Public art in

Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...

is a designated group of monuments and outdoor sculptures in the city. In addition to the architecture and a network of museums, parks, and gardens, the works put an artistic stamp on the Catalan capital. Public art in the city developed in the 19th century, although the first municipal commission was the 1673 monument to Saint Eulalia in Pedró Square. Artworks are typically located in the interior of niches and on the façades of public buildings. They are concentrated because of the city's enclosure by medieval defensive walls. The walls were demolished in the 19th Century, sparking a boom in public works such as Ildefons Cerdà's Eixample project. The city annexed several municipalities in the early 20th century, increasing the space available for public art. Some were commissioned for particular events such as the

1888 In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors. Currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits (13). The next year that also has 13 digits is the year 2388. The record will be surpassed as late ...

and 1929 Expositions, the

1992 Summer Olympics The 1992 Summer Olympics ( es, Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992, ca, Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992), officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad ( es, Juegos de la XXV Olimpiada, ca, Jocs de la XXV Olimpíada) and commonly known as ...

and the 2004

Universal Forum of Cultures The Universal Forum of Cultures ( ca, Fòrum de les Cultures, was an international cultural event intended to take place every three years. History The first Forum was held in Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain), from May 9 to September 26, 2004. It w ...

Overview

Public art in Barcelona is regulated by the city council and protected by Law 9/1993 of Catalan Cultural Heritage, which guarantees the protection, conservation and research of cultural heritage at several levels. Public monuments, commemorating historical figures, are appropriate for a large city. Urban planning includes architecture, engineering, gardening, industrial arts and sculpture.

Urbanism Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, which is the profession focusing on the physical design and m ...

relates to politics, economics, history,

geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and ...

and sociology. Monuments are generally located in parks and gardens, squares and intersections, or near public buildings. There are several types; until the 19th century the most common were the

column A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. ...

, the

triumphal arch A triumphal arch is a free-standing monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch, crow ...

and the

equestrian statue An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, from the Latin ''eques'', meaning 'knight', deriving from ''equus'', meaning 'horse'. A statue of a riderless horse is strictly an equine statue. A full-sized equestrian statue is a d ...

, three types of monuments inherited from Roman art. Later monuments were busts placed in niches, medallions, fountains,

stele A stele ( ),Anglicized plural steles ( ); Greek plural stelai ( ), from Greek , ''stēlē''. The Greek plural is written , ''stēlai'', but this is only rarely encountered in English. or occasionally stela (plural ''stelas'' or ''stelæ''), whe ...

s and pedestals, friezes,

relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term ''relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the ...

commemorative plaque A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, or in other places referred to as a historical marker, historic marker, or historic plaque, is a plate of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material, typically attached to a wall, stone, or other ...

gravestones A headstone, tombstone, or gravestone is a stele or marker, usually stone, that is placed over a grave. It is traditional for burials in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim religions, among others. In most cases, it has the deceased's name, d ...

, followed by installations,

land art Land art, variously known as Earth art, environmental art, and Earthworks, is an art movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, largely associated with Great Britain and the United StatesArt in the modern era: A guide to styles, schools, & mov ...

and multidisciplinary works. Commonly-used materials include wood, plaster, terracotta and other ceramics, stone, marble, bronze, iron, steel, concrete and aluminium. Themes include homage to a character or event: religious, mythological, symbolic, allegorical, historical, political, military, scientific or artistic. Public artworks commemorate many aspects of the history of Barcelona. File:Arc Triomf 31-10-13.JPG, alt=Large stone arch,

Arc de Triomf The Arc de Triomf () is a triumphal arch in the city of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. It was built by architect Josep Vilaseca i Casanovas as the main access gate for the 1888 Barcelona World Fair. The arch crosses over the wide central promenad ...

(1888) on the Passeig de Lluís Companys File:RB III, Llimona (9-3-14).JPG, alt=Statue of a count on a horse,

Josep Llimona Josep Llimona i Bruguera (; 8 April 1864, in Barcelona – 27 February 1934) was a Spanish sculptor. His first works were academic, but after a stay in Paris, influenced by Auguste Rodin, his style drew closer to ''modernisme''. He was very proli ...

's equestrian statue of

Ramon Berenguer III Ramon Berenguer III ''the Great'' was the count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona from 1086 (jointly with Berenguer Ramon II and solely from 1097), Besalú from 1111, Cerdanya from 1117, and count of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1112, ...

(1888) on Via Laietana File:A Galceran Marquet, Damià Campeny.JPG, alt=Column in a park, Galceran Marquet column (1851) in Plaça del Duc de Medinaceli File:A Gaudí (1-12-13).JPG, alt=Life-sized statue of a man standing with his hands extended, Statue of

Antoni Gaudí Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (; ; 25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect from Spain known as the greatest exponent of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works have a highly individualized, ''sui generis'' style. Most are located in Barcel ...

(1999) by Joaquim Camps in Passeig de Manuel Girona File:Jardins Jaume Vicens Vives16.JPG, alt=Outdoor relief of moving deer, Relief of deer by Frederic Marès (1967) in the Gardens Jaume Vicens Vives File:A Santiago Rusiñol, Enric Clarasó.JPG, alt=Stone bust of a bearded man, Bust of

Santiago Rusiñol Santiago Rusiñol i Prats (, ; Barcelona 25 February 1861 – Aranjuez 13 June 1931) was a Spanish painter, poet, journalist, collector and playwright. He was one of the leaders of the Catalan ''modernisme'' movement. He created more than a ...

(1935) by

Enric Clarasó Enric Clarasó i Daudí (14 September 1857, Sant Feliu del Racó, now a suburb of Barcelona – 1941, Barcelona) was a modernist Catalan sculptor. Biography He was born into a family of artisans.Noel Clarsó. ''Clarasó. Col•lecció Gent nostr ...

History

Middle Ages

Barcelona's first public artworks were created during the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...

, when the city formed part of the

Crown of Aragon The Crown of Aragon ( , ) an, Corona d'Aragón ; ca, Corona d'Aragó, , , ; es, Corona de Aragón ; la, Corona Aragonum . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of B ...

and was an important commercial

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

port. The 13th-century Council of One Hundred was one of Barcelona's first public institutions. The city was growing beyond its core – the present-day Gothic Quarter. The

El Raval El Raval () is a neighborhood in the '' Ciutat Vella'' district of Barcelona, the capital city of Catalonia. The neighborhood, especially the part closest to the old port, was formerly (informally) known as ''Barri Xinès'' or ''Barrio Chino'', me ...

neighbourhood was developed during the 14th century when Barcelona's population was about 25,000. At that time the city had fountains, and the Gothic City Hall had sculptures in front dating to about 1400. At the front was a stone statue of the archangel

Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known as Raphael (; or ; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of works by Raphael, His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of ...

with bronze wings. At either side were statues of St. Severus (bishop of Barcelona) and Saint Eulalia of Barcelona.

Early modern era

During the

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...

, Barcelona became part of the kingdom of Spain which emerged from the union of Castile and

Aragon Aragon ( , ; Spanish and an, Aragón ; ca, Aragó ) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces (from north to sou ...

. It was a period of economic and cultural decline, marked by social conflicts and wars (such as the Reapers' War and the

War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...

). Barcelona was still walled, with its only expansion to the coastal district of

La Barceloneta La Barceloneta () is a neighborhood in the Ciutat Vella district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The neighborhood was constructed during the 18th century for the residents of the Ribera neighborhood who had been displaced by the construction ...

and a population of almost 100,000. Its architecture featured Renaissance and Baroque palaces and churches. Barcelona's artworks were primarily fountains and statues in public buildings until the end of the seventeenth century, when a monument to Saint Eulalia was erected.Lecea et al., 2009, p. 34. A cross on a Solomonic column by Bernat Vilar in the courtyard of the Hospital of the Holy Cross was destroyed in 1691 and rebuilt in 1939. In the same courtyard are statues of

Saint Roch Roch (lived c. 1348 – 15/16 August 1376/79 (traditionally c. 1295 – 16 August 1327, also called Rock in English, is a Catholic saint, a confessor whose death is commemorated on 16 August and 9 September in Italy; he is especially invoked a ...

and Caridad dating to the late 1630s. In the courtyard of the hospital's convalescent home is a 1679 statue of Saint Paul by Louis Bonifaç, and on Calle del Carmen is another statue of Paul from 1668 by Dominic Rovira. Other works were commissioned by guilds; St. John the Baptist (1628), in the Square of Assaonadors Marcús, was sponsored by the tanners' guild and rebuilt in 1958 by Josep Miret. A 1763 statue of Our Lady of the Angels is on Via Laietana. The oldest public monument in its original location is the , dedicated to the patron saint of the city, which was erected in Plaça del Pedró in 1673. It was made by master builder Pares Benedict with a wooden statue of the saint by Josep Darder, which in 1685 was replaced by a marble statue by Tramulles Lazarus and Louis Bonifaç. In 1826, the base of the monument was converted into a fountain by Josep Mas i Vila. The monument was demolished in 1936 in fighting at the start of the Civil War, but was rebuilt in 1951 with a new design by Frederic Marès. The head of the saint survived and is preserved in the

Museum of the History of Barcelona The Museum of the History of Barcelona ( ca, Museu d'Història de Barcelona, MUHBA) is a history museum that conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the historical heritage of the city of Barcelona, from its origins in Roman times until ...

