Stolidobranchia
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Stolidobranchia is an order of
tunicate A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata (). It is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords (including vertebrates). The subphylum was at one time ca ...
s in the class
Ascidiacea Ascidiacea, commonly known as the ascidians, tunicates (in part), and sea squirts (in part), is a polyphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders. Ascidians are characterized by a tough outer "tunic" ...
.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)
Stolidobranchia.
In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2015) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2015-12-23
The group includes both colonial and solitary animals. They are distinguished from other tunicates by the presence of folded pharyngeal baskets. This provides the etymology of their name: in
ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...
, means the "fold" of a cloth. Stolidobranchian
sea squirts Ascidiacea, commonly known as the ascidians, tunicates (in part), and sea squirts (in part), is a polyphyletic class (biology), class in the subphylum Tunicate, Tunicata of sac-like marine (ocean), marine invertebrate filter feeders. Ascidians ar ...
are also characterized by the complete absence of an abdomen. The abdominal organs of other tunicates are instead located to one side of the pharyngeal basket in this group.


Taxonomy

*
Molgulidae Molgulidae is a Family (biology), family of tunicates in the Class (biology), class Ascidiacea. Following a revision in 2007, the family Hexacrobylidae was synonymized with Molgulidae. Genera The World Register of Marine Species lists the follo ...
Lacaze-Duthiers 1877 exacrobylidae Seeliger 1906; Caesiridae**''
Anomopera ''Anomopera'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Molgulidae Molgulidae is a family of tunicates in the class Ascidiacea. Following a revision in 2007, the family Hexacrobylidae was synonymized with Molgulidae. Genera The World ...
'' Hartmeyer, 1923 **''
Asajirus Asajirus is a genus of marine tunicates.Moreira da Rocha, R.; Sanamyan, K. (2015). Asajirus Kott, 1989. In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2015) Ascidiacea World Database. Acc ...
'' Kott, 1989 'Hexadactylus'' Monniot & Monniot 1990**''
Bostrichobranchus ''Bostrichobranchus'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Molgulidae Molgulidae is a Family (biology), family of tunicates in the Class (biology), class Ascidiacea. Following a revision in 2007, the family Hexacrobylidae was synony ...
'' Traustedt, 1883 **'' Eugyra'' Alder & Hancock, 1870 'Eugyrioides'' Seeliger 1907**'' Fungulus'' Herdman, 1882 **'' Gamaster'' Pizon, 1896 **''
Minipera ''Minipera'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Molgulidae Molgulidae is a family of tunicates in the class Ascidiacea. Following a revision in 2007, the family Hexacrobylidae was synonymized with Molgulidae. Genera The World ...
'' Monniot & Monniot, 1974 **''
Molgula ''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
'' Forbes, 1848 [''Anurella'' Lacaze-Duthiers 1877; ''Ascopera'' Herdman 1881; ''Astropera'' Pizon 1898; ''Caesira'' Flemming 1822; ''Ctenicella'' Lacaze-Duthiers 1877; ''Cystingia'' MacLeay 1825; ''Eugyriopsis'' Roule 1885; ''Euritteria'' Huntsman 1922; ''Gymnocystis'' Giard 1872; ''Lithonephria'' Giard 1872; ''Lithonephrya'' Giard 1872; ''Meristocarpus'' Pizon 1899; ''Molgulidium'' Seeliger 1907; ''Molgulina'' Hartmeyer 1914; ''Pera'' Stimpson 1852; ''Syphonotethis'' Gervais 1840; ''Xenomolgula'' Ärnbäck 1931] **''Molguloides'' Huntsman, 1922 **''Namiella'' Monniot & Monniot, 1968 **''Oligotrema'' Bourne, 1903 [''Gasterascidia'' Monniot & Monniot 1968; ''Hexacrobylus'' Sluiter 1905; ''Sorbera'' Monniot & Monniot 1974] **'' Paramolgula'' Traustedt, 1835 'Stomatropa''**'' Pareugyrioides'' Hartmeyer, 1914 **''
Protomolgula ''Protomolgula'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Molgulidae Molgulidae is a family of tunicates in the class Ascidiacea. Following a revision in 2007, the family Hexacrobylidae was synonymized with Molgulidae. Genera The Wor ...
'' Monniot, 1971 **'' Rhizomolgula'' Ritter, 1901 *
Pyuridae Pyuridae is a family of tunicates.Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Pyuridae.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2015) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Regis ...
