dry, infertile land ...
,
Delo ''Delo'' (russian: Дело) is a business oriented online media in Ukraine, belonging to ekonomika+ media holding. ''Delo'' was the first daily in Ukraine, publishing its real print circulation (13.000 - 15.000) and trying to introduce Western e ...
,
Chala The Chala or "Coast" is one of the eight natural regions in Peru. It is formed by all the western lands that arise from sea level up to the height of 500 meters. The coastal desert of Peru is largely devoid of vegetation but a unique fog and mist- ...
: I.A.3.f Bargu ( Bariba) : I.A.3.g
Gurma Gurma (also called Gourma or Gourmantché) is an ethnic group living mainly in northeastern Ghana, Burkina Faso, around Fada N'Gourma, and also in northern areas of Togo and Benin, as well as southwestern Niger. They number approximately 1,750 ...
, Tobote ( Basari), Kasele (
Chamba Chamba may refer to: People * Gilberto Chamba (born 1961), Ecuadorian serial killer * Jessica Chamba (born 1981), European activist Places Ghana * Chamba, a town in the Northern Region India * Chamba (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Himachal Pradesh ...
),
Moba Multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) is a subgenre of strategy video games in which two teams of players compete against each other on a predefined battlefield. Each player controls a single character with a set of distinctive abilities that im ...
: I.A.3.x
Dogon Dogon may refer to: *Dogon people, an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa *Dogon languages, a small, close-knit language family spoken by the Dogon people of Mali *'' Dogon A.D.'', an album by saxophonist Juliu ...
:I.A.4 Kwa : I.A.4.a
Kru KRU was a Malaysian pop boy band formed in 1992. The group comprises three brothers, namely Datuk Norman Abdul Halim, Datuk Yusry Abdul Halim and Edry Abdul Halim'. Apart from revolutionising the Malaysian music scene with their blend of pop ...
: Bete, Bakwe, Grebo, Bassa, De,
Kru KRU was a Malaysian pop boy band formed in 1992. The group comprises three brothers, namely Datuk Norman Abdul Halim, Datuk Yusry Abdul Halim and Edry Abdul Halim'. Apart from revolutionising the Malaysian music scene with their blend of pop ...
( Krawi) : I.A.4.b Avatime, Nyangbo, Tafi, Logba, Likpe, Ahlo, Akposo, Lefana, Bowili,
Akpafu Akpafu-Mempeasem is a town in the Volta Region of Ghana. The town is known for the Akpafu Secondary Technical School. The school is a second cycle institution. References

Populated places in the Volta Region {{VoltaRegion-geo-stub ...
, Santrokofi,
Adele Adele Laurie Blue Adkins (, ; born 5 May 1988), professionally known by the mononym Adele, is an English singer and songwriter. After graduating in arts from the BRIT School in 2006, Adele signed a reco ...
, Kebu, Anyimere, Ewe, Aladian, Avikam, Gwa, Kyama,
Akye The Akan () people live primarily in present-day Ghana and Ivory Coast in West Africa. The Akan language (also known as ''Twi/Fante'') are a group of dialects within the Central Tano languages, Central Tano branch of the Potou–Tano languages, ...
,
Ari Ari may refer to: People and fictional characters * Ari (name), a name in various languages, including a list of people and fictional characters * Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534–1572), Jewish rabbinical scholar and mystic known also as Ari * Ari (foot ...
,
Abe Abe or ABE may refer to: People and fictional characters * Shinzo Abe (1954–2022), former Prime Minister of Japan * Abe (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or nickname * Abe (surname), a list of people a ...
, Adyukru,
Akan Akan may refer to: People and languages *Akan people, an ethnic group in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire *Akan language, a language spoken by the Akan people *Kwa languages, a language group which includes Akan *Central Tano languages, a language group w ...
(
Twi Twi () is a dialect of the Akan language spoken in southern and central Ghana by several million people, mainly of the Akan people, the largest of the seventeen major ethnic groups in Ghana. Twi has about 17-18 million speakers in total, includ ...
, Anyi, Baule, Guang, Metyibo, Abure), Ga, Adangme : I.A.4.c
Yoruba The Yoruba people (, , ) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute ...
, Igala : I.A.4.d
Nupe Nupe may refer to: *Nupe people, of Nigeria *Nupe language, their language *The Bida Emirate, also known as the Nupe Kingdom, their former state *A member of the Kappa Alpha Psi Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. () is a historically African Amer ...
, Gbari,
Igbira The Ebira also known as Egbira people are an ethno-linguistic group of central Nigeria. Most Ebira people are from Kogi State, Nasarawa State. Until the separation of Kogi State from Kwara State, Okene was seen as the administrative centre of the ...
, Gade : I.A.4.e Bini, Ishan, Kukuruku,
Sobo Sobo may refer to: Places * Sobo, La Brea, Trinidad and Tobago * Mount Sobo, Japan * SoBo or South Mumbai Other * Sobo (deity) * Sobo language (disambiguation) * Alexandra Sobo Alexandra Sobo (born ) is a Romanian female volleyball player, pl ...
: I.A.4.f Idoma, Agatu, Iyala : I.A.4.g Ibo : I.A.4.h Ijo :I.A.5 Benue–Congo : I.A.5.A
Plateau In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; ), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Often one or more sides ha ...
: I.A.5.A.1 : I.A.5.A.1.a
Kambari The Kambari or Kamberi languages) are a cluster of Kainji languages spoken in northwestern Nigeria (Kebbi State and Niger State). Geographic distribution The Kambarri languages are spoken in Kebbi and Niger States, Nigeria. There are also some sp ...
, Dukawa, Dakakari,
Basa Basa may refer to: Agreements * Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement, between National Aviation Authority regulators People * Basa (surname) * Bassa people (Cameroon), also spelled Basa, an ethnic group * Basa, leader and namesake of the Basing ...
, Kamuku, Reshe : I.A.5.A.1.b
Piti Piti may refer to: * Pīti, a mental factor in Buddhism * PITI, the principal, interest, taxes, and insurance sum of a mortgage payment * Piti (food), a soup dish of Central Asia * Piti (footballer) (born 1981), Spanish footballer * Piti, Guam * Pi ...
, Janji, Kurama, Chawai, Anaguta, Buji,
Amap AMAP is a multiple sequence alignment program based on sequence annealing. This approach consists of building up the multiple alignment one match at a time, thereby circumventing many of the problems of progressive alignment. The AMAP parameters ...
, Gure, Kahugu, Ribina, Butawa, Kudawa : I.A.5.A.2 Afusare, Irigwe,
Katab The Atyap people (Tyap: ''A̱tyap'', singular: ''A̱tyotyap''; Hausa language, Hausa exonym: ''Kataf'', ''Katab'') are an ethnic group found majorly in Zangon-Kataf, Kaura, Nigeria, Kaura and Jema'a Local Government Areas of southern Kaduna, so ...
,
Kagoro Gworok, also known as Gworog (Hausa language, Hausa: ''Kagoro''), is a large town in Southern Kaduna, southern Kaduna State, Middle Belt Nigeria. It is located in the Kaura, Nigeria, Kaura Local Government Area of Nigeria, Local Government Area ...
, Kaje, Kachicheri, Morwa, Jaba, Kamantan, Kadara,
Koro Koro may refer to: Geography *Koro Island, a Fijian island * Koro Sea, in the Pacific Ocean * Koro, Ivory Coast *Koro, Mali * Koro, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community Languages *Koro language (India), an endangered language spo ...
, Afo : I.A.5.A.3 Birom, Ganawuri (
Aten Aten also Aton, Atonu, or Itn ( egy, jtn, ''reconstructed'' ) was the focus of Atenism, the religious system established in ancient Egypt by the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. The Aten was the disc of the sun and originally an aspect of ...
) : I.A.5.A.4 Rukuba, Ninzam, Ayu,
Mada Mada ( sa, मद) is a term used in both Āstika and nāstika, Hindu theology and Hindu mythology, mythology. It is one of the Arishadvargas. It refers to one of the six enemy of the mind or a vice according to the Hindu texts, Hindu scriptures ...
, Kaninkwom : I.A.5.A.5
Eggon Eggon (also Egon, Ero, or Mo Egon), erroneously referred to as Mada - formerly a Plateau language spoken in central Nigeria. It is one of the major language in Nasarawa State. Classification The exact classification of the Eggon language has be ...
,
Nungu ''Borassus flabellifer'', commonly known as doub palm, palmyra palm, tala or tal palm, toddy palm, wine palm or ice apple, is native to South Asia (especially in Bangladesh & South India) and Southeast Asia. It is reportedly naturalized in Socot ...
, Yeskwa : I.A.5.A.6 Kaleri, Pyem, Pai : I.A.5.A.7 Yergam, Basherawa : I.A.5.B
Jukunoid The Jukunoid languages are a branch of the Benue-Congo languages spoken by the Jukun people (West Africa), Jukun and related peoples of Nigeria and Cameroon. They are distributed mostly throughout Taraba State, Nigeria and surrounding regions. ...