. The base of the monument is square with water spouts, and supports an obelisk topped with a statue of Santa Eulalia Previously had been made a monument in Santa Eulalia, drawn up in 1618 and located in the Plaza del Blat, now Àngel. It was designed by Rafael Plansó and consisted of an obelisk on which stood the figure of an angel, pointing to the place where an angel had appeared to the delegation that transferred the remains of the saint in the Cathedral Barcelona. The figure of the angel was made by silversmith Felip Ros. In 1821 the obelisk was removed because of the difficult movement, and the Angel was placed in a niche. In 1966 it was replaced by a copy and moved to Barcelona City History Museum. In 1784 he built the Fountain of Neptune, by Joan Enrich promoted by the count of Assault, next to the Customs, the location of the current station in France. Represented Neptune standing on a pedestal with dolphins and bas-reliefs, amid a cup of water. The statue was destroyed in the popular uprising of Camància (1843) and replaced by a copy made by a stonemason, until 1877 the fountain was dismantled; even retained bas-relief of the pedestal, which is in the Museum of History of Barcelona. In the late eighteenth century was founded on the estate of the Marquis de Llupià located in the municipality of Horta de Sant Joan -today a district of the city-garden that despite being passed from private to public property later. Now known as Horta Labyrinth Park, this garden has profuse sculptural decoration, despite being unknown artist is an interesting example of neoclassical art. Garden highlights the labyrinth that gives the park its name, the center of which is a statue of Eros, while in the entrance there is a relief of Ariadne and Theseus, and the output is the Grotto Echo and Narcissus; at a higher level is the Belvedere Viewpoint or, where there are two temples Italian style with statues of Artemis and Danae; Finally, a third terrace stands the pavilion of Charles IV, crowned by a sculpture depicting Apollo and the muses, while the rear is a large lake fed by the source of the nymph Egeria, inspired by the Stowe cave. File:Ángel, Felip Ros.JPG, ''Àngel'' (1618), de Felip Ros, Plaça de l'Àngel. File:Hosp Santa Creu - S Roc.JPG, Hospital de la Santa Creu: ''Sant Roc'' (1638). File:Hosp Santa Creu - Caritat.jpg, Hospital de la Santa Creu: ''Caritat'' (1638). File:Sant Pau, Domènec Rovira.jpg, Hospital de la Santa Creu: ''Sant Pau'' (1668), de Domènec Rovira el Jove. File:Hosp Santa Creu - S Pau.JPG, Hospital de la Santa Creu: ''Sant Pau'' (1679), de Lluís Bonifaç el Vell. File:Font de Portaferrissa BCN.JPG, Font de Portaferrissa (1680). File:Laberint - Eros.JPG, Parc del Laberint d'Horta (segle XVIII): estàtua d'Eros.

Nineteenth century

In this period there was a great economic revival, especially related to the textile industry, which also involved a cultural renaissance. Between 1854 and 1859 there was the demolition of the city walls, so the city could expand, especially through the Eixample project drawn up by

Ildefons Cerda Ildefonsus or Ildephonsus (rarely ''Ildephoses'' or ''Ildefonse''; Spanish: San Ildefonso; c. 8 December 607 – 23 January 667) was a scholar and theologian who served as the metropolitan Bishop of Toledo for the last decade of his life. His ...

in 1859. However, thanks to the revolution of 1868 achieved the demolition of the Citadel, the grounds of which were transformed into a public park. The population was growing, especially thanks to immigration from the rest of the state, reaching 400,000 at the end of the century. Artistically, the century saw the succession of different political styles including

neoclassicism Neoclassicism (also spelled Neo-classicism) was a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism was ...

romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...

and

realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: *Classical Realism *Literary realism, a move ...

. As in previous periods, the artistic achievements of governmental buildings were confined mainly to public fountains. Examples of public monuments, such as those dedicated to

Ferdinand VII , house = Bourbon-Anjou , father = Charles IV of Spain , mother = Maria Luisa of Parma , birth_date = 14 October 1784 , birth_place = El Escorial, Spain , death_date = , death_place = Madrid, Spain , burial_plac ...

