The Salicaceae is the willow family of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Genetic studies summarized by the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disc ...

(APG) have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including the

Scyphostegia ''Scyphostegia borneensis'' is a species of shrub or small tree endemic to Borneo. This unusual plant is the only species in the genus ''Scyphostegia''. In many taxonomic classifications the genus was placed in its own family, the Scyphostegiacea ...

ceae and many of the former

Flacourtiaceae The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it beca ...

. In the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) ...

, the Salicaceae were assigned to their own order, Salicales, and contained three genera (''

Salix Willows, also called sallows and osiers, from the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 400 speciesMabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press #2: Cambridge. of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist s ...

'', '' Populus'', and ''

Chosenia ''Chosenia arbutifolia'' (syn. ''Salix arbutifolia'' Pall.)Skvortsov, A. K. 1957. Commentationes de morphologia et systematica salicarum. IV. On the correct species epithet for ''Chosenia''. — Bot. mat. Gerb. Bot. in-ta AN SSSR 18: 42–47. is ...

''). Recognized to be closely related to the

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed t ...

and

Passifloraceae The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera. They include trees, shrubs, lianas, and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions. The family takes its name from ...

, the family is placed by the APG in the order

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsett ...

. Under the new circumscription, all members of the family are trees or shrubs that have

simple leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, ste ...

with alternate arrangement and temperate members are usually

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...

. Most members have serrate or dentate leaf margins, and those that have such toothed margins all exhibit salicoid teeth; a salicoid tooth being one in which a

vein Veins are blood vessels in humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenat ...

enters the tooth, expands, and terminates at or near the apex, near which are spherical and glandular protuberances called setae. Members of the family often have flowers which are reduced and inconspicuous, and all have

ovaries The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. T ...

that are superior or half-inferior with

parietal placentation Placentation refers to the formation, type and structure, or arrangement of the placenta. The function of placentation is to transfer nutrients, respiratory gases, and water from maternal tissue to a growing embryo, and in some instances to remove ...

Genera by subfamily and tribe

Salicaceae is divided into three subfamilies, with Salicoideae further divided into six tribes. Salicoideae Abatieae *''

Abatia ''Abatia'' (syn. ''Raleighia'' Gardner) is a genus of about ten species of Central and South American trees in the family Salicaceae (following the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification). Previously, it was treated in the family Flacourti ...

'' Ruiz & Pavón (formerly including ''Aphaerema'') *''

Aphaerema ''Aphaerema'' was formerly a genus of flowering plants in the Flacourtiaceae, consisting of one species of small shrubs, '' Aphaerema spicata'', which is native to Brazil and Argentina. Later studies indicated that ''Aphaerema'' should be classifi ...

'' Miers Bembicieae *''

Bembicia ''Bembicia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoo ...

'' Oliver Homalieae *''

Bartholomaea ''Bartholomaea'' is a genus of two species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae, native to Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central Americ ...

'' Standley & Steyermark *''

Bivinia ''Bivinia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, sometimes included in '' Calantica''. It contains a single species, ''Bivinia jalbertii'', which is found in Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe Zimba ...

'' Tulasne *''

Byrsanthus ''Byrsanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwo ...

'' Guillemin *'' Calantica'' Tulasne *''

Dissomeria ''Dissomeria'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. Its native range is Eastern and Western Central Tropical Africa. Species: *''Dissomeria crenata'' *''Dissomeria glanduligera'' References

{{Taxonbar, fro ...

'' Bentham *''

Homalium ''Homalium'' is a genus of plants in the family Salicaceae. Species Species include: * '' Homalium acuminatum'' * '' Homalium betulifolium'' * '' Homalium brevidens'' * '' Homalium buxifolium'' * '' Homalium ceylanicum'' * '' Homalium co ...

'' Jacquin *''

Neopringlea ''Neopringlea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. It is native to Mexico and Guatemala. The genus name of ''Neopringlea'' is in honour of Cyrus Pringle (1838–1911), an American botanist who spent a career of ...

'' S. Watson *'' Trimeria'' Harvey Prockieae *''

Banara ''Banara'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae (formerly in Flacourtiaceae). Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of October 2022: *'' Banara acunae'' *'' Banara arguta'' *'' Banara axilliflora'' *'' B ...

'' Aublet *'' Hasseltia'' Kunth *''

Hasseltiopsis ''Hasseltiopsis'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: ''Hasseltiopsis dioica'', which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae,Sle ...

'' Sleumer *''

Macrohasseltia ''Macrohasseltia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of tree: ''Macrohasseltia macroterantha'', which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourti ...