: Jukun, Kentu, Nyidu, Tigong, Eregba, Mbembe, Zumper ( Kutev, Mbarike), Boritsu : I.A.5.C Cross-River : I.A.5.C.1 Boki, Gayi ( Uge), Yakoro : I.A.5.C.2
Ibibio Ibibio may refer to: * Ibibio language * Ibibio people * Ibibio Sound Machine, an English electronic afro-funk band who sing in Ibibio See also * Ibiblio ibiblio (formerly SunSITE.unc.edu and MetaLab.unc.edu) is a "collection of collections" ...
, Efik,
Ogoni The Ogonis are a people in the Rivers South East senatorial district of Rivers State, in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria. They number just over 2 million and live in a homeland which they also refer to as Ogoniland. They share common ...
(
Kana The term may refer to a number of syllabaries used to write Japanese phonological units, morae. Such syllabaries include (1) the original kana, or , which were Chinese characters (kanji) used phonetically to transcribe Japanese, the most pr ...
),
Andoni Andoni is a Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is at NgoTown. It has an area of over 233 km and a population of over 311,500 at the last census. The postal code of the area is 504. The current Executive Chairman ...
, Akoiyang, Ododop,
Korop Korop ( uk, Короп) is an urban-type settlement (town) in Novhorod-Siverskyi Raion, Chernihiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Korop settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population is Th ...
: I.A.5.C.3
Akunakuna The Akunakuna are an ethnic group of Nigeria and Cameroon, closely related to the Efik, Bahumono and Ibibio people, mostly inhabiting the area around the Cross River. Recent figures have indicated there are over three hundred fifty thousand Akun ...
, Abine, Yako, Asiga, Ekuri,
Ukelle The Ukelle people (''Ba'kelle'') make up roughly half of the population of the Yala Local Government Area in Cross River State, Nigeria . Ukelle people are a sub ethnic group belonging to the Orring people who are also found in Benue in Utonkon, ...
, Okpoto-Mteze, Olulomo : I.A.5.D
Bantoid Bantoid is a major branch of the Benue–Congo language family. It consists of the Northern Bantoid languages and the Southern Bantoid languages, a division which also includes the Bantu languages that constitute the overwhelming majority and to ...
: Tiv, Bitare, Batu, Ndoro,
Mambila The Mambilla or Mambila people of Nigeria live on the Mambilla Plateau (in 'Sardauna' local government area of Taraba State in Nigeria). A small fraction of Mambilla migrants left the Mambilla Plateau for the Ndom Plain (also known as northern Tik ...
, Bute,
Bantu Bantu may refer to: *Bantu languages, constitute the largest sub-branch of the Niger–Congo languages *Bantu peoples, over 400 peoples of Africa speaking a Bantu language * Bantu knots, a type of African hairstyle *Black Association for National ...
:I.A.6 Adamawa–Eastern : I.A.6.A Adamawa : I.A.6.A.1
Tula Tula may refer to: Geography Antarctica *Tula Mountains *Tula Point India *Tulā, a solar month in the traditional Indian calendar Iran * Tula, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province Italy * Tula, Sardinia, municipality (''comune'') in the pr ...
, Dadiya,
Waja Waja (also known as Waja Temuga) is a town in northern Ethiopia. Located in the Debubawi Zone of the Tigray Region, south of the city of Alamata, Waja has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 1471 meters above sea level. It is one of ...
,
Cham Cham or CHAM may refer to: Ethnicities and languages *Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia **Cham language, the language of the Cham people ***Cham script ***Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script *Cham Albanian ...
, Kamu : I.A.6.A.2
Chamba Chamba may refer to: People * Gilberto Chamba (born 1961), Ecuadorian serial killer * Jessica Chamba (born 1981), European activist Places Ghana * Chamba, a town in the Northern Region India * Chamba (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Himachal Pradesh ...
, Donga, Lekon, Wom, Mumbake : I.A.6.A.3 Daka, Taram : I.A.6.A.4 Vere, Namshi, Kolbila, Pape,
Sari A sari (sometimes also saree or shari)The name of the garment in various regional languages include: * as, শাৰী, xārī, translit-std=ISO * bn, শাড়ি, śāṛi, translit-std=ISO * gu, સાડી, sāḍī, translit-std= ...
, Sewe,
Woko WOKO (98.9 FM) is an American radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Burlington, Vermont, United States, the station serves the Burlington-Plattsburgh area. The station is owned by Hall Communications History WJOY-FM WJ ...
, Kotopo, Kutin, Durru : I.A.6.A.5
Mumuye The Mumuyes are a people of Nigeria. They speak the Mumuye language. They constitute the largest tribal group in Taraba State of Nigeria and form the predominant tribes found in Zing, Yorro, Jalingo, Ardo-Kola, Lau, Gassol, Bali and Gashaka, al ...
