Student social organizations at the College of Wooster

This article provides a list of College of Wooster fraternities and sororities. Greek letter organizations have had a long history at the College of Wooster, dating to 1871, five years after the founding of the school. These emerged as chapters of national fraternities until their ban in 1913, at which time they adjusted into local chapters, sometimes called "sections" or "clubs" which were Greek in all but name. At times they have included the majority of the student body, while at present, social chapters represent about fifteen percent of students, with many additional students being admitted to various honor societies.

Social, professional and honor societies are listed below, after a short historical summary.

Formation

The pioneer chapters of the national fraternities were established at what was then called the University of Wooster, now the College of Wooster in 1871 and 1872, only five years after the establishment of the school. Formed originally as dining groups which shared the cost and responsibility of meals, beginning in 1870 they began to coalesce into a system of nearly a dozen fraternities and sororities by the turn of the century.. Baird's Manual is also available online here
The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage
As an example of the age of the Wooster Greek system, national fraternity Sigma Chi had placed its ''Beta chapter'' at the College of Wooster.

Fraternal connections were not limited to just undergraduates: Early professors and administrators deemed their undergraduate fraternity membership(s) significant enough to list in their short biographies in the annual ''Wooster Index'' yearbooks. In the 1897 yearbook, fully half of the professors and instructors listed their affiliation, including Dr. Sylvester F. Scovel, third president of the college, and a member of Beta Theta Pi, College Vice President Dr. Samuel J Kirkwood, also a member of Beta Theta Pi, and Mrs. Minne Carrothers McDonald, a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Of 21 faculty members with biographies, thirteen were listed with Greek affiliation. During this era, sponsorship by prominent local alumni or professors was a common spark to the establishment of new undergraduate chapters.See the 1897 ''Wooster Index yearbook'', pages 25-31 for examples
picking just one out of many yearbooks that show professorial Greek membership. Accessed 5 Jan 2021. Other yearbook pages, naming members of each chapter would list these separately, sometimes under Latin headings as either ''"Fraters in Facultate"'' (Faculty) or ''"Fraters in Urbe"'' (Town) for local alumni. In the 1897 yearbook Kappa Kappa Gamma alone listed fifteen alumnae in the local Wooster area. ''"Fraters in Universitate"'' (Undergraduates) were listed by class year.

Similar expansion of fraternal groups was sweeping through other Ohio institutions, as old-line Eastern fraternities gazed westward. But about the time Wooster was established a juncture had been reached where a burst of anti- secret society fervor had trimmed somewhat what until then had been full-throated support of such civic groups at both the adult and collegiate level. In this era, all fraternities were affected by increased scrutiny. Thus, this was the backdrop philosophical tussle when the college was established.

Following the trend at other institutions, and with administrative approval, several of the fraternities at Wooster had bought property and embarked on building their first houses within a decade of formation.

Fraternities were engaged in campus improvement. They aided in the construction of the school's tennis courts in 1888, and in 1890 "contributed in a small way to the construction of wings on Old Main."Noted in th
1950 ''Index yearbook'', p.64-75
accessed 6 Jan 2021. A crisis for the Wooster Greeks occurred in 1893, where a "large proportion" of the student body left the school, never to return, over a fractious conflict where the faculty wished to deemphasize athletics. This led to the closure of four fraternities due to low manpower. Three of these chapters were re-established within a few years. As early as 1899 faculty and administration began to object to fraternities as "excuses for smoking, drinking, and dancing." Some objection in those early days came on the complaint of non-aligned students, a majority of the campus, who felt they could not get elected to any campus office without belonging to a strong fraternity.

What became an upperclassman dorm, Kenarden Lodge, was built in 1911. Its gabled "Sections" would become, by 1918, the perennial homes of many of the school's Greek chapters.

1913 ban

A larger, existential crisis for the Wooster Greeks ensued when, in the fall of 1912, the Trustees were lobbied to close its then 40-year old Greek system.

