Syrmia
Syrmia (Serbo-Croatian: Srem/Срем, Srijem/Сријем) is a
fertile region of the
Pannonian Plain
Pannonian Plain in Europe, which lies between
the
Danube
Danube and
Sava
Sava rivers. The majority of
Syrmia
Syrmia is located in the
Srem and South
Bačka
Bačka districts of the Autonomous Province of
Vojvodina
Vojvodina in Serbia. A smaller area around Novi Beograd, Zemun, and
Surčin
Surčin belongs to the City of Belgrade. The remaining part of Syrmia
is divided between multiple municipalities in
Serbia
Serbia and
Vukovar-Srijem County
Vukovar-Srijem County in Croatia.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Governance
3 History
3.1 Prehistory
3.2 Roman era
3.3 Byzantine era
3.4 Middle Ages
3.5 Early modern period
3.6 19th century
3.7 Recent history
4 Demographics
5 Geography
5.1 Borders
5.2 Bordering regions
5.3 Cities
5.4 Municipalities
5.5 Mountains
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
Etymology[edit]
Srem coat of arms
The word "Syrmia" is derived from the ancient city of
Sirmium
Sirmium (now
Sremska Mitrovica).
Sirmium
Sirmium was a Celtic or Illyrian town founded in
the third century BC.
Srem in Serbian (Serbian Cyrillic: Срем) and Srijem in Croatian
are used to designate the region. Other names for the region include:
Latin:
Syrmia
Syrmia or Sirmium
German: Syrmien
Hungarian: Szerémség or Szerém
Slovak: Sriem
Rusyn: Срим
Turkish: Sirem
Ukrainian: Срем, also Срім or Срим
French: Syrmie
Italian: Sirmia
Greek: Syrmia, Σύρμια
Governance[edit]
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Map of the
Syrmia
Syrmia region
Over centuries,
Syrmia
Syrmia has been ruled by many different entities.
These include the Roman Empire, the Hun Empire, the Ostrogothic
Kingdom, the Gepid Kingdom, the Lombard state, the Byzantine Empire,
the Avar Khaganate, the Frankish Empire, the Bulgarian Empire,
Pannonian Croatia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, the
Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, the State of
Slovenes,
Croats
Croats and Serbs, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of
Serbs,
Croats
Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1945, on the advice of
the Ðilas Commission, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
assigned the eastern part of
Syrmia
Syrmia to the People's Republic of Serbia
and the western part to the People's Republic of Croatia. The
westernmost part of
Syrmia
Syrmia is in eastern
Croatia
Croatia in Vukovar-Srijem,
while the majority of
Syrmia
Syrmia is part of Republic of Serbia.
History[edit]
Map of Indo-European
Vučedol culture
Vučedol culture centred in
Syrmia
Syrmia (3000-2400
BC).
Ancient Indo-European peoples in Syrmia.
Prehistory[edit]
Between 3000 BC and 2400 BC,
Syrmia
Syrmia was at the centre of Indo-European
Vučedol culture.[1]
Roman era[edit]
Ancient Roman cities in Syrmia
Sirmium
Sirmium was conquered by Romans in the first century BC and became the
economic and political capital of Pannonia. In 6 AD, there was an
uprising of the indigenous peoples against Roman rule. However, ten
later
Roman Emperors
Roman Emperors were born in
Sirmium
Sirmium or nearby. They included
Herennius Etruscus
_(14743499451).jpg/440px-Icones_imperatorvm_romanorvm,_ex_priscis_numismatibus_ad_viuum_delineatae,_and_breui_narratione_historicâ_(1645)_(14743499451).jpg)
Herennius Etruscus (227-251),
Hostilian
Hostilian (230?-251),
Decius
.jpg/440px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_(Mary_Harrsch).jpg)
Decius Traian
(249-251),
Claudius II
Claudius II (268-270),
Quintillus
Quintillus (270), Aurelian
(270-275), Probus (276-282), Maximianus Herculius (285-310),
Constantius II
.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_(Mary_Harrsch).jpg)
Constantius II (337-361) and
Gratian
Gratian (367-383). These emperors were
mostly Romanised Illyrians.
Byzantine era[edit]
In the 6th century AD, Pannonia, was a province of the Byzantine
Empire. Through vassal arrangements, Sermia fell under control of
various rulers. In the 7th century AD, the ruler of
Syrmia
Syrmia was Kuber,
a
Bulgar
Bulgar leader, who was a vassal of the Avars. In the early 9th
century AD,
Syrmia
Syrmia was part of the Slavic state of Pannonian Croatia.
The ruler, Prince
Ljudevit Posavski
Ljudevit Posavski lost control to the Franks. In 827
AD the Bulgars returned and continued to rule after a peace treaty in
845 AD.
In the 11th century, the ruler of
Syrmia
Syrmia was Duke Sermon, vassal of
the Bulgarian emperor, Samuil. There had been
Bulgar
Bulgar resistance to
Byantine rule. This collapsed and Sermon, who refused to capitulate
was captured and killed by Constantine Diogenes. A new but ultimately
short lived area of governance named the Thema of
Sirmium
Sirmium was
established. It included the region of
Syrmia
Syrmia and what is now Mačva.
Middle Ages[edit]
In the 12th century, the region was controlled by the Kingdom of
Hungary. On 3 March 1229, the acquisition of
Syrmia
Syrmia was confirmed by
Papal bull.
Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX wrote, "[Margaretha] soror…regis Ungarie
[acquired] terram…ulterior Sirmia".[2] In 1231, The Duke of Syrmia
was Giletus. In the 1200s, the territory around
Syrmia
Syrmia was divided
into two counties:
Syrmia
Syrmia in the east and
Vukovar
Vukovar in the west.
In the 13th century, between 1282 and 1316,
Syrmia
Syrmia was ruled by Stefan
Dragutin of Serbia.[3][4][unreliable source?] Initially, Dragutin was
a vassal of Hungary but later ruled independently. Dragutin died in
1316, and was succeeded by his son, Stefan Vladislav II (1316–1325).
In 1324, Vladislav II was defeated by Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of
Rascia. Lower
Syrmia
Syrmia became the subject of dispute between the
Kingdoms of
Rascia
Rascia and Hungary.
Realm of Stefan Dragutin.
Realms of
Stefan Dragutin
Stefan Dragutin and Ugrin Csák.
In 1404,
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor ceded part of
Syrmia
Syrmia to Stefan
Lazarević of
Serbia
Serbia and then to Đurađ Branković.
From 1459, the Hungarian kings endorsed the
House of Branković
House of Branković and
later, the
Berislavići Grabarski family as the titular heads of the
Serbian Despotate
-en.svg/500px-Serbian_Despotate_(1422)-en.svg.png)
Serbian Despotate of which
Syrmia
Syrmia was a part. They resided in Kupinik
(modern Kupinovo). The local rulers included
Vuk Grgurević
Vuk Grgurević (1471 to
1485);
Đorđe Branković
Đorđe Branković (1486 to 1496),
Jovan Branković (1496 to
1502),
Ivaniš Berislavić (1504 to 1514), and Stjepan Berislavić
(1520 to 1535). In 1522, the last of the titular Serbian despots in
Syrmia, Stjepan Berislavić, moved to Slavonia, ahead of invading
Ottoman forces. Another important local governor was Laurence of Ilok,
Duke of
Syrmia
Syrmia (1477 to 1524), who reigned over large parts of the
region from Ilok.
Early modern period[edit]
In 1521, parts of
Syrmia
Syrmia fell to the Ottomans and by 1538, the entire
region was under Ottoman control. Between 1527 and 1530, Radoslav
Čelnik ruled
Syrmia
Syrmia as an Ottoman vassal. The area of Ottoman
administration in
Syrmia
Syrmia was known as the Sanjak of Syrmia.
In 1699, the
Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Monarchy took western
Syrmia
Syrmia from the Ottomans
as part of the Treaty of Karlowitz.[5] Until the Treaty of Passarowitz
at the end of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18, remainder of Syrmia
was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier.[6] In 1745, the County of
Syrmia
Syrmia was established as part of the Habsburg's Kingdom of Slavonia.