,
Kumba Kumba is a metropolitan city in the Meme department, Southwest Region, Western Cameroon, referred as "K-town" in local slang. Kumba is the most developed and largest city in the Meme Department and has attracted people from the local villag ...
, Gengle,
Teme The River Teme (pronounced ; cy, Afon Tefeidiad) rises in Mid Wales, south of Newtown, and flows southeast roughly forming the border between England and Wales for several miles through Knighton before entering England in the vicinity of ...
,
Waka Waka may refer to: Culture and language * Waka (canoe), a Polynesian word for canoe; especially, canoes of the Māori of New Zealand ** Waka ama, a Polynesian outrigger canoe ** Waka hourua, a Polynesian ocean-going canoe ** Waka taua, a Māori w ...
, Yendang,
Zinna Zinna is a village and a former municipality in the district Nordsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2013, it is part of the town Torgau. See also * Treaty of Zinna * Zinna Abbey Zinna Abbey (german: Kloster Zinna) is a former Cis ...
: I.A.6.A.6 Dama,
Mono Mono may refer to: Common meanings * Infectious mononucleosis, "the kissing disease" * Monaural, monophonic sound reproduction, often shortened to mono * Mono-, a numerical prefix representing anything single Music Performers * Mono (Japanese b ...
, Mbere,
Mundang Mundang is an Mbum language of southern Chad and northern Cameroon. The Gelama dialect of Cameroon may be a separate language. Distribution Mundang, spoken in Cameroon by 44,700 speakers (SIL 1982), is mainly spoken in Mayo-Kani department, F ...
, Yasing, Mangbei,
Mbum Mbum Proper (also Mboum, Buna, Mboumtiba and Wuna) is a Adamawa–Ubangi language of Central Africa. It is spoken by about people in Cameroon and the Central African Republic. History The Mbum language is spoken by the Mbum people who inhabit ...
, Kpere,
Lakka Lakka or is a liqueur produced in Finland which derives its flavor from the cloudberry fruit. The word means cloudberry in Finnish. The beverage is produced by soaking the berries in alcohol anywhere between two and six months until sweetene ...
, Dek : I.A.6.A.7 Yungur, Mboi, Libo, Roba : I.A.6.A.8
Kam Kaam (Gurmukhi: ਕਾਮ ''Kāma'') in common usage, the term stands for 'excessive passion for sexual pleasure' and it is in this sense that it is considered to be an evil in Sikhism. In Sikhism it is believed that Kaam can be overcome ...
: I.A.6.A.9 Jen, Munga : I.A.6.A.10 Longuda : I.A.6.A.11 Fali : I.A.6.A.12 Nimbari : I.A.6.A.13 Bua, Nielim, Koke : I.A.6.A.14
Masa ''Masa'' (or ''masa de maíz'') (; ) is a maize dough that comes from ground nixtamalization, nixtamalized corn. It is used for making corn tortillas, ''gorditas'', ''tamales'', ''pupusas'', and many other Latin American cuisine, Latin American d ...
: I.A.6.B
Eastern Eastern may refer to: Transportation *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai *Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 *Eastern Air Li ...
: I.A.6.B.1 Gbaya, Manja, Mbaka : I.A.6.B.2
Banda Banda may refer to: People *Banda (surname) *Banda Prakash (born 1954), Indian politician *Banda Kanakalingeshwara Rao (1907–1968), Indian actor *Banda Karthika Reddy (born 1977), Indian politician *Banda Singh Bahadur (1670–1716), Sikh warr ...
: I.A.6.B.3 Ngbandi, Sango, Yakoma : I.A.6.B.4 Zande, Nzakara, Barambo, Pambia : I.A.6.B.5 Bwaka, Monjombo, Gbanziri,
Mundu The mundu (Malayalam: ; ) is a garment worn around the waist in the Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, the Lakshadweep archipelago, and the Indian Ocean island nation of Maldives. It is closely related to sarongs like dhotis and lungis. ...
, Mayogo, Bangba : I.A.6.B.6 Ndogo, Bai, Bviri, Golo, Sere, Tagbo, Feroge,
Indri The indri (; ''Indri indri''), also called the babakoto, is one of the largest living lemurs, with a head-body length of about and a weight of between . It has a black and white coat and maintains an upright posture when climbing or clinging. ...
, Mangaya, Togoyo : I.A.6.B.7
Amadi Amedi or Amadiya ( ku, ئامێدی, Amêdî, ; Syriac: , Amədya), is a town in the Duhok Governorate of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It is built on a mesa in the broader Great Zab river valley. Etymology According to Ali ibn al-Athir, the name ...
( Madyo, Ma) : I.A.6.B.8 Mondunga,
Mba A Master of Business Administration (MBA; also Master's in Business Administration) is a postgraduate degree focused on business administration. The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration such as accounti ...
( Bamanga) :I.B
Kordofanian The Kordofanian languages are a geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in the Nuba Mountains of the Kurdufan, Sudan: Talodi–Heiban languages, Lafofa languages, Rashad languages, Katla languages and Kadu languages. The first four g ...
:I.B.1 Koalib: Koalib, Kanderma, Heiban, Laro,
Otoro Otoro may be, * Otoro River, Honduras *Otoro Nuba people **Otoro language The Otoro language (Utoro, Dhitoro, Litoro) is a Niger–Congo language in the Heiban family spoken in Kordofan Kordofan ( ar, كردفان ') is a former province of ...
, Kawama, Shwai, Tira, Moro, Fungor :I.B.2 Tegali: Tegali,
Rashad Rashad is a given name which may refer to: Surname: *Ahmad Rashad (born 1949), American football player and sportcaster *Ali Akbar Rashad (born 1955), Iranian philosopher and Islamic scholar *Isaiah Rashad (born 1991), American rapper *Phylicia Ras ...
, Tagoi, Tumale :I.B.3
Talodi Talodi is a small town in the Nuba Mountains, and a district of South Kordofan state, in southern Sudan. The town is nearly 650 km (406 miles) southwest of Khartoum. Its name is from the Talodi people of the area who speak the Talodi langua ...
:
Talodi Talodi is a small town in the Nuba Mountains, and a district of South Kordofan state, in southern Sudan. The town is nearly 650 km (406 miles) southwest of Khartoum. Its name is from the Talodi people of the area who speak the Talodi langua ...
, Lafofa, Eliri, Masakin, Tacho, Lumun, El Amira :I.B.4 Tumtum: Tumtum, Tuleshi, Keiga, Karondi, Krongo,
Miri ) , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 = State , subdivision_name1 = , subdivision_type2 = Division , subdivision_name2 ...
,
Kadugli Kaduqli or Kadugli ( ar, كادوقلي '   Sudanese pronunciation: ) is the capital city of South Kordofan State, Sudan. It is located south of El-Obeid, at the northern edge of the White Nile plain in the Nuba Mountains. It contains Hi ...
, Katcha :I.B.5 Katla: Katla, Tima


II.

Nilo-Saharan The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50–60 million people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of the Nile meet. T ...

:II.A Songhai :II.B Saharan :II.B.a Kanuri, Kanembu :II.B.b Teda, Daza :II.B.c
Zaghawa Zaghawa may refer to: * Zaghawa people * Zaghawa language Zaghawa is a Saharan language spoken by the Zaghawa people of east-central Chad (in the Sahel) and northwestern Sudan (Darfur). The people who speak this language call it Beria, from ''Be ...
,
Berti Berti is both an Italian surname and a given name. It is also the German familiar form of Berthold. Notable people with the name include: Surname: * Adam Berti (born 1986), Canadian ice hockey player * Alfredo Berti (born 1971), Argentine footba ...
:II.C
Maban Maban, mabain or mabanba is a material that is held to be magical in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is the material from which the shamans and elders of indigenous Australia supposedly derive their magical powers. Among the Ngaanyatjarra ...
: Maba,
Runga ''Runga'' is a genus of Polynesian araneomorph spiders in the family Physoglenidae that was first described by Raymond Robert Forster in 1990. Species it contains five species, found on the Polynesian Islands: *''Runga akaroa'' Forster, 1990 ...
,
Mimi of Nachtigal Mimi of Nachtigal, or Mimi-N, is a language of Chad that is attested only in a word list labelled " Mimi" that was collected ca. 1870 by Gustav Nachtigal. Nachtigal's data was subsequently published by Lukas & Voelckers (1938). Classification J ...
,
Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes Mimi of Decorse, also known as Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes and Mimi-D, is a language of Chad that is attested only in a word list labelled " Mimi" that was collected ca. 1900 by G. J. Decorse and published by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes. Josep ...
:II.D.
Fur Fur is a thick growth of hair that covers the skin of mammals. It consists of a combination of oily guard hair on top and thick underfur beneath. The guard hair keeps moisture from reaching the skin; the underfur acts as an insulating blanket t ...
:II.E. Chari–Nile :II.E.1
Eastern Sudanic In most classifications, the Eastern Sudanic languages are a group of nine families of languages that may constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Eastern Sudanic languages are spoken from southern Egypt to northern Tanzania. Nub ...