Hartmeyer 1908 lidaeuridae**''
Bathypera ''Bathypera'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Bathypera'' include:Shenkar, N.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Bathypera'' Michaelsen, 1904 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Morei ...
'' Michaelsen, 1904 'Halomolgula'' Ritter 1907**''
Bathypyura ''Bathypyura'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae Pyuridae is a family of tunicates.Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Pyuridae.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; ...
'' Monniot & Monniot, 1973 **''
Boltenia ''Boltenia'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Boltenia'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Boltenia'' Savigny, 1816 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Sw ...
'' Savigny, 1816 **''
Bolteniopsis ''Bolteniopsis'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Bolteniopsis'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Bolteniopsis'' Harant, 1927 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Ro ...
'' Harant, 1927 'Liouvillea'' Sluiter 1929**''
Claudenus ''Claudenus'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Claudenus'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Claudenus'' Kott, 1998 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Sw ...
'' Kott, 1998 'Ctenicella'' Kott 1972**''
Cratostigma ''Cratostigma'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Cratostigma'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Cratostigma'' Monniot & Monniot, 1961 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Morei ...
'' Monniot & Monniot, 1961 **''
Ctenyura ''Ctenyura'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Ctenyura'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Ctenyura'' Van Name, 1918 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; S ...
'' Van Name, 1918 **''
Culeolus ''Culeolus'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Culeolus'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Culeolus'' Herdman, 1881 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Sw ...
'' Herdman, 1881 **''
Halocynthia ''Halocynthia'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species such as '' H. roretzi'' are used as food. Species within the genus ''Halocynthia'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Halocynthia'' Verrill, 1879 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gitte ...
'' Verrill, 1879 'Cynthia'' Savigny 1816; ''Holocynthia'' Verrill 1879; ''Tethyum'' Bohadsch 1761**''
Hartmeyeria ''Hartmeyeria'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae Pyuridae is a family of tunicates.Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Pyuridae.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J. ...
'' Ritter, 1913 'Ectorchis'' Huntsman 1922**'' Hemistyela'' Millar, 1955 **''
Herdmania ''Herdmania'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Pyuridae. Species within the genus ''Herdmania'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Herdmania'' Lahille, 1888 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; ...
'' Lahille, 1888 'Rhabdocynthia'' Herdman 1891**''Heterostigma'' Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1924 **'' Microcosmus'' Heller, 1877 **'' Paraculeolus'' Vinogradova, 1970 **''
Pyura ''Pyura'' is a large genus of sessile ascidians that live in coastal waters at depths of up to 80 m (260 feet). Like all ascidians, ''Pyura'' are filter feeders. A few species, including Pyura chilensis are commercially fished. Specie ...
'' Molina, 1782 [''Cynthiopsis'' Michaelsen 1904; ''Forbesella'' Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage 1892; ''Forbesia'' Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage 1892; ''Hyalocynthia'' Oka 1930; ''Paracynthia'' Ärnbäck 1938; ''Podocynthia'' Oka 1929; ''Pyuropsis'' Michaelsen 1912] **''Pyurella'' Monniot & Monniot, 1973 *Styelidae Sluiter 1895 [Botryllidae Giard 1875] **''Alloeocarpa'' Michaelsen, 1900 **''
Arnbackia ''Arnbackia'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius ...
'' Brewin, 1950 **''
Asterocarpa ''Asterocarpa'' is a genus of Ascidiacea, ascidian tunicates in the family (biology), family Styelidae. Species within the genus ''Asterocarpa'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Asterocarpa'' Brewin, 1946.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, ...
'' Brewin, 1946 **''
Bathyoncus ''Bathyoncus'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius ...
'' Herdman, 1882 **''
Bathystyeloides ''Bathystyeloides'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; ...
'' Seeliger, 1907 **''
Berillia ''Berillia'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, ...
'' Brewin, 1952 **''
Botryllocarpa ''Botryllocarpa'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; R ...
'' Hartmeyer, 1909 'Protobotryllus'' Pizon 1908**''
Botrylloides ''Botrylloides'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae. Description Like ''Botryllus'', ''Botrylloides'' are flat sheets of organisms which can be found covering ropes, boat hulls, horseshoe crabs, seaweeds, and any still or s ...