L. H. Severance, then-President of the Board of Trustees and namesake of academic building Severance Hall, was considered to be "an important donor" during his tenure. He was approached to support a building campaign, but rebuffed the attempt. Severance was virulently anti-Greek, and asserted he "would give no more to Wooster while fraternities remained because he was convinced that they ereinimical to the best interests of the college." The Trustees at the time, on a narrow, contested vote, elected to disband the fraternities as of ; three of the trustees resigned to express their disapproval over the decision. News spread quickly among the chapters that no further initiations were to be allowed from that point. Two sororities organized an overnight ceremony prior to "officially" hearing the news the following morning. One fraternity, Alpha Tau Omega, noted a year later in an edition of ''The Palm'', " ..But,shortly after the passage of the resolution abolishing fraternities Mr. Severance died. He left no will and had not entered into any legal obligation binding upon his heirs or estate."—Thus in spite of the closure of all campus Greek chapters, no donation from Severance for Wooster's capital campaign was ever received. Some hoped that "the odious ruling" would be rescinded, but that did not occur. The discouraged national chapters devolved into local organizations or disbanded, with the last few national Greek members graduating in 1918.Noted i
Historian Fran Becque's Greek historical writings
posted 13 Feb, 2013 on the centennial of 1913 ban, accessed 27 Dec 2020.

Response to the ban

Colleg
yearbooks, called the ''Wooster Index''
now available online, printed multiple pages for each Greek organization from the 1870s through 1914. In the 1915 yearbook these pages abruptly disappeared, with that same edition eulogizing Severance. By 1916 and '17 the only mention of Greeks in the yearbooks were graduating seniors who listed their affiliation. It would be decades before Greek affiliations were once again noted in these books, although many of the now-local chapters survived through this period, continuing to function as fraternities and sororities of sorts, only without letters. Upon moving into Kenarden Lodge in 1918, the groups began to call themselves by numbers, usually in Roman numeral fashion. Soon ''these'' groups took on new Greek letters as well. As each fraternity lived in a section of Kenarden, the groups adopted this terminology and began to call themselves Sections. The sororities opted to call themselves Clubs. Thus the transition into local chapters was not immediate, but there was legacy continuity:

National fraternities → Numbered groups → Numbered "Sections" at Kenarden → Adoption of Greek letters, as ''locals'' → Expansion beyond Kenarden

At the same time the General, or Social chapters were adjusting to their new names, a number of Honor societies began to appear on campus, the earliest of these tapping their first members in the 1920s.

By the 1940s, each of Kenarden's 7 men's sections had a perennial group of its own, and there were at least 9 sections on campus by the 1950s, as well as several clubs. To cope with this expansion, which according to the ''Wooster Voice'' included 99% of men on campus from 1953 to 1957, the college built three new dorms, Armington Hall, which housed sections I-III, Stevenson Hall, which housed sections IV-V, and Bissman Hall, which housed sections VI-VIII. The traditional Section names stuck with each group regardless of their residence. Yearbooks remain the best source to trace whether specific local chapters are the direct descendants of these original national chapters.

While the fraternal impetus continued into the modern era, student organizers experienced occasional waves of suppression bracketed by other times of a more liberal, hands-off approach. There was little anti-Greek pressure during the immediate post-WWII period, where the majority of men were participants. During other times Greek-related information was suppressed, but apparently the ''de facto'' Greek nature of the various Sections remained widely known.The 1941 yearbook continued the gag, listing the sections and providing a handy reference (pictured) as a legend for a seventeen page fraternity section that otherwise omitted the fraternities' names. It is clear that five long-tenured fraternity chapters, at least, had their origin in earlier groups. The fraternity Beta Theta Pi's local ''Alpha Lambda chapter'' quickly evolved into a men's local called Beta Kappa Phi in the First (I) Section of Kenarden Lodge in 1914. It was also the first of the sections of Kenarden to wear and affiliate themselves with Greek letters, despite the college's objections. Recently disbanded fraternity, Phi Omega Sigma (1913-2017) drew its members from the original Delta Tau Delta chapter, and re-formed as a local, traditionally the Fourth (VI) Section. Recently disbanded fraternity Phi Delta Sigma (2013-2005) drew its members from the original Phi Delta Theta, also known as the Fifth (V) Section. Phi Sigma Alpha formed in 1916 as the Sixth (VI) Section, but it is unclear whether it had a previous affiliation. Dormant Kappa Chi fraternity (1965-2005) was renamed from an earlier local called Kappa Kappa Kappa, which itself originated in the ''Beta chapter'' of Sigma Chi national fraternity. It was known as the Seventh (VII) Section. Dormant Omega Alpha Tau (1976-1995) can also claim roots in Sigma Chi and the Seventh (VII) Section, having split from Kappa Chi.Chapter names and legacy continuity has been traced through review of ''Index yearbooks'', national fraternity lists and the Morse paper, all referenced in the list of chapters in this article.