:II.E.1.1
Nubian Nubian may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Nubia, a region along the Nile river in Southern Egypt and northern Sudan. *Nubian people *Nubian languages *Anglo-Nubian goat, a breed of goat * Nubian ibex * , several ships of the Britis ...
:II.E.1.1.a Nile Nubian ( Mahas-Fadidja and
Kenuzi-Dongola Dongolawi is a Nubian language of northern Sudan. It is spoken by a minority of the Danagla in the Nile Valley, from roughly (south of Kerma) upstream to the bend in the Nile near ed Debba. ''Dongolawi'' is an Arabic term based on the town o ...
) :II.E.1.1.b Kordofanian Nubian:
Dair Dair is the Irish name of the seventh letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚇ, meaning "oak". The sga, dair (Early sga, daur) is related to Welsh and to Breton . Its Proto-Indo-European root was ''*dóru'' ("tree"), possibly a deadjectival noun of ...
, Dilling, Gulfan, Garko, Kadero, Kundugr :II.E.1.1.c Midob :II.E.1.1.d Birked : II.E.1.2 Murle ( Beir), Longarim,
Didinga The Didinga (diDinga) are a Surmic ethnic group that occupy the Didinga Mountains region in Budi County, Eastern Equatoria State in South Sudan. They live in the valleys, on the plateaus and slopes, and on the adjacent plains of the region. Their n ...
, Suri, Mekan, Murzu, Surma (including
Tirma Tirma are a surmic ethnic group in Ethiopia and in Sudan. They speak Suri. The population of this group is numbered in the tens of thousands. ReferencesTirmaJoshua Project The Joshua Project is a Christian organization based in Colorado Springs ...
and Zulmanu), Masongo :II.E.1.3 Barea : II.E.1.4 Ingassana (
Tabi are traditional Japanese socks worn with thonged footwear such as zori, dating back to the 15th century. History Japanese are usually understood today to be a kind of split-toed sock that is not meant to be worn alone outdoors, much like r ...
) :II.E.1.5 Nyima, Afitti :II.E.1.6 Temein, Teis-um-Danab : II.E.1.7 Merarit, Tama language, Tama, Sungor language, Sungor :Daju languages, II.E.1.8 Dagu language of Darfur, Dagu of Darfur, Baygo language, Baygo, Sila language (Chad), Sila, Dagu language of Dar Dagu, Dagu of Dar Dagu (Wadai language, Wadai), Dagu language of Western Kordofan, Dagu of Western Kordofan, Njalgulgule language, Njalgulgule, Shatt language, Shatt, Liguri language, Liguri :II.E.1.9
Nilotic The Nilotic peoples are people indigenous to the Nile Valley who speak Nilotic languages. They inhabit South Sudan, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. Among these are the Burun-sp ...
:II.E.1.9.a Western Nilotic languages, Western :II.E.1.9.a.1 Burun language, Burun :II.E.1.9.a.2 Shilluk language, Shilluk, Anuak language, Anuak, Acholi language, Acholi, Lango language (Uganda), Lango, Alur language, Alur, Luo dialect, Luo, Jur language, Jur, Belanda Bor language, Bor :II.E.1.9.a.3 Dinka language, Dinka, Nuer language, Nuer :II.E.1.9.b Eastern Nilotic languages, Eastern :II.E.1.9.b.1 Bari language, Bari, Fajulu language, Fajulu, Kakwa language, Kakwa, Mondari language, Mondari :II.E.1.9.b.2a Jie language, Jie, Dodoth language, Dodoth, Karamojong language, Karamojong, Teso language, Teso, Topotha language, Topotha, Turkana language, Turkana :II.E.1.9.b.2b Masai language, Masai :II.E.1.9.b.3 Southern Nilotic languages, Southern: Naandi language, Nandi, Suk language, Suk, Tatoga language, TatogaThe text says this is not a subgroup of Eastern, suggesting that this should rather be II.E.1.9.c. :Kuliak languages, II.E.1.10 Nyangiya language, Nyangiya, Teuso language, Teuso :II.E.2 Central Sudanic languages, Central Sudanic :II.E.2.1 Bongo language, Bongo, Baka language (South Sudan), Baka, Morokodo language, Morokodo, Beli language (South Sudan), Beli, Gberi language, Gberi, Sara languages, Sara dialects (Madjinngay language, Madjinngay, Gulai language, Gulai, Mbai language, Mbai, Gamba language (South Sudan), Gamba, Kaba language, Kaba, Dendje language, Dendje, Laka language, Laka), Vale language, Vale, Nduka language, Nduka, Tana language (South Sudan), Tana, Horo language, Horo, Bagirmi language, Bagirmi, Kuka language, Kuka, Kenga language, Kenga, Disa language, Disa, Bubalia language, Bubalia :II.E.2.2 Kreish language, Kreish :II.E.2.3 Binga language, Binga, Yulu language, Yulu, Kara language (disambiguation), Kara [= Tar Gula] :II.E.2.4 Moru language, Moru, Avukaya language, Avukaya, Logo language, Logo, Keliko language, Keliko, Lugbara language, Lugbara, Madi language (Sudan and Uganda), Madi :II.E.2.5 Mangbetu language, Mangbetu, Lombi language (DRC), Lombi, Popoi language, Popoi, Makere language, Makere, Meje language, Meje, Asua language, Asua :II.E.2.6 Mangbutu language, Mangbutu, Mamvu language, Mamvu, Lese language, Lese, Mvuba language, Mvuba, Efe language, Efe :II.E.2.7 Lendu language, Lendu :II.E.3 Berta language, Berta :II.E.4 Kunama language, Kunama :II.F Koman languages, Koman/Coman languages, Coman: Komo language, Komo, Ganza language, Ganza, Uduk language, Uduk, Gule language, Gule, Gumuz language, Gumuz, Mao languages, Mao


III.