(1831) and King Ferdinand (1850), have not survived. However, many such works were made at this time, so you could almost speak of a trend. The oldest was the Hercules Fountain, located at the crossroads of

Passeig de Sant Joan, Barcelona Passeig de Sant Joan () is a major avenue in the Eixample and Gràcia districts of Barcelona. It was named after an older street carrying this name, also known as Passeig Nou, built in 1795 around the glacis of the Ciutadella fortress. It starts a ...

and Carrer de Còrsega, the work done in 1802 by Josep Moret to a design by Salvador Gurri. Initially located in Paseo Nuevo, or the Esplanada of the military fortress of the Citadel, it has been in its present location since 1928, and is thought to be the oldest public statue in Barcelona. Other fountains from this period include the ''Font del Vell'' (old fountain) (1816) by Damien Campeny, initially located in Pla del Teatre, next to La Rambla, which was later transferred to the Parc de la Ciutadella (1877) and, lastly, the Plaça de Sants (1975); Fountain of Ceres (1825–1830), Celdoni of plaster, located in Paseo de Gracia Provence street corner, and in 1874 moved to the Plaza Blasco de Garay in the Poble Sec, and in 1918 in the Plaza de Sant Jordi in Montjuïc; Neptune's Fountain (1826), Ferran Adrià, placed at the Moll de la Riba, Barceloneta, and later transferred to the Laribal Gardens and 1983, in the Plaza de la Merced, in front of the basilica; Monument to Galceran Marquet (1851) by Damien Campeny and Joseph Anicet Santigosa in the Plaza del Duque de Medina, the first work performed on iron-Town; ''Font del Geni Català'' (1856), Faust and Joseph Baratta Anicet Santigosa at Pla de Palau; and the Fountain of the Three Graces (1876), in the Plaça Reial, designed by the architect Antoni Rovira i Trias. Lastly, the Wallace fountains, made in 1872 by Charles-Auguste Lebourg commissioned by the English philanthropist

Sir Richard Wallace Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet (21 June 1818 – 20 July 1890), of Sudbourne, Sudbourne Hall in Suffolk, Hertford House in London, and of the Château de Bagatelle in Paris, was a British art collector and Francophile. Origins and youth Ric ...

, and erected in many European cities as an act of brotherhood; two of the original twelve remain in Barcelona: the Rambla Santa Monica and the Gran Via with Passeig de Gràcia. All of them have four figures of

caryatids A caryatid ( or or ; grc, Καρυᾶτις, pl. ) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term ''karyatides'' literally means "ma ...

supporting a hemispherical dome, with a water jet. As for public buildings, the most important were the two statues placed in niches on both sides of the front door of the new facade of the Hotel de Ville, representing James I the Conqueror and Joan Fiveller, made by Josep Bover 1844. Just the opposite, in front of the

Palau de la Generalitat The Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya is a historic palace in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It houses the offices of the Presidency of the Generalitat de Catalunya. It is one of the few buildings of medieval origin in Europe that still function ...

, in 1871 was placed a statue of St. George also -located in a fornícula-, designed by Andreu Aleu. This facade was also new, since the opening of the Sant Jaume square in 1823 left both institutional buildings facing front. Note that then the Palau de la Generalitat did not harbor this institution was abolished from the Decree of New Plant, but the Royal Court, the Provincial Council and the General Archive of the Crown of Aragon. We should also mention regarding public buildings, statues located in the lobby of the

University of Barcelona The University of Barcelona ( ca, Universitat de Barcelona, UB; ; es, link=no, Universidad de Barcelona) is a public university located in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, in Spain. With 63,000 students, it is one of the biggest universities i ...

, a monumental architectural complex built between 1863 and 1882. Rogent Elijah was the same architect who proposed the preparation of the statues, by brothers Agapito and Venanci Vallmitjana, which were made in 1865 and 1876. They placed five figures representing science and knowledge throughout the history of Spain: San Isidoro de Sevilla, the Visigoth kingdom; Averroes, the time for Spanish-Muslim; Alfonso X the medieval period in Castile; Ramon Llull, for the same period in the Crown of Aragon; and Joan Lluís Vives, to the Renaissance period. Finally, we should mention the group of ''Charity'', the work of Joan Serra 1880, located at the House of Charity; and allegories of Commerce and Industry located in front of the Casino building formerly Mercantile Exchange by Rossend Novas and Joan Roig i Solé, 1888. File:Font de Ceres, Celdoni Guixà.JPG, ''Font de Ceres'' (1825–1830), de, Plaça de Sant Jordi ( Montjuïc). File:Geni Català (9-3-14).JPG, ''Font del Geni Català'' (1856), of Faust Baratta i Josep Anicet Santigosa,

Pla de Palau PLA may refer to: Organizations Politics and military * People's Liberation Army, the armed forces of China and of the ruling Chinese Communist Party * People's Liberation Army (disambiguation) ** Irish National Liberation Army, formerly called th ...

