Five Families

The Five Families refers to five major New York City organized crime families of the Italian American Mafia formed in 1931 by Salvatore Maranzano following his victory in the Castellammarese War.

Maranzano reorganized the Italian American gangs in New York City into the Maranzano, Profaci, Mangano, Luciano, and Gagliano families, which are now known as the Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese, and Lucchese families. Each family had a demarcated territory and an organizationally structured hierarchy and reported up to the same overarching governing entity. Initially, Maranzano intended each family's boss to report to him as the '' capo di tutti i capi'' ("boss of all the bosses"). However, this led to his assassination that September, and that role was abolished for The Commission, a ruling committee established by Lucky Luciano to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and to mediate conflicts between families. It consisted of the bosses of the Five Families as well as the bosses of the Chicago Outfit and the Buffalo crime family. In 1963, Joseph Valachi publicly disclosed the existence of New York City's Five Families at the Valachi hearings. Since then, a few other crime families have been able to become powerful or notable enough to rise to a level comparable to that of the Five Families, holding or sharing the unofficial designation of Sixth Family.

History

Leading up to the Five Families

In the 1920s, Mafia operations in the U.S. were controlled by Giuseppe "Joe The Boss" Masseria, whose faction consisted mainly of gangsters from Sicily and the Calabria and Campania regions of Southern Italy. Masseria's faction included Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Albert "Mad Hatter" Anastasia, Vito Genovese, Alfred Mineo, Willie Moretti, Joe Adonis, and Frank Costello. However, powerful Sicilian ''mafioso'' Don Vito Cascio Ferro decided to make a bid for control of Mafia operations. From his base in Castellammare del Golfo, he sent Salvatore Maranzano to seize control. The Castellammarese faction in the U.S. included Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno, Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino, Joseph Profaci, and Joe Aiello. As it became more and more evident that the two factions would clash for leadership of the Mafia, they each sought to recruit more followers to support them.

Outwardly, the Castellammarese War was between the forces of Masseria and Maranzano. Underneath, however, there was also a generational conflict between the old guard Sicilian leadership known as the " Mustache Petes" for their long mustaches and old-world ways, such as refusing to do business with non-Italians and the "Young Turks", a younger and more diverse Italian group who were more forward-thinking and willing to work more with non-Italians. This approach led his followers to question whether Masseria was even capable of making the Mafia prosper in modern times. Led by Luciano, the aim of this group was to end the war as soon as possible in order to resume their businesses, because they viewed the conflict as unnecessary. Luciano's objective was to modernize the mob and do away with unnecessary orthodox norms. This was a vision that enabled him to attract followers, who had seen the inadequacies of Masseria's traditionalist leadership. Therefore, both factions were fluid, with many mobsters switching sides or killing their own allies during the war. Tensions between the Maranzano and Masseria factions were evident as far back as 1928, with one side frequently hijacking the other's alcohol trucks (alcohol production was then illegal in the United States due to Prohibition).

In early 1931, Luciano made the decision to take out Masseria. The war had been going poorly for Masseria, and Luciano saw an opportunity to switch allegiance. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer Masseria's death in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command. Joe Adonis had joined the Masseria faction and when Masseria heard about Luciano's betrayal, he approached Adonis about killing Luciano. However, Adonis instead warned Luciano about the murder plot. On April 15, 1931, Masseria was killed at Nuova Villa Tammaro, a Coney Island restaurant in Brooklyn. While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Anastasia, Genovese, Adonis, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel; Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel. With Maranzano's blessing, Luciano took over Masseria's gang and became Maranzano's lieutenant, ending the Castellammarese War.

The Five Families' formation

With Masseria gone, Maranzano reorganized the Italian American gangs in New York City into the Five Families headed by Luciano, Profaci, Gagliano, Mangano, and himself. Maranzano called a meeting of crime bosses in Wappingers Falls, New York, where he declared himself '' capo di tutti i capi'' ("boss of all bosses"). Maranzano also whittled down the rival families' rackets in favor of his own. Luciano appeared to accept these changes, but was merely biding his time before removing Maranzano.Sifakis Although Maranzano was slightly more forward-thinking than Masseria, Luciano had come to believe that Maranzano was even more greedy and hidebound than Masseria had been.

By September 1931, Maranzano realized Luciano was a threat, and hired Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll, an Irish gangster, to kill him. However, Lucchese alerted Luciano that he was marked for death. On September 10, 1931, Maranzano ordered Luciano, Genovese, and Costello to come to his office at the 230 Park Avenue in Manhattan. Convinced that Maranzano planned to murder them, Luciano decided to act first. He sent to Maranzano's office four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people. They had been secured with the aid of Jewish mobsters Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel.Buchanan, Edna (1998-12-07). "Lucky Luciano: Criminal Mastermind". ''Time'', December 7, 1998. Originally retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989779,00.html. Disguised as government agents, two of the gangsters disarmed Maranzano's bodyguards. The other two, aided by Lucchese, who was there to point Maranzano out, stabbed the boss multiple times before shooting him."Genovese family saga"
''Crime Library''. This assassination was the first of what would later be fabled as the "Night of the Sicilian Vespers".

The Commission's formation

After Maranzano's murder in 1931, Luciano called a meeting in Chicago.Critchley, ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', p. 232 Although there would have been few objections had Luciano declared himself ''capo di tutti i capi,'' he abolished the title, believing the position created trouble among the families and would make himself a target for another ambitious challenger. Luciano's goals with the Commission were to quietly maintain his own power over all the families, and to prevent future gang wars; the bosses approved the idea of the Commission. Capeci, Jerry. ''The complete idiot's guide to the Mafia'
"The Mafia's Commission" (pp. 31–46)
/ref> The Commission would consist of a "board of directors" to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and serve to mediate conflicts between families.

The Commission consisted of seven family bosses: the leaders of New York's Five Families: Charlie "Lucky" Luciano, Vincent Mangano, Tommy Gagliano, Joseph Bonanno, and Joe Profaci; Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone; and Buffalo family boss Stefano Magaddino. Charlie Luciano was appointed chairman of the Commission. The Commission agreed to hold meetings every five years or when they needed to discuss family problems.

The Fall of the Mafia

In the grand scheme of things, the mafia’s run (even though they are still currently active) of power did not last long at all. The peak of the mafia in the United States was during the 40s, and the 50s, until the year 1970 when the Rico Act got enacted and the specific reason of this was to stop the mafia and organized crime as a whole. This law made it so that someone does not need to be caught doing a specific crime, but instead charge someone for being apart of an organized crime group and freeze the assets of the defendants. Once arrested, and assets are frozen, they will be hit with charges of organization such as murder, bribery, and robbery. This would then influence those being charged and being given years such as 30-life to become informants to lower their sentences but would also repeat the process over again. This was very effective, and because of this act, a large portion of the members being arrested turned to informant, which led to the arrest of many more members as a whole.

Original and current Five Families bosses

In 1963, Joseph Valachi publicly disclosed the existence of New York City's Five Families at the Valachi hearings. According to Valachi, the original bosses of the Five Families were Charles Luciano, Tommaso Gagliano, Joseph Profaci, Salvatore Maranzano and Vincent Mangano. At the time of his testimony in 1963, Valachi revealed that the current bosses of the Five Families were Tommy Lucchese, Vito Genovese, Joseph Colombo, Carlo Gambino, and Joe Bonanno. These have since been the names most commonly used to refer to the New York Five Families, despite years of overturn and changing bosses in each.

Territories

The crime families historically operated throughout the New York Metropolitan area, but mainly within New York City. In the state of New York, the gangs have increased their criminal rackets on Long Island (Nassau and Suffolk) and the counties of Westchester, Rockland, and Albany. They also maintain a strong presence in the state of New Jersey. The Five Families are also active in South Florida, Connecticut, Las Vegas, and Massachusetts.
* The Bonanno crime family operates mainly in Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, and Long Island. The family also maintains influence in Manhattan, The Bronx, Westchester County, New Jersey, California, and Florida, and have ties to the Rizzuto crime family in Quebec.
** The Bath Avenue Crew operated in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York.
* The Colombo crime family operates mainly in Brooklyn, Queens, and Long Island. The family also maintains influence in Staten Island, Manhattan, The Bronx, New Jersey, and Florida.
* The Gambino crime family operates mainly in Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island. The family also maintains influence in The Bronx, New Jersey, Westchester County, Connecticut, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Florida, and Los Angeles.
** The Ozone Park Boys operate in Queens and Long Island.
* The Genovese crime family operates mainly in Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, and New Jersey. The family also maintains influence in Queens, Staten Island, Long Island, Westchester County, Rockland County, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Florida.
** 116th Street Crew operates in Upper Manhattan and The Bronx.
** Greenwich Village Crew operates in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan.
** Genovese crime family New Jersey faction operates throughout the state of New Jersey.
* The Lucchese crime family operates mainly in The Bronx, Manhattan, Brooklyn, and New Jersey. The family also maintains influence in Queens, Long Island, Staten Island, Westchester County, and Florida.
** Cutaia Crew operates in Brooklyn, Queens, and Long Island.
** Lucchese crime family New Jersey faction operates throughout New Jersey.
** The Tanglewood Boys was a "recruitment gang" that operated in Westchester County, The Bronx, and Manhattan.

Mafia boss succession

Maranzano/Bonanno family

*1909–1912 – Sebastiano DiGaetano
*1912–1930 – Nicolo Schirò – fled
*1930–1931 – Salvatore Maranzano – murdered on September 10, 1931Raab, Selwyn. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005.
*1931–1968 – Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno – on October 21, 1964, Bonanno disappeared; forcibly replaced as boss by the commission;The Mafia Encyclopedia By Carl Sifaki
pg.28–29
/ref> crime family split into two factions; in May 1966, Bonanno reappeared after two years; officially retires after a heart attack in 1968
**''Disputed'' 1964–1966 – Gaspar "Gasparino" DiGregorio – installed when Bonanno disappeared and later forcibly replaced by the Commission
**''Acting'' 1966–1968 – Paul SciaccaThe Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra by Peter J. Devic
(pg. 173)
– for the DiGregorio faction
*1968–1971 – Paul Sciacca – imprisoned
*1971–1973 – Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola – died on August 28, 1973
*1973–1991 – Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli – imprisoned 1975–1984 and 1986–1991
**''Acting (unofficial)'' 1974–1979 – Carmine "Cigar" Galante – murdered on July 12, 1979
**''Acting'' 1979–1983 – Salvatore "Sally Fruits" Farrugia – appointed by the Commission
**''Acting'' 1987–1991 – Anthony "Old Man" Spero – sentenced to life imprisonment in 2002, died in 2008
*1991–2004 – Joseph "Big Joey" Massino – imprisoned January 2003, became government informant in October 2004
**''Acting'' 1991–1993 – Anthony "Old Man" Spero
**''Acting'' 2003–2004 – Anthony "Tony Green" Urso – imprisoned January 2004
*2004–2011 – Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano – imprisoned November 2004, in July 2007 received a life sentence
**''Acting'' 2004–2006 – Michael "the Nose" Mancuso – imprisoned February 2006
**''Acting'' 2006–2009 – Salvatore "Sal the Iron Worker" Montagna – deported to Canada in April 2009,"Canadian officials aware of imminent return to Montreal of alleged Mafia boss"
Mafia Today April 20, 2009 shot and killed in November 2011
**''Acting'' 2010–2012 – Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti – imprisoned in January 2012
*2013–present – Michael "the Nose" Mancuso – released from prison March 12, 2019
**''Acting'' 2013–2014 – Thomas "Tommy D" DiFiore – arrested on January 23, 2014
**''Acting'' 2014–2015 – John "Johnny Skyway" Palazzolo – arrested on March 27, 2015 for violating parole
**''Acting'' 2015–2019 – Joseph "Joe C" Cammarano Jr. – indicted on racketeering and extortion charges on January 12, 2018, acquitted March 13, 2019Francesco Cali, Reputed Gambino Crime Boss, Shot and Killed on Staten Island
, ''The New York Times'', March 13, 2019

Profaci/Colombo family

* 1928–1962 – Joseph ProfaciDeVico, Peter J. ''The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra'
(pg. 174)
Tate Publishing, 2007. – died of natural causes
* 1962–1963 – Joseph Magliocco – forced to retire by Mafia Commission
* 1963–1973 – Joseph Colombo – paralyzed by assassination attempt
**''Acting'' 1971–1972 – Joseph YacovelliMachi, Mari
American Mafia.com
''New York'' – fled, after the murder of Joe Gallo
**''Acting'' 1972–1973 – Vincenzo "Vincent" AloiMafiaNJ.com ''La Cosa Nostra State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation 1989 Report.'
pg.17
– imprisoned
**''Acting'' 1973 – Joseph "Joey" Brancato – imprisoned
* 1973–2019 – Carmine "Junior" Persico – imprisoned 1973–1979,Staff (January 6, 1981
"The City; Persico Trial Put Off On Bribery Charges"
''The New York Times'' 1981–1984,Fried, Joseph P. (November 10, 1981
"Persico Rank Rankles as he is Given 5 Years"
''The New York Times'' 1985–2019,Maas, Peter (1997) '' Underboss: Sammy the Bull Gravano's Story of Life in the Mafia'' HarperCollins. pp.191-92 died on March 7, 2019
**''Acting'' 1973–1979 – Thomas DiBella – stepped down, became consigliere
**''Acting'' 1981–1983 – Alphonse "Allie Boy" Persico – Carmine Persico's brother; fugitive 1980–1987, imprisonedStaff (September 13, 1989
"Alphonse Persico, 61, Is Dead; Leader of Colombo Crime Family"
. ''The New York Times''
**''Acting'' 1983–1984 – Gennaro "Jerry Lang" Langella – imprisoned
**''Acting'' 1985–1987 – Anthony "Scappy" Scarpati – imprisoned
**''Acting'' 1987–1991 – Vittorio "Vic" Orena – imprisoned sentenced to life
**''Acting'' 1991–1993 – ''Vacant'' – disputed leadership during the third war
**''Acting'' 1994–1996 – Andrew "Andy Mush" RussoCapeci (2001), pp.386-88United States District Judge John F. Keenan Case 1:97-cv-08591-JFK
(May 22, 2006) – imprisoned March 1997
**''Acting'' 1996–2019 – Alphonse "Little Allie Boy" Persico – Carmine Persico's son; imprisoned sentenced to life 2009Colombo Organized Crime Family Acting Boss Alphonse T. Persico and Administration Member John J. Deross Sentenced to Life Imprisonment for the Murder of William "Wild Bill" Cutolo and Related Witness Tampering
(February 27, 2009)
* 2019–2022 – Andrew "Andy Mush" Russo – indicted on September 14, 2021. Died on April 18, 2022.

Mangano/Gambino family

* 1900s–1910 – Ignazio "the Wolf" Lupo – imprisoned in 1910.
* 1910–1928 – Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila – took over the Brooklyn Camorra in 1916 and merged with Al Mineo's gang forming the largest family in New York. He was killed on orders of boss Joe Masseria in 1928.
* 1928–1930 – Manfredi "Alfred" Mineo – killed in Castellammarese War in 1930.
* 1930–1931 – Frank Scalice – demoted after murder of boss of all bosses Salvatore Maranzano.
* 1931–1951 – Vincent Mangano – disappeared in April 1951, allegedly killed on orders of underboss Albert Anastasia.
* 1951–1957 – Albert Anastasia – murdered in October 1957 on orders of Carlo Gambino.
* 1957–1976 – Carlo Gambino – died of natural causes in 1976.
** ''Acting'' 1964–1976 – Paul Castellano – acting boss for Gambino, became official boss after his death.
* 1976–1985 – Paul Castellano – murdered in December 1985 on orders of capo John Gotti.
* 1985–2002 – John Gotti – imprisoned in 1990, died in 2002.
** ''Acting'' 1993–1999 – John A. Gotti – imprisoned in 1999, later retired.
** ''Acting'' 1999–2002 – Peter Gotti – promoted to official boss.
* 2002–2011 – Peter Gotti – imprisoned in 2002, died in 2021.
** ''Acting'' 2002–2005 – Arnold Squitieri
** ''Acting'' 2005–2008 – John D'Amico
* 2011–present – Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalù
**''Acting'' 2015–2019 – Frank Cali – murdered in March 2019.Staten Island mobster takes Gambino leadership: report
, New York Daily News, August 21, 2015
** ''Front boss'' 2019–present – Lorenzo Mannino

Luciano/Genovese family

* 1890s–1909 – Giuseppe "the Clutch Hand" Morello – imprisoned
* 1910–1916 – Nicholas "Nick Morello" Terranova – murdered on September 7, 1916
* 1916–1920 – Vincenzo "Vincent" Terranova – stepped down becoming underboss
* 1920–1922 – Giuseppe "the Clutch Hand" Morello – stepped down becoming underboss to Masseria
* 1922–1931 – Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria – murdered on April 15, 1931
* 1931–1946 – Charles "Lucky" Luciano – imprisoned in 1936, deported to Italy in 1946
** ''Acting'' 1936–1937 – Vito Genovese – fled to Italy in 1937 to avoid murder charge
** ''Acting'' 1937–1946 – Frank "the Prime Minister" Costello – became official boss after Luciano's deportation
* 1946–1957 – Frank "the Prime Minister" Costello – resigned in 1957 after Genovese -Gigante assassination attempt
* 1957–1969 – Vito "Don Vito" Genovese – imprisoned in 1959, died in prison in 1969
** ''Acting'' 1959–1962 – Anthony "Tony Bender" Strollo – disappeared in 1962
** ''Acting'' 1962–1965 – Thomas "Tommy Ryan" Eboli – became front boss
** ''Acting'' 1965–1969 – Philip "Benny Squint" Lombardo – became the official boss
* 1969–1981 – Philip "Benny Squint" Lombardo – retired in 1981, died of natural causes in 1987
* 1981–2005 – Vincent "Chin" Gigante – imprisoned in 1997, died in prison on December 19, 2005
** ''Acting'' 1989–1996 – Liborio "Barney" Bellomo – promoted to street boss
** ''Acting'' 1997–1998 – Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo – suffered heart attack and resigned
** ''Acting'' 1998–2005 – Matthew "Matty the Horse" Ianniello – resigned when indicted in July 2005
**''Acting'' 2005–2008 – Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo – imprisoned 2008–2013
* 2010–present – Liborio "Barney" Bellomo

Gagliano/Lucchese family

*1922–1930: Gaetano "Tommy" Reina:DeVico, Peter J. ''The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra.'
(pg. 175)
Tate Publishing, 2007. murdered on February 26, 1930
*1930: Bonaventura "Joseph" Pinzolo: murdered on September 5, 1930
*1930–1951: Tommaso "Tommy" Gagliano: retired in 1951, died on February 16, 1953
*1951–1967: Gaetano "Tommy Brown" Lucchese: died on July 13, 1967Harrell, G.T. ''For Members Only: The Story of the Mob's Secret Judge.'' Arthur House Publishing, 2009 (pg 99-101)
**''Acting'' 1966–1967: Carmine Tramunti: stepped down
**''Acting'' 1967: Ettore "Eddie" Coco: stepped down
*1967–1973: Carmine "Mr. Gribbs" Tramunti: imprisoned in October 1973
*1973–1986: Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo: indicted on February 15, 1985, convicted on November 19, 1986 in the Mafia Commission Trial and sentenced on January 13, 1987 to 100 years in prison.
*1986–present: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso:Philip Carlo. ''Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss'
(pg.296)
arrested in 1991, received a life sentence in January 1993Carlo, Philip ''Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss'
p. 246

**''Acting'' 1990–1991: Alphonse "Little Al" D'Arco: demoted, became a member of a ''ruling panel''"Declaration of Alphonse D'Arco
by Allan N. Taffet
**''Acting'' 1995–1998: Joseph "Little Joe" DeFede: imprisoned in 1998
**''Acting'' 1998–2000: Steven "Wonderboy" Crea: imprisoned on September 6, 2000"Construction Indictments"
District Attorney New York County Press release September 6, 2000
**''Acting'' 2000–2003: Louis "Louie Bagels" Daidone: imprisoned March 2003, received life sentence in January 2004
**''Acting'' 2009–2017: Matthew "Matt" Madonna: indicted 2007 and 2009; imprisoned 2015–present; indicted 2017
**''Acting'' 2017–present: Michael "Big Mike" DeSantis

References

Further reading

*

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