Afroasiatic The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic su ...

:III.A Semitic :III.B
Egyptian Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...
:III.C
Berber Berber or Berbers may refer to: Ethnic group * Berbers, an ethnic group native to Northern Africa * Berber languages, a family of Afro-Asiatic languages Places * Berber, Sudan, a town on the Nile People with the surname * Ady Berber (1913–196 ...
:III.D Cushitic languages, Cushitic :III.D.1 Northern Cushitic: Beja language, Beja (Bedauye language, Bedauye) :III.D.2 Central Cushitic languages, Central Cushitic: Bogo language, Bogo (Bilin language, Bilin), Kamir language, Kamir, Khamta language, Khamta, Awiya language, Awiya, Damot language, Damot, Kemant language, Kemant, Kayla language, Kayla, Quara language, Quara :III.D.3 Eastern Cushitic languages, Eastern Cushitic: Saho language, Saho-Afar language, Afar, Somali language, Somali, Galla language, Galla, Konso language, Konso, Geleba language, Geleba, Marille language, Marille, (Reshiat language, Reshiat, Arbore language, Arbore), Gardula language, Gardula, Gidole language, Gidole, Gowaze language, Gowaze, Burji language, Burji, Sidamo language, Sidamo, Darasa language, Darasa, Kambata language, Kambata, Alaba language, Alaba, Hadya language, Hadya, Tambaro language, Tambaro, Mogogodo language, Mogogodo (added 1966) :III.D.4 Western Cushitic languages, Western Cushitic: Janjero language, Janjero, Wolamo language, Wolamo, Zala language, Zala, Gofa language, Gofa, Basketo language, Basketo, Baditu language, Baditu, Haruro language, Haruro, Zaysse language, Zaysse, Chara language, Chara, Gimira language, Gimira, Benesho language, Benesho, Nao language, Nao, Kaba language, Kaba, Shako language, Shako, She language, She, Maji language, Maji, Kafa language, Kafa, Garo language, Garo, Mocha language, Mocha, Anfillo language, Anfillo (Mao language, Mao), Shinasha language, Shinasha, Bako language, Bako, Amar language, Amar, Bana language, Bana, Dime language, Dime, Gayi language, Gayi, Kerre language, Kerre, Tsamai language, Tsamai, Doko language (Ethiopia), Doko, Dollo language, Dollo :III.D.5 Southern Cushitic languages, Southern Cushitic: Burungi language, Burungi (Mbulungu language, Mbulungu), Goroa language, Goroa (Fiome language, Fiome), Alawa language (Tanzania), Alawa (Uwassi language, Uwassi), Iraqw language, Iraqw, Mbugu language, Mbugu, Sanye language (disambiguation), Sanye [= Dahalo], Ngomvia language, Ngomvia (added 1966) :III.E Chadic languages, Chad : III.E.1 : III.E.1.a Hausa language, Hausa, Gwandara language, Gwandara : III.E.1.b Ngizim language, Ngizim, Mober language, Mober [= Kanuri, not Chadic], Auyokawa language, Auyokawa, Shirawa language, Shirawa, Bede language, Bede : III.E.1.c : III.E.1.c.i Warjawa language, Warjawa, Afawa language, Afawa, Diryawa language, Diryawa, Miyawa language, Miyawa, Sirawa language, Sirawa : III.E.1.c.ii Gezawa language, Gezawa, Seiyawa language, Sayawa, Barawa language of Dass, Barawa of Dass : III.E.1.d : III.E.1.d.i Bolewa language, Bolewa, Karekare language, Karekare, Ngamo language, Ngamo, Gerawa language, Gerawa, Gerumawa language, Gerumawa, Kirifawa language, Kirifawa, Dera language (Chadic), Dera (Kanakuru language, Kanakuru), Tangale language, Tangale, Pia language, Pia, Pero language, Pero, Chongee language, Chongee, Maha language, Maha (added 1966) : III.E.1.d.ii Angas language, Angas, Ankwe language, Ankwe, Bwol language, Bwol, Chip language, Chip, Dimuk language, Dimuk, Goram