SMS Custoza

SMS ''Custoza'' was an ironclad warship built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the 1870s, the only member of her class. She was the first Austro-Hungarian ironclad to be built after the navy studied the results of the Battle of Lissa of 1866; she was also the first iron-hulled capital ship to be built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. She was laid down in November 1869, launched in August 1872, and completed in February 1875. Her career was fairly limited, in part due to reduced naval budgets in the 1870s that also delayed her completion. ''Custoza'' was somewhat more active in the 1880s, taking part in an international naval demonstration against the Ottoman Empire in 1880, being modernized in 1882, and a trip to Spain for the Barcelona Universal Exposition in 1888. The ship became a training ship in 1902, was converted into a barracks ship in 1914, and after World War I, was awarded as a war prize to Italy. ''Custoza'' was immediately broken up.

Design

In 1869, the Austro-Hungarian navy asked its foremost naval designer, Chief Engineer Josef von Romako, who had designed all of the earlier ironclad vessels, to prepare designs for two new ironclads. The first became the ''Custoza'', and the second became , the latter built to a slightly smaller design owing to budgetary shortages. Romako had studied the Battle of Lissa, fought in 1866, and decided the new ships should favor heavy armor and the capability of end-on fire to allow it to effectively attack with its ram. This required compromises in the number of guns and the power of the ship's machinery; to make up for carrying fewer guns, Romako adopted the same casemate ship design adopted with the previous vessel, . Unlike the wooden-hulled ''Lissa'', however, ''Custoza''s hull would be constructed with iron, the first major Austro-Hungarian warship with an iron hull. ''Custoza'' was one of the largest casemate ships to be built by any navy.

Though she proved to be a fairly fast and maneuverable ship, ''Custoza'' was built to an obsolescent design, and did not meet the standards of other major navies in the period, which demanded greater armor protection and superior firepower. Italy, Austria-Hungary's rival across the Adriatic Sea laid down the two s, very powerful turret ships carrying guns just four years after ''Custoza''. Nevertheless, ''Custoza'', along with the similar and contemporaneously built ''Erzherzog Albrecht'', was the basis for the ironclad , laid down in 1876. Abroad, ''Custoza''s design influenced Nathaniel Barnaby, the British Chief Constructor, for his . And despite her shortcomings, particularly compared to the large Italian vessels, ''Custoza'' was the best capital ship in the Adriatic Sea at the time of her completion, owing to the very lengthy periods of construction for her Italian counterparts.

General characteristics and machinery

''Custoza'' was long between perpendiculars and long overall. She had a beam of and an average draft of . Her displacement ranged from empty, to normally, and up to at full load. She had a transverse metacentric height of . Her pronounced ram bow had an inverted slope up to the forecastle, which extended to the aft end of the central casemate.

The ship had a cellular double bottom that extended up the lower sides of the hull, up to the battery deck; it ran from frame 52 in the bow to frame 34 in the stern; on either ends, the sharp narrowing of the hull form prevented the double bottom from being extended further. The outer plating was thick, and reduced to and then to on the sides. Wooden bilge keels were fitted to protect the hull in case of an accidental grounding. She had a crew that ranged from 548 to 567 officers and enlisted men. The ship carried five anchors, two of which weighed ; the other three were considerably smaller, ranging from .

Her propulsion system consisted of one single-expansion, horizontal, 2-cylinder steam engine that was manufactured by Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino (STT); the engines drove a single two-bladed- screw propeller that was in diameter. Steam was provided by eight coal-fired boilers with thirty-two fireboxes, which were trunked into a pair of funnels located amidships. She had a coal storage capacity of . To supplement the steam engine, ''Custoza'' was originally fitted with a full ship rig, but she was reduced to a schooner rig in 1877.

Her engine was rated to produce a top speed of from 1000  nominal horsepower. In service, she reached a maximum of from , although on speed trials conducted on 12 February 1875 at a weight slightly under normal displacement, she reached a slightly higher speed of . Over the course of her career, the ship slowed as its engine became worn. By 1883, when steaming at about normal displacement, she had lost about a knot of speed, being capable of just from .

Armament and armor

''Custoza'' was armed with a main battery of eight 22-caliber breech-loading guns manufactured by Krupp's Essen Works. These were mounted in a central, armored battery that had two stories, four guns apiece. The guns each had two gun ports available, which allowed four guns to fire ahead or on the broadside; only the upper two aft guns could fire astern. These guns had a range of elevation from -4° to +8.4° and firing arcs of 15° forward and aft through individual gun ports. They lacked rotating tables and had to be reoriented between the ports manually, an arduous task for the gun crews. She also carried several smaller guns, including six 24-caliber guns and two 15-caliber guns, all manufactured by Krupp. The 9 cm guns were placed in unarmored gun ports, two in the bow and four in the stern. The 9 cm guns had a range of elevation from -7° to +15°, and 21° firing arcs from their ports.

The ship's armored belt was placed on the waterline and was composed of wrought iron plate that was thick in the central portion of the ship, where it protected the ship's machinery spaces. Toward the bow and stern, the belt was reduced to . The belt extended for above the waterline and below the line. The deck was protected with only a thin sheet of iron, as was customary for capital ships of the period. The main battery casemate had of iron plating. A major advantage casemate ships like ''Custoza'' had over broadside ironclads was the reduced weight of the smaller battery; ''Custoza'' had enough buoyancy in the midships section alone to support the weight of the ship.

Service history

''Custoza'' was laid down at the STT shipyard in Trieste on 17 November 1869. Her completed hull was launched on 20 August 1872, and she was completed on 18 September 1874. Her first sea trials were conducted over the course of 11–13 February 1875. The ship was named for the Battle of Custoza, an Austrian victory over the Italian army in the Third Italian War of Independence fought in 1866. The government placed a low priority on naval activities, particularly in the 1870s; as a result, the shortage of funds precluded an active fleet policy. The ironclad fleet, including ''Custoza'', was kept out of service in Pola, laid up in reserve; the only vessels to see significant service in the 1870s were several screw frigates sent abroad. The ship's sailing rig was cut down to a schooner rig in 1877.

In 1880, ''Custoza'', the ironclad , and the unarmored frigate took part in an international naval demonstration against the Ottoman Empire to force the Ottomans to transfer the city of Ulcinj to Montenegro in accordance with the terms of the 1878 Congress of Berlin. ''Custoza'' remained in commission the following year, along with four smaller vessels. In 1882, the ship received a battery of new quick-firing guns, including four guns, five 47 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and a pair of machine guns. She was also fitted with four torpedo tubes. At some point before 1887, the ship received anti-torpedo nets.

She participated in the annual fleet maneuvers in 1888, along with the ironclads , , and ''Tegetthoff'', and the cruisers , , and . ''Custoza'' and the other three ironclads were joined by ''Prinz Eugen'', ''Panther'', and ''Leopard'' for a visit to Barcelona, Spain, to take part in the opening ceremonies for the Barcelona Universal Exposition. This was the largest squadron of the Austro-Hungarian Navy that had operated outside the Adriatic. There, the Spanish Queen Maria Christina and Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria inspected both ''Custoza'' and ''Tegetthoff''. The following year, the ship took part in a set of major training exercises with five other ironclads, several cruisers, and smaller vessels.

The ship had been reduced to the II Reserve by 1895. From 1902, she was employed as a training ship for naval cadets, a role she filled until 1914. That year, she was converted into a barracks ship, a role she filled until 1920. She was ceded to Italy as a war prize that year under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. She was immediately broken up in Italy.

Notes

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Custoza
1872 ships
Ironclad warships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy