Sainte-Anne Hospital Center
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The Sainte-Anne Hospital Center (French: ''Centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne'') is a hospital located in the
14th arrondissement of Paris The 14th arrondissement of Paris ( ), officially named ''arrondissement de l'Observatoire'' (; meaning "arrondissement of the Observatory", after the Paris Observatory), is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. It is situa ...
, specializing in
psychiatry Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions. See glossary of psychiatry. Initial psych ...
,
neurology Neurology (from el, wikt:νεῦρον, νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix wikt:-logia, -logia, "study of") is the branch of specialty (medicine), medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of co ...
,
neurosurgery Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and peri ...
,
neuroimaging Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative (computational) techniques to study the structure and function of the central nervous system, developed as an objective way of scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner. Incre ...
and
addiction Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to engage in certain behaviors, one of which is the usage of a drug, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Repetitive drug use o ...
. With its creation dating to 1651, the organization remains, along with the Esquirol Hospital in Saint-Maurice, the symbol of psychiatric asylums in France.


History


Creation of the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center

The letters patent of the king confirming the transfer of the services from the hospital of the health of the to the Sainte-Anne hospital date to May 1651. By the contract of 7 July 1651, between the governors of the
Hôtel-Dieu In French-speaking countries, a hôtel-Dieu ( en, hostel of God) was originally a hospital for the poor and needy, run by the Catholic Church. Nowadays these buildings or institutions have either kept their function as a hospital, the one in Paris b ...
and the founders of power of the Queen Regent
Anne of Austria Anne of Austria (french: Anne d'Autriche, italic=no, es, Ana María Mauricia, italic=no; 22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666) was an infanta of Spain who became Queen of France as the wife of King Louis XIII from their marriage in 1615 unti ...
, the Hôtel-Dieu gave up the buildings and the grounds of the House of Health, the queen giving in exchange the 21
arpent An arpent (, sometimes called arpen) is a unit of length and a unit of area. It is a pre-metric French unit based on the Roman ''actus''. It is used in Quebec, some areas of the United States that were part of French Louisiana, and in Mauritius ...
s (about 26.5
acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imp ...
s) of land chosen to establish the new hospital, which was to take the name of the patron saint of the mother of
Louis XIV , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Vers ...
,
Saint Anne According to Christian apocryphal and Islamic tradition, Saint Anne was the mother of Mary and the maternal grandmother of Jesus. Mary's mother is not named in the canonical gospels. In writing, Anne's name and that of her husband Joachim come o ...
. This little-used establishment was transformed into a farm where the insane patients from the relatively nearby came to work. The Sainte-Anne Farm was the site of important activity for several years because of the work and the initiatives of the patients. In 1772, following a major fire at the Hôtel-Dieu (which had previously burned down in 1737 and 1742), a redevelopment of four major hospitals was planned in Paris (the Saint-Louis Hospital, the Sainte-Anne Hospital, the and the ). In 1788, following a decree of the
Council of State A Council of State is a governmental body in a country, or a subdivision of a country, with a function that varies by jurisdiction. It may be the formal name for the cabinet or it may refer to a non-executive advisory body associated with a head o ...
, the architect
Bernard Poyet Bernard Poyet (3 May 1742, Dijon - 6 December 1824, Paris was a French architect; best known for his work on the Palais Bourbon. Biography He was a student of Charles De Wailly who, in 1766, charged him with supervising the construction of a b ...
became responsible for completely rebuilding the hospital. In 1863,
Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...
decided to create a psychiatric hospital in Paris on the site of the Sainte-Anne Farm. It was referred to as a "clinical asylum" because it was intended to be a place of mental illness treatment, research, and teaching.
Georges-Eugène Haussmann Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known as Baron Haussmann (; 27 March 180911 January 1891), was a French official who served as Prefect (France), prefect of Seine (department), Seine (1853–1870), chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out ...
, prefect of the
Seine Department Seine was the former department of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs. It is the only enclaved department of France at that time. Its prefecture was Paris and its INSEE number was 75. The Seine department was disbanded in 1968 ...
, was in charge of this operation. Previously prefect of the Yonne Department, he had some years prior built, in collaboration with Dr. Girard de Cailleux (whom he had brought to Paris), the , which served as a model for that of Paris. The "asylum" was inaugurated on January 1, 1867 and the first patient was admitted on May 1, 1867. For many years Sainte-Anne fulfilled its role of protection of mental patients, using the weakly therapeutic treatment means of the time. The asylum saw the development of important and profound medical research, which was often masked by the prejudices that clashed within the walls of the establishment. The asylum endowed itself with a dentistry department in 1892, outpatient consultations—made free of charge to reduce hospitalizations—and a central surgery pavilion for the surgical treatment of patients from asylums in the Seine Department. This important building, which was highly modern at the time, had separate septic and aseptic rooms, hospital rooms, an obstetric section, and radiology, microphotography, and biology laboratories. In 1922, Édouard Toulouse created the centre of mental prophylaxis, the first voluntary service, that is to say, in which the patients were not interned under the law of June 30, 1838. In 1941 one of the first electroencephalographic laboratories in France was installed. The department of pediatric bio-psychopathology, the function of which was to put at the disposal of maladjusted children and their families an original clinical and therapeutic approach that would bring together dual emotional and cognitive aspects, was created in 1947.


Modern era

In 1952, Sainte-Anne was the site of the discovery by
Jean Delay Jean Delay (14 November 1907, Bayonne – 29 May 1987, Paris) was a French psychiatrist, neurologist, writer, and a member of the Académie française (Chair 17). His assistant Pierre Deniker conducted a test of chlorpromazine on the male mental ...
and his assistant Pierre Deniker of the properties of the first
neuroleptic Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of oth ...
, 4560 RP (
Largactil Chlorpromazine (CPZ), marketed under the brand names Thorazine and Largactil among others, is an antipsychotic medication. It is primarily used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Other uses include the treatment of bipolar dis ...
). Since the beginning of the 20th century, the hospital has also been the site of the development of a psychiatry teaching respect for the various components of this discipline. Since the 1960s, the hospital has had a psychiatric orientation and reception center (''centre psychiatrique d'orientation et d'accueil'', CPOA), a psychiatric emergency service open 24 hours a day and all year round. The hospital has seven sections for adult psychiatry and two sections for child and adolescent psychiatry, which correspond to geographical areas from which the patients come. Sainte-Anne welcomes patients from the 5th, 6th, 14th, 15th, and 16th
arrondissements of Paris The Paris, City of Paris is divided into twenty ''Municipal arrondissements of France, arrondissements municipaux'', administrative districts, more simply referred to as ''arrondissements'' (). These are not to be confused with departmental arro ...
in various pavilions named after famous doctors ( Benjamin Ball,
Pierre Janet Pierre Marie Félix Janet (; 30 May 1859 – 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, physician, philosopher, and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He is ranked alongside William James and ...
, , and Piera Aulagnier. The hospital also has the university hospital service (SHU), the clinic for mental illness clinic and the brain (CMME), the regional medical-psychological service (SMPR), a service specializing in the study of addiction called the center for care, support, and prevention in addictology (CSAPA), and a support service for mental health and social exclusion (SMES). Sainte-Anne does not have a (UMD). In addition, the hospital has developed agreements with various emergency departments, including hospitals Ambroise Paré, Cochin and HEGP (AP-HP), as well as Saint Joseph Hospital. A cafeteria was built in the 1980s, as well as a centre of life. Hachette operates this cafeteria through its Relais H brand. A users' house is installed next to this cafeteria; it is a place of information for patients and their relatives. The Sainte-Anne Hospital Center is equipped with an audiovisual service, called "broadcast", that since 1995 produces and archives certain documents concerning the medical and institutional activity of the hospital. Audiovisual archives are accessible to the media by special request.Contact
avec la presse.
In recent years, Sainte-Anne Hospital has undergone many changes to become a reference center in psychiatry and neuroscience. The methods of care in psychiatry have evolved considerably over the last twenty years: * Deployment of out-of-hospital and ambulatory facilities, as part of a voluntary sector policy * Strong reduction in the capacity of beds in complete hospitalization * Implementation of conventions and networks, particularly with Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris * Active participation in Emergency Reception Services (SAU) * Development of important research works in collaboration with INSERM The neurology department was set up in 1974, and
neuroradiology Neuroradiology is a subspecialty of radiology focusing on the diagnosis and characterization of abnormalities of the central and peripheral nervous system, spine, and head and neck using neuroimaging techniques. Medical issues utilizing neuroradi ...
became, at Sainte-Anne Hospital, a state-of-the-art discipline, with innovative equipment, such as a CT scanner and magnetic resonance imaging, which enabled therapeutic radiology. The Raymond-Garcin Center, an integral part of the establishment, brings together the different disciplines of somatic medicine: neurology, with a Neurovascular Unit,
Neurosurgery Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and peri ...
, Neuroradiology, Neurophysiology, Neuro-anatomopathology, Anesthesia-Resuscitation, Stomatology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.


Education, work, and publications

The hospital welcomes from the . The hospital has its own magazine, ', which organizes an annual congress and has a foundation, the . The medical staff also take part in the symposia of the Association of the friends of Pierre Deniker for the teaching of psychiatry ("Journée Pierre Deniker" and "Journée de l'interne"). In the university hospital service, Professor Marie-Odile Krebs co-directs the Joint Research Unit 894 Inserm University Paris Descartes "Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience".


Personalities related to the hospital


Famous doctors

* Benjamin Ball *
Valentin Magnan Valentin Magnan (16 March 1835 – 27 September 1916) was a French psychiatrist active in the 19th-century. Biography Valentin Magnan was a native of Perpignan. He studied medicine in Lyon and Paris, where he was a student of Jules Baillar ...
*
Jacques Lacan Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (, , ; 13 April 1901 – 9 September 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Described as "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud", Lacan gave yearly seminars in Paris from 1953 to 1981, and pu ...
, intern (1927–28) and seminars * Georges Daumezon * Jean Talairach *
Jean Delay Jean Delay (14 November 1907, Bayonne – 29 May 1987, Paris) was a French psychiatrist, neurologist, writer, and a member of the Académie française (Chair 17). His assistant Pierre Deniker conducted a test of chlorpromazine on the male mental ...
* Pierre Deniker * * * *


Famous patients

* The writer and poet
Antonin Artaud Antoine Marie Joseph Paul Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud (; 4 September 1896 – 4 March 1948), was a French writer, poet, dramatist, visual artist, essayist, actor and theatre director. He is widely recognized as a major figure of the E ...
in Sainte-Anne in 1937-38; transferred to in 1939 and then to Rodez * The philosopher
Louis Althusser Louis Pierre Althusser (, ; ; 16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. Althusser ...
, in 1980 *
Marina Petrella Marina Petrella (born in Roma, 23 August 1954) is a former member of the terrorist Italian left wing group called the Red Brigades. She was convicted to life sentence for murder. Biography A former school teacher in the mid 1970s she joined a ...
* * Poet
Paul Celan Paul Celan (; ; 23 November 1920 – c. 20 April 1970) was a Romanian-born German-language poet and translator. He was born as Paul Antschel to a Jewish family in Cernăuți (German: Czernowitz), in the then Kingdom of Romania (now Chernivtsi, U ...
, February 13 to October 17, 1967 - Department of Professor J. Delay *
Unica Zürn Unica Zürn (6 July 1916 – 19 October 1970) was a German author and artist. Zürn is remembered for her works of anagram poetry and automatic drawing and for her photographic collaborations with Hans Bellmer. An exhibition of Bellmer and Zür ...
, poet and surrealist designer, author of ''Der Mann im Jasmin'' (''The Man in Jasmine'') and ''Dunkler Frühling'' (''Dark Spring''), last companion of
Hans Bellmer Hans Bellmer (13 March 1902 – 24 February 1975) was a German artist, best known for the life-sized pubescent female dolls he produced in the mid-1930s. Historians of art and photography also consider him a Surrealist photographer. Biography Be ...
*
Beauford Delaney Beauford Delaney (December 30, 1901 – March 26, 1979) was an American modernist painter. He is remembered for his work with the Harlem Renaissance in the 1930s and 1940s, as well as his later works in abstract expressionism following his move ...
, African-American abstract expressionist painter, 1975 until his death in 1979.


Psychiatric infirmary of the Police Prefecture

This infirmary, which is administered by the
Paris Police Prefecture The police prefecture (french: préfecture de police) is the unit of the French Ministry of the Interior that provides police, emergency services, and various administrative services to the population of the city of Paris and the surrounding t ...
, admits persons who are subject to provisional measures pending an order of
involuntary commitment Involuntary commitment, civil commitment, or involuntary hospitalization/hospitalisation is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified agent to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is detained in a psychiatric hos ...
. According to the Council of State in its opinion No. 367355 of March 19, 2002: "The land underlying the psychiatric infirmary of the police department belongs to the Sainte-Anne psychiatric hospital. The Council of State has not been able to take a position on the ownership (''situation patrimoniale'') of the building erected on the parcel located at No. 3 rue Cabanis."


Garden

The garden has a number of statues installed in 1947 with 's ''Le Guet'', 's ''Otarie'', and a reclining lion by an unknown sculptor.Les Statues de l’Hôpital Sainte-Anne
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Access

The Sainte-Anne Hospital Center is served by the
Paris Métro The Paris Métro (french: Métro de Paris ; short for Métropolitain ) is a rapid transit system in the Paris metropolitan area, France. A symbol of the Paris, city, it is known for its density within the capital's territorial limits, uniform ar ...
line at the Glacière station and nearby by the RATP 21 and 62 bus lines.


See also

* Le Plancher de Jeannot exposé 7 rue Cabanis


References


Bibliography

*
Un Musée à l'intérieur de l'hôpital Sainte-Anne
* Michel Caire,

thèse médecine, Paris , Cochin-Port-Royal, 1981 * Henri Lôo, Jean-Pierre Olié, et al., ''Séminaire de psychiatrie biologique - Hôpital Ste Anne'' (34 tomes), 1982-2004, Éditions médicales Fournier frères, * ''Recherche et enseignement à l'hôpital Sainte-Anne - 2e journée Pierre Deniker Paris, mars 2003'', 2003, Éditions Masson-Acanthe, 110 pages, Patient testimonials * Daniel Duchateau, ''Sainte Anne priez pour moi'' * Émilie Durand, ''Ma folie ordinaire : Allers et retours à l'hôpital Sainte-Anne'', 2006, Empêcheurs de Penser en Rond, 166 pages,


External links


Sainte-Anne Hospital Center official website (French only)Sainte-Anne Hospital Center
on the website of the
Centre d’Étude de l'Expression
{{Authority control Hospitals in Paris Psychiatric hospitals in France History of neuroscience Monuments historiques of Paris