language (Chadic), Goram, Jorto language, Jorto, Kwolla language, Kwolla, Miriam language (Chadic), Miriam, Montol language, Montol, Sura language (Chadic), Sura, Tal language, Tal, Gerka language, Gerka : III.E.1.d.iii Ron language, Ron : III.E.2 Kotoko languages, Kotoko group: Logone language, Logone, Ngala language (Chadic), Ngala [= Mpade?], Buduma language, Buduma, Kuri language (Chadic), Kuri, Gulfei language, Gulfei, Affade language, Affade, Shoe language, Shoe, Kuseri language, Kuseri : III.E.3 Bata–Margi group : III.E.3.a Bachama language, Bachama, Demsa language, Demsa, Gudo language, Gudo, Malabu language, Malabu, Njei language, Njei (Kobochi language, Kobochi, Nzangi language, Nzangi, Zany language, Zany), Zumu dialect (Bata), Zumu (Jimo language, Jimo), Holma language, Holma, Kapsiki language, Kapsiki, Baza language, Baza, Hiji language, Hiji, Gude language, Gude (Cheke language, Cheke), Fali language of Mubi, Fali of Mubi, Fali language of Kiria, Fali of Kiria, Fali language of Jilbu, Fali of Jilbu, Margi language, Margi, Chibak language, Chibak, Kilba language, Kilba, Sukur language, Sukur, Vizik language, Vizik, Vemgo language, Vemgo, Woga language, Woga, Tur language, Tur, Bura language, Bura, Pabir language, Pabir, Podokwo language, Podokwo : III.E.3.b Gabin language, Gabin, Hona language, Hona, Tera language, Tera, Jera language (Chadic), Jera, Hinna language, Hinna (Hina language, Hina) : III.E.4 : III.E.4.a Hina language, Hina, Daba language, Daba, Musgoi language, Musgoi, Gauar language, Gauar : III.E.4.b North Gisiga language, Gisiga, Balda language, Balda, Muturua language, Muturua, Mofu language, Mofu, Matakam language, Matakam : III.E.5 Gidder language, Gidder : III.E.6 Mandara language (Chadic), Mandara, Gamergu language, Gamergu : III.E.7 Musgu language, Musgu : III.E.8 Bana language, Bana, Banana language (disambiguation), Banana (Masa language, Masa), Lame language, Lame, Kulung language (Chad), Kulung : III.E.9 : III.E.9.a Somrai language, Somrai, Tumak language, Tumak, Ndam language, Ndam, Miltu language, Miltu, Sarwa language (Chad), Sarwa, Gulei language (Chadic), Gulei [= Tumak?] : III.E.9.b Gabere language, Gabere, Chiri language, Chiri, Dormo language, Dormo, Nangire language, Nangire : III.E.9.c Sokoro language, Sokoro (Bedanga language, Bedanga), Barein language, Barein : III.E.9.d Modgel language, Modgel : III.E.9.e Tuburi language, Tuburi : III.E.9.f Mubi language, Mubi, Karbo language, Karbo, (added 1966: Jegu language, Jegu, Jonkor language, Jonkor, Wadai-Birgid language, Wadai-Birgid)


IV Khoisan languages, Khoisan

:IV.A South African Khoisan :IV.A.1 Northern South African Khoisan languages, Northern South African Khoisan :IV.A.2 Central South African Khoisan languages, Central South African Khoisan :IV.A.3 Southern South African Khoisan languages, Southern South African Khoisan :IV.B Sandawe :IV.C Hatsa language, Hatsa


Bibliography

*Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963) ''The Languages of Africa''. International journal of American linguistics, 29, 1, part 2. *Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966) ''The Languages of Africa'' (2nd ed. with additions and corrections). Bloomington: Indiana University.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages of Africa 1963 non-fiction books American non-fiction books Books about Africa Books on linguistic typology Classification of African languages English-language books Languages of Africa Linguistics books