Purian languages
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Purian (also Purían) is a pair of
extinct language An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is one that is no longer the native language of any community, even if it is still in use, li ...
s of eastern
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
: * Purí * Coroado Puri (also known as Colorado) Coropó (Koropó), once spoken in
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally ...
and
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
, was added by Campbell (1997), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015)
Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro
''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 - 277.
Purian is part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification.


Attestation

The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:
Puri Puri () is a coastal city and a Nagar Palika, municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is als ...
: * Martius (1863: 194-195), collected in 1818 at São João do Presídio (now
Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais Visconde do Rio Branco is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais. As of 2020 its population is estimated to be 42,965. History The Purian languages, now extinct, were formerly spoken in and around what is now Visconde do Rio Bran ...
). *
Eschwege Eschwege (), the district seat of the Werra-Meißner-Kreis, is a town in northeastern Hesse, Germany. In 1971, the town hosted the eleventh ''Hessentag'' state festival. Geography Location The town lies on a broad plain tract of the river Wer ...
(2002: 122-127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio *Torrezão (1889: 511-513), collected in 1885 at Abre Campo (near
Manhuaçu Manhuaçu is a municipality in Eastern Minas Gerais state, in Brazil. Its population was 91,169 (2020) and its area is 628 km2. Location Located 260 km from the state capital of Belo Horizonte, it is near the important road junction of BR 2 ...
,
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally ...
)
Coroado The Kaingang (also spelled ''caingangue'' in Portuguese or ''kanhgág'' in the Kaingang language) people are an Indigenous Brazilian ethnic group spread out over the three southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande ...
: *Martius (1863: 195-198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio *Eschwege (2002: 122-127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio *Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198-207), collected between 1817-1819 at missions along the lower
Paraíba do Sul River Paraíba (Tupi: ''pa'ra a'íba''; ) is a state of Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Northeast, and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north, Ceará to the west, Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Paraíba i ...
* Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near
Valença, Rio de Janeiro Valença () is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population was estimated at 76,869 in 2020 and its area is . The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Valença. Valença has five districts: ''Conse ...
Koropó is attested by two word lists: *Eschwege (2002: 122-127), 127 words collected in 1815 * Schott (1822, pp. 48-51), 55 words collected in 1818


Distribution

The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from
Queluz, São Paulo Queluz is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. Location The municipality contains part of the Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection ...
to Paraibuna,
São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
). The Puri occupied the Upper
Paraíba do Sul River Paraíba (Tupi: ''pa'ra a'íba''; ) is a state of Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Northeast, and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north, Ceará to the west, Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Paraíba i ...
up to
Queluz, São Paulo Queluz is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. Location The municipality contains part of the Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection ...
, and the Coroado from the
Pomba River The Rio Pomba is a river of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states in southeastern Brazil, one of the principle tributaries of the Paraíba do Sul. Geography The Rio Pomba begins in the city of Barbacena in Minas Gerais and flows south through th ...
to the
Doce River The Doce River (literally the "sweet river"; pt, Rio Doce ) is a river in southeast Brazil with a length of . The river basin is economically important. In 2015 the collapse of a dam released highly contaminated water from mining into the river ...
in
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally ...
.


Dialects

Mason Mason may refer to: Occupations * Mason, brick mason, or bricklayer, a craftsman who lays bricks to construct brickwork, or who lays any combination of stones, bricks, cinder blocks, or similar pieces * Stone mason, a craftsman in the stone-cut ...
(1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Purí: *
Coroado The Kaingang (also spelled ''caingangue'' in Portuguese or ''kanhgág'' in the Kaingang language) people are an Indigenous Brazilian ethnic group spread out over the three southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande ...
**Maritong **Cobanipake **Tamprun **Sasaricon * Purí **Sabonan **Wambori **Shaynishuna


Other languages

Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages: *Caracatan - once spoken on the
Caratinga Caratinga is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in eastern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The population in 2020 was 92,603 inhabitants and the total area of the municipality was 1,251 km2. The elevation is 578 meters above sea level, w ...
River and
Manhuaçu River The Manhuaçu River is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil. The river is in the Doce River basin. It runs past the Feliciano Miguel Abdala Private Natural Heritage Reserve, located on its left bank, home to one of the last wild po ...
, Minas Gerais. *Bucan - found between Funil and Itacolumi near
Mariana, Minas Gerais Mariana is the oldest city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is a tourist city, founded on July 16, 1696, and retains the characteristics of a baroque city, with its churches, buildings and museums. It was the first capital of Minas Gerais. ...
. *Arasi - in Minas Gerais, Serra Ibitipoca and near
Barbacena Barbacena is a municipality in the States of Brazil, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. As of 2020, the municipality had 138,204 inhabitants. The total area of the municipality is . It is in the foothills of the Serra da Mantiqueira south of the ...
. *Bacunin - near the city of Valença and on the Preto River. *Airuan - Minas Gerais, between the
Piranga ''Piranga'' is a genus of birds long placed in the tanager family, but now considered members of the cardinal family, Cardinalidae. The genus name ''Piranga'' is from Tupi word ''tijepiranga'', the name for an unknown small bird. Similar in s ...
River and
Branco River The Branco River ( pt, Rio Branco; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands w ...
. *Bocayú - on the
Pomba River The Rio Pomba is a river of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states in southeastern Brazil, one of the principle tributaries of the Paraíba do Sul. Geography The Rio Pomba begins in the city of Barbacena in Minas Gerais and flows south through th ...
. *Aripiado - in the Serra da Araponga, Minas Gerais. *Aredé - between
Itabirito Itabirito is a municipality in the Minas Gerais state of Brazil. Its population is estimated to have 52,446 people in 2020. The city belongs to the mesoregion Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte and to the microregion of Ouro Preto. The municipality co ...
and Espinhaço. *Guaraxué - between
Ouro Preto Ouro Preto (, ''Black Gold''), formerly Vila Rica (, ''Rich Village''), is a city in and former capital of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a former colonial mining town located in the Serra do Espinhaço mountains and designated a World Herita ...
,
Mariana Mariana may refer to: Literature * ''Mariana'' (Dickens novel), a 1940 novel by Monica Dickens * ''Mariana'' (poem), a poem by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson * ''Mariana'' (Vaz novel), a 1997 novel by Katherine Vaz Music *"Mariana", a so ...
and
Piranga ''Piranga'' is a genus of birds long placed in the tanager family, but now considered members of the cardinal family, Cardinalidae. The genus name ''Piranga'' is from Tupi word ''tijepiranga'', the name for an unknown small bird. Similar in s ...
. *Sacarú - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River. *Paraíba - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River. *Pitá - state of Rio de Janeiro, on the Bonito River. *Xumeto - in the
Serra da Mantiqueira The Mantiqueira Mountains (Portuguese: ''Serra da Mantiqueira iterally: Mantiqueira Mountains Chain') are a mountain range in Southeastern Brazil, with parts in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It rises abruptly from the ...
, state of Rio de Janeiro. *Guarú - south of the Pitá tribe, state of Rio de Janeiro. *Lôpo or Rôpo - in the Serra de Abre Campo, state of Minas Gerais. *Abatipó - once spoken on the Matipó River, Minas Gerais. *Caxine - in the state of Minas Gerais between the Preto River and Paraíba River, and near
Valença, Rio de Janeiro Valença () is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population was estimated at 76,869 in 2020 and its area is . The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Valença. Valença has five districts: ''Conse ...
. *Caramonan - state of Minas Gerais, between the
Pomba River The Rio Pomba is a river of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states in southeastern Brazil, one of the principle tributaries of the Paraíba do Sul. Geography The Rio Pomba begins in the city of Barbacena in Minas Gerais and flows south through th ...
and
Doce River The Doce River (literally the "sweet river"; pt, Rio Doce ) is a river in southeast Brazil with a length of . The river basin is economically important. In 2015 the collapse of a dam released highly contaminated water from mining into the river ...
. *Waitaka or Goytacaz - formerly spoken on the
São Mateus River The São Mateus River is a river primarily in Espírito Santo state in eastern Brazil., United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Course The São Mateus River rises in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais in the municipality of Sã ...
and in the vicinity of Cabo de São Tomé, state of Rio de Janeiro.


Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. :


Proto-language

Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms.Silva Neto, Ambrósio Pereira da Silva. 2007.
Revisão da classificação da família lingüística Puri
'. M.A. dissertation, University of Brasília.
Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) for
Puri Puri () is a coastal city and a Nagar Palika, municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is als ...
,
Coroado The Kaingang (also spelled ''caingangue'' in Portuguese or ''kanhgág'' in the Kaingang language) people are an Indigenous Brazilian ethnic group spread out over the three southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande ...
, and Koropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided. : However, similarities in Koropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó as Maxakalían. Nikulin (2020) also classifies Koropó as Macro-Jê ( Maxakalían branch).Nikulin, Andrey. 2020.
Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo
'. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.


References


Bibliography

*Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . *Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.


External links

* PROEL

{{South American languages Language families Extinct languages of South America Indigenous languages of Eastern Brazil