Sirmie and Walko counties, 1370
Duchy of
Syrmia
Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik, 1527 to 1530
Sanjak of Syrmia, 1568 to 1571
Habsburg-Ottoman frontier in Syrmia, 1699
19th century[edit]
Syrmia
Syrmia county, Austria-Hungary, coat of arms
In 1807, the Tican's Rebellion, a Syrmian peasant uprising, occurred
on
Ruma
Ruma estate and in the village of
Voganj
Voganj in
Ilok
Ilok estate.
In 1848 and 1849, most of
Syrmia
Syrmia was part of the Serbian Voivodship, a
Serb
Serb autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. From 1849 and 1860,
Northern Syrmia, including
Ilok
Ilok and
Ruma
Ruma were part of the Voivodship
of
Serbia
Serbia and Tamiš Banat.
After 1860, the County of
Syrmia
Syrmia was re-established and returned to
the Kingdom of Slavonia. In 1868, the Kingdom of
Slavonia
Slavonia became part
of Croatia-
Slavonia
Slavonia in the Kingdom of Hungary.
Recent history[edit]
On 29 October 1918,
Syrmia
Syrmia became a part of the newly independent
State of Slovenes,
Croats
Croats and Serbs. On 24 November 1918, the Assembly
of
Syrmia
Syrmia proclaimed the unification of Serb-populated parts of Syrmia
with the Kingdom of Serbia. However, from 1 December 1918, all of
Syrmia
Syrmia was made a part of the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats
Croats and Slovenes.
From 1918 to 1922,
Syrmia
Syrmia remained within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes and from 1922 to 1929,
Syrmia
Syrmia was a province (oblast). In
1929, after a new territorial division,
Syrmia
Syrmia was divided between
Danube
Danube Banovina and Drina Banovina, in the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia and
in 1931, it was divided between
Danube
Danube Banovina and
Sava
Sava Banovina. In
1939, the western part of
Syrmia
Syrmia was included into the newly formed
Banovina of Croatia.
In 1941,
Syrmia
Syrmia was occupied by the
World War II
World War II
Axis powers
Axis powers and its
entire territory was ceded to the Independent State of Croatia. In
1945, with the creation of new borders, eastern
Syrmia
Syrmia became part of
Vojvodina, while western
Syrmia
Syrmia became part of Croatia.
In 1991,
Croatia
Croatia declared its independence.
Serbs
Serbs in western Syrmia
declared an autonomous region called the "Serbian Autonomous Region of
Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia". This region was one of
the two Serbian autonomous regions that formed the Republic of Serbian
Krajina. The autonomous regions lasted until 1995.
Serbian Voivodship, 1848
The County of
Syrmia
Syrmia within Croatia-Slavonia, 1881
Liberated partisan territory, late 1942
Syrmian frontline prior to April 1945
Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographic history of Syrmia
Serb
Serb soldier in Syrmia, 1742
In 2002, the population of
Syrmia
Syrmia in
Serbia
Serbia was 790,697.[7] 668,745
(84.58%) were Serb. In 2001, the population of the Croatian
Vukovar-Srijem county
Vukovar-Srijem county was 204,768.[8] The census showed, that Croats
made up 78.3% of total population,
Serbs
Serbs 15.5%,
Hungarians
Hungarians 1%, Rusyns
0.9% and others.
Geography[edit]
See also: Geography of Serbia, Geography of Croatia, and Geography of
Vojvodina
Borders[edit]
Srem District
Srem District in Vojvodina.
Vukovar-Srijem county
Vukovar-Srijem county within Croatia.
The present international border of the region of
Syrmia
Syrmia was drawn in
1945 by the Đilas commission. It divided the Yugoslav constituent
republic of
Croatia
Croatia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, itself
part of Serbia, within Yugoslavia.
Milovan Đilas, a Montenegrin and then a confidante of Josip Broz
Tito, drew the border according to demographic criteria, which
explains why the Croatian town of
Ilok
Ilok on the Danube, with a Croat
majority, lies east of
Šid
Šid in Serbia, with a
Serb
Serb majority. The
border drawn in 1945 was very similar to the 1931-1939 border between
the
Danube
Danube Banovina and the
Sava
Sava Banovina within the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia.
Bordering regions[edit]
Bačka
Bačka to the north
Banat
Banat to the east
Šumadija
Šumadija the south-east
Mačva
Mačva to the south
Semberija
Semberija to the south-west
Slavonia
Slavonia to the west. The border between
Syrmia
Syrmia and
Slavonia
Slavonia is
unclear. It runs approximately along a line through Vukovar, Vinkovci,
and
Županja
Županja or it follows the Bosut, Barica and Vuka rivers.
Cities[edit]
Map showing cities and towns in Serbian part of Syrmia.
List of cities in
Syrmia
Syrmia (with population):
Serbia
Belgrade
Belgrade city region
Novi Beograd
Novi Beograd (217,180)
Zemun
Zemun (146,172)
Batajnica
Batajnica (48,600)
Surčin
Surčin (14,209)
Dobanovci (8,114)
Vojvodina
Sremska Mitrovica
Sremska Mitrovica (39,041)
Ruma
Ruma (32,125)
Inđija
Inđija (26,244)
Stara Pazova
Stara Pazova (18,628)
Šid
Šid (16,301)
Petrovaradin
_-_panorama_from_the_fortress_(by_Pudelek).jpg/500px-Petrovaradin_(Peterwardein)_-_panorama_from_the_fortress_(by_Pudelek).jpg)
Petrovaradin (13,917)
Sremska Kamenica
.JPG/500px-Sremska_Kamenica_(pogled_sa_Šodroša).JPG)
Sremska Kamenica (11,140)
Sremski Karlovci
Sremski Karlovci (8,839)
Beočin
Beočin (8,037)
Irig (4,854)
Croatia
Vinkovci
Vinkovci (33,239)
Vukovar
Vukovar (30,126)
Županja
Županja (13,775)
Ilok
Ilok (5,897)
Petrovaradin, Sremska Kamenica,
Sremski Karlovci
Sremski Karlovci and
Beočin
Beočin are
geographically located in Syrmia, but they are part of South Bačka
District.
Municipalities[edit]
Municipalities in Serbian Syrmia:
Šid
Sremska Mitrovica
Irig
Ruma
Inđija
Stara Pazova
Pećinci
Novi Beograd
Zemun
Surčin
Sremski Karlovci
Petrovaradin
Beočin
The Syrmian villages of
Neštin
Neštin and
Vizić
Vizić are part of the
municipality of
Bačka
Bačka Palanka, the main part of which is in Bačka.
Several settlements that are part of the municipality of Sremska
Mitrovica are located in
Syrmia
Syrmia in Mačva.
Municipalities and villages in Croatian Syrmia:
Vukovar
Ilok
Vinkovci
Županja
Otok
Trpinja
Borovo
Tordinci
Markušica
Jarmina
Ivankovo
Vođinci
Stari Mikanovci
Babina Greda
Cerna
Gradište
Andrijaševci
Privlaka
Bošnjaci
Drenovci
Gunja
Vrbanja
Nijemci
Tovarnik
Lovas
Tompojevci
Stari Jankovci
Negoslavci
Bogdanovci
Nuštar
Mountains[edit]
Syrmia's principal mountain is Fruška Gora. Its highest peak is
Crveni Čot at 539 m.
See also[edit]
Srem District
Methodius Stratiev
Vukovar-Srijem County
Syrmia
Syrmia County
Sanjak of Syrmia
Kingdom of Srem
Theme of Sirmium
Sirmium
Vojvodina
Slavonia
Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Srem
Roman Catholic Diocese of Srijem
References[edit]
^ Syrmia[permanent dead link], vjesnik.hr; accessed 13 April 2015.
^ "Margit of Hungary" FMG Accessed 13 April 2015.
^ Veselinović R. Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve sa narodnom
istorijom I Belgrade, 1969. p18.
^ Grujić R. Pravoslavna Srpska crkva, Kragujevac, 1989, p22.
^ Stoye J. Marsigli's Europe, 1680-1730 Yale University Press, 1994
p185 ISBN 0300055420, 9780300055429 Accessed at Google Books 3
August 2016.
^ Ingrao, Samardžić & Pešalj 2011, p. 193.
^ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova 2002. Knjiga 1:
Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima. Srbija, Republički
zavod za statistiku Beograd 2003; ISBN 86-84433-51-3
^ Census Archived 2006-05-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Sources[edit]
Mih. J. Miladinović (1903). Istorija Srema. Štamp. D.