. File:Jaume I, Josep Bover.jpg, ''Jaume I el Conqueridor'' (1844), of Josep Bover, Casa de la Ciutat de Barcelona. File:Joan Fiveller, Josep Bover.jpg, ''Joan Fiveller'', (1844), of Josep Bover, Casa de la Ciutat de Barcelona. File:Ramon Llull, Venanci Vallmitjana.jpg, ''Ramon Llull'' (1865), of, Universitat de Barcelona. File:Comerç, Rossend Nobas (9-3-14).jpg, ''Comerç'' (1888), of Rossend Nobas, Casino Mercantil. File:Indústria, Joan Roig i Solé (9-3-14).jpg, ''Indústria'' (1888), of, Casino Mercantil.

Expo 1888

At the end of the century, an event that was a huge impact on both economic and social planning, art and culture for the city, was the Universal Exhibition of 1888. Held between 20 May and 9 December 1888, and was carried out in

Ciutadella Park __NOTOC__Ciutadella () is a common place name in Catalan-speaking countries, Catalan-speaking areas. Ciutadella de Menorca * Ciutadella de Menorca, a municipality on Menorca ** Ciutadella de Menorca Cathedral ** Ciutadella Lighthouse ** Atlètic ...

, formerly belonging to the army and won for the city in 1868. The incentive acts exhibition led to the improvement of infrastructure throughout the city, which made a huge leap in modernization and development. Furthermore, the exhibition marked the testing of a new artistic style, the

modernism Modernism is both a philosophy, philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western world, Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new fo ...

, which until the beginning of the 20th century was what prevailed in the field of architecture and art in the city and became modernist Barcelona, the

Gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...

, defining the style of the city. the statues made for the exhibition was the most important contribution to public art in the city's history and coincided with a generation of sculptors carving that caused one of the brightest moments of the Catalan art history. The remodeling project Ciutadella Park was commissioned Josep Fontserè in 1872, who designed some gardens for the recreation of the citizens, and along with a green screened central square and a stroll ring and a fountain and various decorative elements, two lakes and woodland, plus several ancillary buildings and infrastructure, such as Born Market. Barcelona

Admission to the exhibition takes place through the

Arc de Triumph ARC may refer to: Business * Aircraft Radio Corporation, a major avionics manufacturer from the 1920s to the '50s * Airlines Reporting Corporation, an airline-owned company that provides ticket distribution, reporting, and settlement services * ...

, a monument created for the occasion that still remains in its original place, designed by Josep Vilaseca. Inspired by Neo-Mudéjar, it has a height of 30 meters and is decorated with rich sculptural ornamentation, the work of several authors:

Joseph Reynes Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the mo ...

carved in

friso Friso is a legendary king of the Frisians who is said to have ruled around 300 BC. According to Martinus Hamconius in his 17th-century chronicle ''Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus'', and also the 13th-century Oera Linda Book, Friso was a ...

superior ''Barcelona receives nations '';

carried on the back of the top ''Cast rewards to the participants of the exhibition''; on the right side Antonio Vilanova was made the allegories of the ''Industry'' '' Agriculture'' and ''Trade''; left, Torquat Tasso elaborated allegories to the ''Science'' and ''Art''; Finally, Manuel Fuxà and Pere Carbonell created four sculptures female, the ''Fame.'' Then came the Hall of San Juan now Paseo Lluís Companys – a long avenue 50 meters wide where the honored balustrades wrought iron, mosaics and a large pavement lanterns, all designed by Peter Falqués. Throughout this tour were placed eight large bronze statues depicting famous people of the

history of Catalonia Catalonia was first settled during the Middle Palaeolithic era. Like the rest of the Mediterranean side of the Iberian Peninsula, the area was occupied by the Iberians and several Greek colonies were established on the coast before the Roman c ...