'' Milne-Edwards, 1841 'Metrocarpa'' Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde 1923; ''Sarcobotrylloides'' Drasche 1883**''
Botryllus ''Botryllus'' is a genus of colonial ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae. Species Species in this genus include: * '' Botryllus arenaceus'' Monniot, 1988 * '' Botryllus aster'' Monniot, 1991 * '' Botryllus closionis'' Monniot, Monniot, ...
'' Gaertner, 1774 'Alcyonium'' Pallas 1766; ''Myxobotrus'' Oka 1931; ''Parabotryllus'' Kott 1975; ''Polycyclus'' Lamarck 1815**'' Chorizocarpa'' Michaelsen, 1904 **'' Cnemidocarpa'' Huntsman, 1913 'Azygocarpa'' Oka 1932; ''Ypsilocarpa'' Ärnbäck 1922**'' Dendrodoa'' MacLeay, 1824 'Styelopsis'' Traustedt 1883**'' Dextrocarpa'' Millar, 1955 **'' Diandrocarpa'' Van Name, 1902 **'' Dicarpa'' Millar, 1955 **''
Distomus ''Distomus'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae. Species within the genus ''Distomus'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Distomus'' Gaertner, 1774 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; ...
'' Gaertner, 1774 'Psilostyela'' Sluiter 1927**''
Eusynstyela ''Eusynstyela'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae. Species within the genus ''Eusynstyela'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Eusynstyela'' Michaelsen, 1904 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da ...
'' Michaelsen, 1904 'Michaelsenia'' Van Name 1902**'' Gynandrocarpa'' Michaelsen, 1900 **'' Kukenthalia'' Hartmeyer, 1903 **''
Metandrocarpa ''Metandrocarpa'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; ...
'' Michaelsen, 1904 'Okamia'' Brewin 1948**'' Monandrocarpa'' Michaelsen, 1904 'Monoandrocarpa'' Kott 1972**'' Oculinaria'' Gray, 1868 **'' Oligocarpa'' Hartmeyer, 1911 **'' Pelonaia'' Forbes & Goodsir, 1841 **''
Podostyela ''Podostyela'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Riu ...
'' **''
Polyandrocarpa ''Polyandrocarpa'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G. ...
'' Michaelsen, 1904 **''
Polycarpa ''Polycarpa'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae. Species within the genus ''Polycarpa'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Polycarpa'' Heller, 1877 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R. ...
'' Heller, 1877 'Glandula'' Stimpson 1852; ''Pandocia'' Fleming 1822; ''Paratona'' Huntsman 1913; ''Styeloides''**''
Polyzoa Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about long, they have a special feeding structure called a l ...
'' Lesson, 1831 'Chorizocormus'' Herdman 1886; ''Dictyostyela'' Oka 1926; ''Goodsiria'' Cunningham 1871; ''Monobotryllus'' (Agassiz 1880)**''
Protostyela ''Protostyela'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Ri ...
'' Millar, 1954 **'' Psammobotrus'' Oka, 1932 **''
Psammostyela ''Psammostyela'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae. The genus is monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one tha ...
'' Weinstein, 1961 **''
Seriocarpa ''Seriocarpa'' is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae Styelidae is a family of ascidian tunicates.Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015)Styelidae Sluiter, 1895.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Riu ...
'' Diehl, 1969 **''
Stolonica ''Stolonica'' is a genus of Ascidiacea, ascidian tunicates in the family (biology), family Styelidae. Species within the genus ''Stolonica'' include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Stolonica'' Lacaze-Duthiers & Délage, 1892 .In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, ...
'' Lacaze-Duthiers & Délage, 1892 'Amphicarpa'' Michaelsen 1922; ''Thylacium ''Alder & Hancock 1907**''
Styela ''Styela'' is a genus of tunicates. '' Styela clava'', an edible species, is known as an invasive species in some areas. Species include:Sanamyan, K. (2015)''Styela'' Fleming, 1822.In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Morei ...
'' Fleming, 1822 [''Botryorchis'' Huntsman 1911; ''Clavellinopsis'' Fewkes 1889; ''Goniocarpa'' Huntsman 1912; ''Katatropa'' Huntsman 1912; ''Minostyela'' Kott 1969; ''Molstyela'' Oka 1934; ''Redikorzevia'' Oka 1929; ''Vannamea'' Oka 1932] **''Symplegma'' Herdman, 1886 **''Syncarpa'' Redikorzev, 1913 **''Theodorella'' Michaelsen, 1922 **''Tibitin'' Monniot, 1983


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1587376 Chordate orders