Dimitrijevića.
Miladinovi J (December 2013). Istorija Srema. HardPress.
ISBN 978-1-314-69554-0.
Petar Milošević (1981). Srem u prošlosti. Novinsko-izdavačka radna
organizacija "Sremske novine.".
Žarko Atanacković (1968). Srem u narodnooslobodilačkom ratu i
socijalističkoj revoluciji. Šimanovci, Mesna zajednica-Mesni odbor
SUB NOR-a.
Đorđe Cvejić; Jovan Babović; Miodrag Živković (1982). Srem u
samoupravnoj socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji 1945-1981. NIO Poslovna
politika.
Slavko Gavrilović (1979). Srem od kraja XVII do sredine XVIII veka.
Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, Institut za istoriju.
Mihailo Dinić. Sredjnevekovni Srem.
Миодраг Матицки (2007). Срем кроз векове:
слојеви култура Фрушке горе и
Срема : зборник радова. Вукова
Задужбина. ISBN 978-86-902961-5-6.
Слободан Ћурчић (2012). Атлас насеља
Војводине: Срем. Матица српска.
ISBN 978-86-7946-108-7.
Fodor, Pál; Dávid, Géza, eds. (2000). Ottomans, Hungarians, and
Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of
Ottoman Conquest. BRILL.
Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). The
Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette: Purdue University
Press.
v
t
e
Geographical regions of Serbia
Azbukovica
Bačka
Banat
Belica
Binačko Pomoravlje*
Braničevo
Deliblatska Peščara
Dobrič
Drenica*
Goljak
Gora*
Gornje Livade
Gornji Breg
Gruža
Homolje
Ibarski Kolašin*
Izmornik*
Jablanica
Jadar
Jasenica
Kačer
Kolubara
Komarani
Kopaonik
Kosanica
Kosmaj
Kosovo*
Kosovo field*
Kosovsko Pomoravlje*
Kozjačija
Kučaj
Lepenica
Lešnica
Levač
Ljig
Lugomir
Lugovi*
Lužnica
Mačva
Malo Kosovo*
Metohija*
Metohijski Podgor*
Mlava
Morava Valley
Moravac
Negotinska Krajina
Obica*
Opolje*
Pančevački Rit
Pčinja
Pešter
Pocerina
Podlužje
Podrimlje
Podrinje
Podunavlje
Polimlje
Pomoravlje
Pomorišje
Posavina
Potisje
Prekoruplje*
Preševo Valley
Prizenski Has*
Prizrenski Podgor*
Rađevina
Rasina
Raška
Rugovo*
Sandžak
Šajkaška
Sirinićka župa*
Šopluk
Sredačka župa*
Srem
Stari Vlah
Stig
Šumadija
Šumadijska Kolubara
Svrljig
Tamnava
Telečka
Temnić
Timočka Krajina
Toplica
Užička Crna Gora
Valjevska Kolubara
Veliki Rit
Visok
Vlasina
Zaglavak
Zlatibor
(*) indicates location within Kosovo
v
t
e
Regions of Croatia
Principal historical regions
Croatia
Croatia proper
Dalmatia
Slavonia
Istria
Smaller regions
Croatia
Croatia proper
Banovina
Bilogora
Croatian Littoral
Gorski Kotar
Kordun
Krbava
Kvarner Gulf
Lika
Međimurje
Moslavina
Pokuplje
Prigorje
Turopolje
Vinodol
Zagorje
Žumberak
Dalmatia
Bukovica
Konavle
Kosinj
Ravni kotari
Zagora
Slavonia
Cvelferija
Požega Valley
Spačva
Syrmia
Podunavlje
Other
Baranya
Podravina
Posavina
Category
Commons category
v
t
e
Historical regions of Serbia
Banat
Braničevo
Ibarski Kolašin
Kačer
Kosovo field
Levač
Mačva
Metohija
Opolje
Sirinićka župa
Sredačka župa
Pomorišje
Raška
Sandžak
Syrmia
Šajkaška
Coordinates: 45°10′12″N 19°17′17″E / 45.170°N
19.288°E / 45.170; 19.288
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