Wilfred the Hairy {{Infobox noble, type , name = Wilfred , title = Count of Barcelona , image = Wilfredo el Velloso 01.jpg , image_size = 150px , caption = Statue in Madrid, L. S. Carmona, 1750–53 , al ...

'' (by Venanci Vallmitjana)

Roger de Lauria Roger of Lauria (''c''. 1245 – 17 January 1305) was a Neapolitan admiral in Aragonese service, who was the commander of the fleet of the Crown of Aragon during the War of the Sicilian Vespers. He was probably the most successful and talent ...

'' (from

) Bernard Desclot '' ( Manuel Fuxà)

Rafael Casanova Rafael Casanova i Comes (; 1660 – 2 May 1743) was a Catalan jurist and supporter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor as a claimant to the Crown of Spain during the War of the Spanish succession. He became mayor of Barcelona and commander in chief o ...

'' ( Rossend Novas)

Ramon Berenguer I Ramon Berenguer I (1023–1076), called the Old ( ca, el Vell, french: le Vieux), was Count of Barcelona in 1035–1076. He promulgated the earliest versions of a written code of Catalan law, the Usages of Barcelona. Born in 1024, he succee ...

'' (Josep Llimona)

Peter Albert Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

'' ( Antonio Vilanova )

Antoni Viladomat Antoni Viladomat i Manalt (20 March 1678, Barcelona - 22 January 1755, Barcelona) was a Catalan painter in the Baroque style. Biography His father was a gilder. He appears to have taken his first formal art lessons in the workshop of Pasqual ...

'' ( Torquat Tasso) and James Fabre '' ( Pere Carbonell). In 1914 the Casanova statue was transferred to the Ronda de Sant Pere – cantonada Ali Bey – and replaced by another dedicated to

Pau Claris Pau Claris i Casademunt (; 1 January 1586 – 27 February 1641) was a Catalan lawyer, clergyman and 94th President of the Deputation of the General of Catalonia at the beginning of the Catalan Revolt. On 16 January 1641 he proclaimed the Cata ...

Rafael Atché Rafael may refer to: * Rafael (given name) or Raphael, a name of Hebrew origin * Rafael, California * Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Israeli manufacturer of weapons and military technology * Hurricane Rafael, a 2012 hurricane Fiction * ''R ...

. During the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...

six statues were removed, and only remained in place of the original ''Roger de Lauria'' and ''Antoni Viladomat''; Five were cast in 1950 to make the image of the

Virgin of Mercy The Virgin of Mercy is a subject in Christian art, showing a group of people sheltering for protection under the outspread cloak, or pallium, of the Virgin Mary. It was especially popular in Italy from the 13th to 16th centuries, often as a speci ...

of Basilica of the Merced, while the ''Pau Claris'' municipal was stored in a warehouse, it was restored in 1977. Also, the end of the tour were placed two sculptures representing ''trade'' and ''industry'' work of Agapito Vallmitjana; Two more dedicated to the ''Agriculture'' and ''Navy'' were placed in another entrance to (Avenida Marques de Argentera), by Venanci Vallmitjana. A Casanova (20-2-14)1

At the Expo site, in addition to buildings and pavilions built for the event, highlighting the Monumental Cascade, designed by Fontserè in collaboration with Gaudí, which made the project hydraulic and designed an artificial cave under the waterfall. The architectural complex has a central structure in the form of

with its two pavilions and two side wings with steps, hosting a pool divided into two levels. The monument stands out for its profusion sculpture, which involved several of the best sculptors of the moment: it emphasizes the group '' The Quadriga Aurora '' of Rossend Novas and '' The Birth of Venus '' of Venanci Vallmitjana; the fronton is the work of Francesc Pagès and Serratos. Other sculptures are set: '' Amphitrite '' of Joseph Gamot; '' Neptune '' and '' Leda '' of Manuel Fuxà; and ''Danae'' by John Flotats. However,

realized four Gryphon that remove water from the mouth to the bottom of the monument. Other statues were placed for the Exhibition: the Lady umbrella (1884) by Joan Roig i Solé, located on the present site of

Zoo A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which animals are kept within enclosures for public exhibition and often bred for Conservation biology, conservation purposes. The term ''zoological g ...

, and that over time has become an emblematic building of the city; '' Homage to Aribau'' (1884) by Josep Vilaseca and Manuel Fuxà, the Avenue of the Linden trees -the original stone of 934 was replaced by a bronze copy of Henry Monk; Figures to scientists ''Jaume Salvador'' (1884) and ''Félix de Azara'' (1886), '' Edward B. Alentorn'' at the

Geology Museum Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Eart ...

; the '' Hunter lions '' (1884), of Agapito and Vallmitjana Abarca, one of the rides in the park; and '' Equestrian statue of General Prim'' (1887), by Louis Puiggener, located in front of the Palace of Industry is currently where the

– although the original was destroyed in 1936 and later restored by Frederic Marès. A Francesc Rius i Taulet

Later, between 1897 and 1901, was built at the entrance to the Parc de la Ciutadella '' Rius i Taulet Monument'', who was mayor during the Exhibition and one of the main promoters of the project designed by the architect Peter Falqués and the sculptor Manuel Fuxà; also participated , author of the figure of ''Barcelona.'' The monument consists of a pedestal, which includes both sides of bronze shields representing the four major projects promoted by the mayor: Parc de la Ciutadella, Universal Exhibition, Columbus Monument and Gran Via the Catalan Parliament. The base is an obelisk where the bust of the mayor, surrounded by two figures, one Labour and one allegory of Barcelona, offered a branch of palm. On the back is a winged Fame, and there are also three small geniuses symbolizing Industry, Science and Art. Monumentocolonobras1888

Outside the grounds of the exhibition were also constructed several monuments and works of statuary, notably the '' Columbus Monument'', located in Portal de la Pau, between junction Las Ramblas and the Passeig de Colom, opposite the Barcelona's old port. Built in honor of the discoverer

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus * lij, Cristoffa C(or)ombo * es, link=no, Cristóbal Colón * pt, Cristóvão Colombo * ca, Cristòfor (or ) * la, Christophorus Columbus. (; born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was a ...

, was opened on 1 June 1888. The monument was designed by Cayetano Buigas and has a height of 60 meters. The statue of Columbus is located on an iron column, and it is a work in bronze by the sculptor

of 7 meters. The monument is divided into three sections: a circular base, with four flights of stairs to 6 meters wide, with eight statues of

Leon Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again fro ...

and eight reliefs with the shields of the Spanish provinces and Top acts performed by Columbus; an estate eight sides, four of them arranged as

buttress A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall. Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings, as a means of providing support to act against the lateral (s ...

es in the form of a cross with allegorical statues of

Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...

, Castile and León, as well as figures

Bernardo Buil Bernat Boïl, OM (also spelled Boil, Boyl or Boyal) was a Catalan monk or friar, known as Fray Buil, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage across the Atlantic. On January 6, 1494 Buil conducted the first mass held in the New ...

, Pedro Margarit Jaume Ferrer de Blanes and

Luis de Santángel Luis de Santángel (died 1498) was a third generation ''converso'' in Spain during the late fifteenth century. Santángel worked as ''escribano de ración'' to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I of Spain which left him in charge of the Royal f ...

; the column Corinthian with a base figures

caravel The caravel (Portuguese: , ) is a small maneuverable sailing ship used in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing win ...

s, Gryphon and winged Fames, the

capital Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used f ...

representations of Europe, Africa, Asia and America, a crown prince, a hemisphere-for the recent discovery of Terrestrial globe and the Columbus statue. The sculpture was awarded through public tender workshops and sculptors Josep Llimona (bas) Antonio Vilanova (bas) Rossend Novas (spurs), Francisco Pastor (capital) Pere Carbonell ( '' Catalonia''), Joseph casing (''Aragon'' lions heraldic) Joseph Gamot (''Castile'', ''Luis de Santángel''),

( '' Lion '' statue ''Columbus''), Manuel Fuxà ( '' Father Boil '') Francesc Pagès and Serratos ( '' Jaume Ferrer de Blanes'') and Edward B. Alentorn (''Pere Margarit''). With time, Columbus has become one of the most emblematic monuments of the city. Other works in the context of the exhibition but located outside the precincts were: '' A López and López '' (1884), in the Plaza Antonio López, designed by architect

Josep Oriol Mestres Josep is a Catalan masculine given name equivalent to Joseph (Spanish ''José''). People named Josep include: * Josep Bargalló (born 1958), Catalan philologist and former politician * Josep Bartolí (1910-1995), Catalan painter, cartoonist and w ...

and the sculptor Venanci Vallmitjana relief Puiggener Louis, Joan Roig i Solé, Rossend Novas and Francesc Pagès and Serratos -destruït 1936, was restored in 1944 by Frederic mud-flats; '' Joan Güell i Ferrer '' (1888), in the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes with Boulevard of Catalonia, designed by the architect Martorell Joan and sculptors Rossend Novas, Torquat Tasso, Edward B. Alentorn Maximí Hall and Francesc Pagès and Serratos -igualment destroyed in 1936 and rebuilt in 1945 by Frederic Marès; and '' Josep Anselm Clave monument '' (1888), initially located in the Rambla Catalonia, Valencia and transferred in 1956 to the Passeig de Sant Joan, Josep Vilaseca by architect and sculptor Manuel Fuxà. Finally, note that in 1892 stood at Rambla Square of Catalonia Canaletes Fountain by Pere Falqués, which eventually became an emblem of the city and usually place meeting the fans of Barcelona Football Club in the celebrations of the team. File:Pau Claris, Rafael Atché.jpg, ''Pau Claris'' (1880), de

, Passeig de Lluís Companys. File:Dama paraigua (17-8-11).jpg, ''Dama del paraigua'' (1884), de Joan Roig i Solé, Zoo de Barcelona. File:A López y López, Venanci Vallmitjana.JPG, ''A López i López'' (1884), by

and Venanci Vallmitjana, Plaça Antonio López. File:Monumento al general Prim, Lluís Puiggener.jpg, ''Estàtua eqüestre del General Prim'' (1887), by Lluís Puiggener, Parc de la Ciutadella. File:A Joan Güell i Ferrer, Rossend Nobas.JPG, ''A Joan Güell i Ferrer'' (1888), by

Joan Martorell Joan Martorell i Montells () (born 1833 in Barcelona, died 5 July 1906 in Barcelona) was a Catalan architect and designer. He was an uncle of the architect Bernardí Martorell i Puig. Martorell worked in the styles of historicism and Gothic Rev ...

i Rossend Nobas, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes amb Rambla de Catalunya. File:A Josep Anselm Clavé, Manuel Fuxà.JPG, ''Monument a Josep Anselm Clavé'' (1888), by Josep Vilaseca and Manuel Fuxà, Passeig de Sant Joan. File:Font Canaletes.JPG,

Font de Canaletes Font de Canaletes (Spanish: ''Fuente de Canaletas'') is an ornate fountain, crowned by a lamp post, in Barcelona, Catalonia, in Rambla de Canaletes, the upper part of La Rambla, near Plaça de Catalunya. It is a fixture of football fans af ...

(1892), by Pere Falqués, Rambla amb la Plaça de Catalunya.

Twentieth Century

The twentieth century saw the continued placement of monuments in public spaces of Barcelona, following the custom started with the celebration of the Universal Exhibition. This was the century that saw the largest number of works placed on the public roads of the city. It is noteworthy that during the turn of the century the city expanded, incorporating several neighbouring municipalities that became new districts of Barcelona: Sants-Montjuïc, Les Corts, Sant Gervasi de Cassoles, Gràcia,

Sant Andreu de Palomar Sant Andreu de Palomar is a neighbourhood of Barcelona. It's the oldest part of the Sant Andreu district. It was an independent old town with over 1,000 years of recorded history before being annexed to Barcelona on 20 April 1897. It has an ar ...

and

Sant Martí de Provençals Sant Martí de Provençals is a neighborhood in the '' Sant Martí'' district of Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto ...

in 1897, Horta in 1904 and

Sarrià Sarria or Sarrià may refer to: *Sarrià, Barcelona, a neighbourhood in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain **Sarrià-Sant Gervasi, the Barcelona district containing Sarrià ** Sarrià Stadium, a former football stadium in Sarrià, Barcelona **Sarrià (Bar ...

in 1921. The political situation in the twentieth century was tumultuous, with the end of the monarchy in 1931 and the arrival of the Second Republic, the

Civil War A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...

and

Francoist Spain Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...

, the restoration of the monarchy and the arrival of democracy. The century saw the influx of immigrants to the city, with a consequent increase in the population: from 530,000 in 1900 to 1,009,000 in 1930, reaching a maximum of 1,754,900 between 1970 and 1980. The population at the end of the century was 1,500,000. The artistic style prevailing in the first decades of the century was the twentieth century, in contrast to modernism promoted the return to classical Greco-Roman culture, the Mediterranean world. during the 1920s and 1930s were going introducing flows

avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...

international, although in the early years of

saw a return to styles academicism. Later bet again for innovation, especially with the advent of democracy, the artistic atmosphere was introduced fully in successive fashion styles internationally, that have been happening ever more quickly. They then added the public patrimony works of international artists, which has awarded the most prestigious and important public collection in the city. