Terpen

A ''terp'', also known as a ''wierde, woerd, warf, warft, werf, werve, wurt'' or ''værft'', is an artificial dwelling mound found on the North European Plain that has been created to provide safe ground during storm surges, high tides and sea or river flooding. The various terms used reflect the regional dialects of the North European region. In English sources, ''terp'' appears to be by far the most common term used.

These mounds occur in the coastal parts of the Netherlands (in the provinces of Zeeland, Friesland and Groningen), in southern parts of Denmark and in the north-western parts of Germany where, before dykes were made, floodwater interfered with daily life. These can be found especially in the region Ostfriesland and Kreis Nordfriesland in Germany. In Kreis Nordfriesland on the Halligen, people still live on terps unprotected by dykes. Terps also occur in the Rhine and Meuse river plains in the central part of the Netherlands. Furthermore, terps can be found more to the south in the province North Holland, like Avendorp near the town of Schagen, and in the towns of Bredene en Leffinge near Oostende in Belgium. Other terps can be found at the mouth of the river IJssel like the one at the hamlet Kampereiland, the province Overijssel and on the former Island of Schokland in the former Zuiderzee, today the reclaimed land Noordoostpolder. Even underneath the town of Den Helder in the north of the province North Holland lies an old terp, named Het Torp.

''Terpen'' in the province of Friesland

In the Dutch province of Friesland, an artificial dwelling hill is called ''terp'' (plural ''terpen''). ''Terp'' means "village" in Old Frisian and is cognate with English thorp, Danish ''torp'', German ''Dorf'', modern West Frisian ''doarp'' and Dutch ''dorp''.

Historical Frisian settlements were built on artificial ''terpen'' up to high to be safe from the floods in periods of rising sea levels. The first ''terp''-building period dates to 500 BC, the second from 200 BC to 50 BC. In the mid-3rd century, the rise of sea level was so dramatic that the clay district was deserted, and settlers returned only around AD 400. A third ''terp''-building period dates from AD 700 ( Old Frisian times). This ended with the coming of the dike somewhere around 1200. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many ''terps'' were destroyed to use the fertile soil they contained to fertilize farm fields. ''Terpen'' were usually well fertilized by the decay of the rubbish and personal waste deposited by their inhabitants over centuries.

''Wierden'' in the province of Groningen

In the Dutch province of Groningen an artificial dwelling mound is called a ''wierde'' (plural ''wierden''). As in Friesland, the first ''wierde'' was built around 500 BC or maybe earlier.

List of artificial dwelling mounds

Place names in the Frisian coastal region ending in ''-werd'', ''-ward'', ''-uert'' etc. refer to the fact that the village was built on an artificial dwelling mound (''wierde''). The greater part of the ''terp'' villages, though, have names ending in ''-um'', from ''-heem'' or ''-hiem'', meaning (farm)yard, grounds. There are a few village names in Friesland ending with ''-terp'' (e.g. Ureterp), referring not to a dwelling mound but merely to the Old Frisian word for village. The first element of the toponyms is quite often a person's name or is simply describing the environmental features of the settlement (e.g. Rasquert (prov. Groningen) Riazuurđ: ''wierde'' with reed, where reed grows).

Some 1,200 ''terpen'' are recorded in Groningen and Friesland alone. They range from abandoned settlements to mounds with only one or a few farmhouses, to larger villages and old towns. A few of them are listed below.

Friesland

* Aalsum ()
* Bolsward (''Boalsert'')
* Britsum
*Cornwerd (''Koarnwert'')
* Dokkum
* Ee
*Ferwert
* Ginnum
*Hegebeintum
*Hitzum
*Jannum
* Jouswier
* Leeuwarden (''Ljouwert'')
*Metslawier
*Wijnaldum

Groningen

* Adorp
*Bedum
* Bierum
*Ezinge
* Feerwerd
*Garnwerd
*Godlinze
*Holwierde
*Leens
*Middelstum
* Niehove
* Rottum
* Saaksum
* Spijk
*Stitswerd
* Ulrum
* Usquert
* Wirdum

Northern Germany

* Loquard (East Frisia)
*Rysum (East Frisia)
*Eckwarden (Butjadingen)
*Itzwärden (Land Wursten)

See also

* Platform mound
* Tell (archaeology)
* Crannog

Literature

*
* Moritz Heyne (1899): ''Das deutsche Wohnungswesen. Von den ältesten geschichtlichen Zeiten bis zum 16. Jahrhundert'', Bremen 2012.

External links

{{Wiktionary

Warften/Wurten
(page of the Society for Schleswig-Holstein History)


(private site)

Historical site of Wüppel in the Wangerland


(private site)
Manual making a Terp in 12 Steps (post of the Frisia Coast Trail)Vereniging voor terpenonderzoek
(Foundation for terp research, the Netherlands)

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Indigenous architecture
Coastal construction
Artificial hills
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Hills