Three of today's campus sororities can claim their provenance in the earlier chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma. Local Pi Kappa is the first direct descendant of this group, at one point called Eighth (VIII) Section, but more commonly a Club. In 1943 the founders of Epsilon Kappa Omicron broke away from Pi Kappa to form their own sorority. Finally, six Pi Kappa pledges broke away in 1983 to form Alpha Gamma Phi sorority. The successors of the first national sorority on campus, Kappa Alpha Theta, formed local sorority the Imps (1913-1938), which in 1938 became Zeta Phi Gamma. The successors of Delta Delta Delta formed local sorority Delta Delta Rho, informally known as the Pyramids. The most common residence for sororities has been Bissman Hall.

Continuation as local organizations

Thus during subsequent years, fraternities and sororities have remained popular with students. Some thrived in spite of occasional efforts by faculty to limit them or ban their existence. Others have failed, due to unchecked behavioral excesses. The "local model" by its nature inserted the faculty and Trustees as overseers of the chapters, sometimes with heightened levels of concern: While the requirement that chapters abandon national identities allowed exclusive administrative control (i.e.: by collegiate administrators), the benefits touted by national organizations become therefore inaccessible: leadership and peer training from outside the college, broader (nationalized) risk management training, reduced group insurance costs, centrally managed communication with chapter alumni, national career networking and additional layers of alumni and national oversight. Even so, the local model has continued since 1913.

The State of Ohio increased its scrutiny over hazing allegations at state institutions when hazing was first made a state crime in 1983. During the following decade "the school's longstanding policy of don't ask-don't tell evolved into a crackdown of hazing activities."

In 1991, two Wooster chapters were cited for hazing, in decisions that were later reversed by the Judicial Board due to lack of evidence, but heightened scrutiny remained, and some closures were forced. A 1991 Trustees statement reaffirmed the ban on ''national'' groups, but offered support for the ''clubs and sections,'' officially allowing them to refer to themselves with Greek letters. In early 2006, Dean of Students Kurt Holmes proposed bringing in national fraternities again to alleviate many perceived problems with the local model, but this proposal was never acted upon.ΩΑΤ and ΠΚ wer
cited for hazing on 17 Jan, 1993
article accessed 29 Dec 2020.

Through these challenges, the organizations have survived, with approximately 15% of the student body as members as of 2019, per the Inter-Greek Council.

General, academic and social fraternities and sororities

There are presently twelve active social/academic Greek groups at the College of Wooster. These include six sororities (sometimes called clubs), five fraternities (sometimes called sections) and one co-educational group. The clubs and sections terminology resulted in the adjustment from national affiliation; these groups now use the terms 'fraternity' and 'sorority' interchangeably, as well as Greek letters. These groups remain unaffiliated with national Greek organizations. Approximately fifteen percent of the student body participates in these groups. Wooster's Greek chapters are self-governed under an Inter-Greek Council. Active chapters listed in bold, inactive chapters listed in ''italics''.Chapter information from the College's website, college yearbooks, or from Baird's Manual (20th ed.). Noted by date of founding, chapters include:

  (NIC) indicates members of the North American Interfraternity Conference.

  (PFA) indicates members of the Professional Fraternity Association.

  (FFC) indicates members of the Fraternity Forward Coalition.

  (NPC) indicates members of the National Panhellenic Conference.

Men's Fraternities

''Active academic and social fraternities''
* - Beta Kappa Phi, 1914 (local), First (I) Section
* - Phi Sigma Alpha, 1916 (local), Sixth (VI) SectionNicknamed the "Sigs", is a local organization, and as of January 2021 is incorrectly listed as an honorary group on the campus website. Also, a 1940s/1950s yearbook typo lists as the successor to Sigma Alpha Epsilon, but never had a Wooster chapter. This was possibly a typo meant to be ; or perhaps FIJI or .
* - Men of Harambee, 1989 (local), New Eighth (VIII) Section
* - Xi Chi Psi, 1991 (local)
* - Delta Chi Delta, 2017 (local)
''Fraternities whose names changed''
:: - '' Beta Theta Pi, 1872-1895, 1896-1913 (NIC), became ''
:: - '' Phi Delta Theta, 1872-1899 (FFC), became ''
:: - ''Sigma Chi, 1872-1893, 1899-1913 (NIC), became (see , )''
:: - ''Delta Tau Delta, 1880-1894, 1910-1913 (NIC), became ''
:: - ''Psi Delta Upsilon (local), 1908-1911, became ''
:: - ''Theta Delta Sigma (local), 1910-1912, became ''
:: - ''Kappa Kappa Kappa (local), Seventh (VII) Section, 1913-~1965, became ''
:: - ''Kappa Chi (local), Seventh (VII) Section, ~1965-2005, dormant; (later faction split to become )''
''Dormant academic and social fraternities''
:: - ''Phi Kappa Psi, 1871-1892 (NIC), dormant''
:: - '' Phi Gamma Delta, 1882-1913 (NIC), dormant''
:: - ''Sigma Delta Pi (Vitruvian), 1873-1877, dormant''
:: - '' Alpha Tau Omega, 1888-1914 (NIC and FFC), dormant''
:: - ''Theta Nu Epsilon, 1891-1923, dormant''
:: - ''Sigma Phi Epsilon, 1912-1914 (formerly NIC), dormant''
:: - '' Phi Omega Sigma (local), 1913-2017, Fourth (IV) Section, dormant''
:: - ''Phi Delta Sigma (local), 1913-2005, Fifth (V) Section, dormant''
:: ''Rabbis (local), ~1913-1970s?, Third (III) Section, dormant''
:: - ''Iota Chi (local), ~1913-1950, Ninth (IX) Section, dormant''
:: - ''Xi Epsilon Tau (local), pre-1937-19xx?, dormant''
:: - ''Alpha Gamma Epsilon (local), Original Eighth (VIII) Section, 1937-19xx, dormant''
:: ''Inky (local), Eleventh (XI) Section, 1940-19xx, dormant''
:: - ''Omega Alpha Tau (local), 1976-1995?, Seventh (VII) Section, dormant''

Co-ed general fraternities

* - Eta Pi, 2011 (local)
''Dormant co-ed general fraternities''
:: - ''Kappa Phi Sigma (local), 1922-2005, Second (II) Section, dormant''

Women's Sororities

''Active academic and social sororities''
* - Pi Kappa (local), 1918, "Peanuts"
* - Zeta Phi Gamma (local), 1928-19xx, 1988, "Imps"
* - Kappa Epsilon Zeta (local), 1943-~1980, 2013, "Keys"
* - Epsilon Kappa Omicron (local), 1943, "Echo"
* - Alpha Gamma Phi (local), 1983, "Alpha Gamm"
* - Delta Theta Psi (local), 1992, "Theta"
''Sororities whose names changed''
:: - ''Kappa Alpha Theta, 1875-1913 (NPC), became Imps (see )''
:: - '' Kappa Kappa Gamma, 1876-1914 (NPC), became , , and ''
:: - ''Alpha Delta Psi (local), 1908-1910, became ''
:: - ''Delta Sigma Nu (local), 1910-1912, became ''
:: - ''Delta Delta Delta, 1912-1913 (NPC), became ''
:: ''Imps (local), 1913-1928, became ''
:: ''Darts (local), 1943-1949, became Keys (see )''
:: ''Arrows (local), 1943-1949, became Keys (see )''
''Dormant academic and social sororities''
:: - ''Pi Beta Phi, 1910-1913 (NPC), dormant''
:: - ''Delta Delta Gamma (local), (typo; see )''See the 1897 ''Wooster Index yearbook'', page 29
for an example of how the italicized version of the Greek letter Gamma can be easily misinterpreted as a Rho, shown in the biography of Mrs. Minne Carrothers McDonald, who was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma. (Unrelated sorority, but it serves as an example.) Accessed 5 Jan 2021.
:: - ''Lambda Alpha Sigma, "Sphinx" (local), ~1914-1975?, dormant''
:: - ''Delta Delta Rho, "Pyramids" (local), 1924-1975?, dormant''Noted in th
1950 ''Index yearbook'' in a retrospective of Greek life at the College
p.36-47. Accessed 6 Jan 2021.
:: ''Natives (local), pre-1935-19xx, dormant''
:: - ''Chi Alpha Chi, "Trumps" (local), 1940-1950+, dormant''
:: - ''Phi Epsilon Alpha, "Dominoes" (local), 1940-19xx, dormant''
:: ''Jacks (local), 1943-1944, dormant''
:: ''Pipers (local), 1943-1944, dormant''
:: - ''Sigma Phi Delta, "Spuds" (local), 1943-1950+, dormant''
:: ''Jinx (local), 1944-1947, dormant''
:: - ''Chi Omega Psi (local), 1976-1993+?, dormant''
:: - ''Delta Phi Alpha (local), 1989-2006, 2008-2014+, dormant?''

Honor and professional fraternities

The emergence and continuation of honor societies on the campus has proceeded without similar interruption nor controversary. Wooster's first honor societies were formed in the early 1920s, when in quick succession a chapter of Delta Sigma Rho was placed at the school to recognize top students in debate, followed by the Spanish language and culture honorary, Sigma Delta Pi. These were soon joined by the oldest of the honor societies, venerable Phi Beta Kappa, which placed its ''Kappa of Ohio chapter'' at the campus in 1926. Most of these societies continue operation.

Unlike the general fraternities, an honor society requires a faculty sponsor; those that go dormant are easily re-established with the support of an engaged advisor. In the modern era, Honor societies are co-educational. Students who are elected to membership in an honor society may wear the society's colors with their graduation regalia.

Seizing a middle ground between honor societies and general fraternities, professional fraternities exist to promote scholarship and networking among students of a particular field. The sole professional fraternity on the campus is now dormant. On other campuses these may be residential. Professional fraternities are generally co-educational, limiting their membership to specific fields, or a small inter-related group of fields, like STEM, or "medical fields" or all types of engineering. They are self-governing. Chapter information for honor and professional fraternities from Baird's Manual, the Wooster website's list of student organizations, or departmental websites.

Active chapters listed in bold, inactive chapters listed in ''italics''.

  (ACHS) indicates members of the Association of College Honor Societies.

  (PFA) indicates members of the Professional Fraternity Association.

Honor societies

* ΔΣΡ-ΤΚΑ - Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha, 1922 (ACHS), honors, debate
* - Sigma Delta Pi, 1924 (ACHS), honors, Spanish
* - Phi Beta Kappa, 1926 (formerly ACHS), honors, scholarship
* - Phi Alpha Theta, 1926 (ACHS), honors, history
* - Phi Sigma Iota, 1926 (ACHS), honors, foreign language, literature, classics
* - Eta Sigma Phi, 1934, honors, Greek and Latin classics
* - Delta Phi Alpha, 1939, honors, German
* - Sigma Tau Delta, 1940 (ACHS), honors, English
* - Pi Kappa Lambda, 1941 (ACHS), honors, music
* - Pi Sigma Alpha, 1947 (ACHS), honors, political science
* National Collegiate Players, 1948 (formerly ACHS), honors, theater
* - Omicron Delta Epsilon, 1982 (ACHS), honors, economics
* - Phi Sigma Tau, 1983 (ACHS), honors, philosophy
* - Lambda Pi Eta, <1992? (ACHS), honors, communications
* - Beta Beta Beta, 1998 (ACHS), honors, biology
* - Alpha Psi Omega, 2014, honors, collegiate performance and technical arts
* - Kappa Delta Pi, 2015 (formerly ACHS), honors, education
* - Nu Rho Psi, 2016, honors, neuroscience

''Dormant honor societies''
:: - ''Alpha Beta Phi (local), 1894-1896, men's honors, interfraternal, became ''
:: - ''Beta Delta Beta, 1896-1913+, men's honors, interfraternal, dormant''
:: - ''Mu Alpha Phi (local), 1896-1902?, women's honors, interfraternal, dormant''
:: - ''Alpha Delta Chi (local), 1901-1904?, men's honors, interfraternal, dormant''
:: - ''Alpha Delta Omega (local), 1916-1928+, honors, collegiate honor and friendship''
:: - ''Kappa Theta Gamma (local), 1929-1950+, honors, drama, dormant''
:: - ''Theta Chi Delta, 1920-1950+, honors, chemistry, dormant''
:: - ''Sigma Pi Sigma, 1930-1943 (ACHS), honors, physics, dormant''
:: - ''Kappa Mu Epsilon, 1941-1954 (ACHS), honors, math, dormant''

Professional fraternities (all dormant)

:: - ''Kappa Phi Kappa, 1930-1939 (PFA), men's teaching professions, became ''
:: - ''Epsilon Rho (local?), pre-1940-19xx, teaching professions, dormant''Noted in the 1940 ''Index yearbook'', p107. Accessed 6 Jan 2021.

See also

College of Wooster, Clubs & Organizations

References

{{Reflist, 2

College of Wooster
College of Wooster