'' L. O. Williams *'' Neosprucea'' Sleumer *'' Pineda'' Ruiz & Pavón *'' Pleuranthodendron'' L. O. Williams *'' Prockia'' L. Saliceae *'' Azara'' Ruiz & Pavón *'' Bennettiodendron'' Merrill *'' Carrierea'' Franchet *''

Dovyalis ''Dovyalis'' is a genus of shrubs and small trees. Recent genetic evidence has shown the genus to belong to the family Salicaceae; formerly it was classified in the family Flacourtiaceae. The 15 species are native to Africa (Ethiopia south to S ...

'' Arnott *''

Flacourtia ''Flacourtia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It was previously placed in the now defunct family Flacourtiaceae. The generic name honors Étienne de Flacourt (1607–1660), a governor of Madagascar. It contains 15 speci ...

'' L'Heritier *'' Idesia'' Maximowicz *'' Itoa'' Hemsley *''

Lasiochlamys ''Lasiochlamys'' is a genus of flowering plants endemic to New Caledonia in the family Salicaceae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that ''Lasiochlamys'' may be nested in the more widespread genus ''Xylosma ''Xylosma'' is a genus of f ...

'' Pax & K. Hoffmann *''

Ludia Ludia is a video game developer based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada that creates and distributes cross-platform digital games with mass consumer appeal. Ludia produces original and branded properties based on game shows, television series, movies, ...

'' de Jussieu *''

Olmediella ''Olmediella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: ''Olmediella betschleriana'', which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae,Sl ...

'' Baillon *'' Poliothyrsis'' Oliver *'' Populus'' L. *''

Priamosia ''Priamosia'' was formerly a genus of flowering plants in the Flacourtiaceae, consisting of one species of shrubs, ''Priamosia domingensis'', which is native to the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Later studies indicated that ''Priamosia'' should b ...

'' Urban * †'' Pseudosalix'' Boucher, Manchester, & Judd *''

'' L. *'' Tisonia'' Baillon *''

Xylosma ''Xylosma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It contains around 100 species of evergreen shrubs and trees commonly known as brushhollies, xylosmas, or, more ambiguously, " logwoods". The generic name is derived from the ...

'' G. Forster (formerly including ''Priamosia'') Scolopieae *'' Hemiscolopia'' van Slooten *'' Phyllobotryon'' Müller *'' Pseudoscolopia'' Gilg *''

Scolopia ''Scolopia'' is an Old World genus of plants in the family Salicaceae. Species include: * '' Scolopia braunii'' ( Klotzsch) & Sleumer - an Australian rainforest tree *'' Scolopia buxifolia'' Gagnep. *'' Scolopia chinensis'' (Lour.) Clos *'' ...

'' Schreber Samydoideae *''

Casearia ''Casearia'' is a plant genus in the family Salicaceae. The genus was included in the Flacourtiaceae under the Cronquist system of angiosperm classification, and earlier in the Samydaceae. Recent research indicates that the latter group might ...

'' Jacquin (including '' Hecatostemon'', ''

Laetia ''Laetia'' is a genus of plants in the family Salicaceae (formerly placed in Flacourtiaceae The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and S ...

'', '' Samyda'', & '' Zuelania'') *'' Euceraea'' Martius *'' Irenodendron'' Alford & Dement *''

Lunania ''Lunania'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. Selected species * '' Lunania cubensis'' Turczaninov * '' Lunania dodecandra'' Wright * ''Lunania elongata ''Lunania elongata'' is a species of flowering plant in the family ...

'' Hooker *'' Neoptychocarpus'' Buchheim *'' Ophiobotrys'' Gilg *'' Osmelia'' Thwaites *'' Piparea'' Aublet *'' Pseudosmelia'' Sleumer *'' Ryania'' Vahl *'' Tetrathylacium'' Poeppig & Endlicher *''

Trichostephanus ''Trichostephanus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cot ...

'' Gilg Scyphostegioideae *'' Dianyuea'' C. Shang ''et al''. *''

'' Stapf incertae sedis *'' Ahernia'' Merrill *'' Mocquerysia'' Hua *''

Oncoba ''Oncoba'' is a genus of plants in the family Salicaceae. It contains the following species: * '' Oncoba brachyanthera'' Oliv. * '' Oncoba breteleri'' Hul * '' Oncoba routledgei'' Sprague * ''Oncoba spinosa ''Oncoba spinosa'', the snuff-box tr ...

'' Forsskahl *†'' Saxifragispermum'' Reid & Chandler *†'' Utkholokia'' (Cheleb.) Iljinskaja & Chelb.

References

External links

* * {{Authority control Malpighiales families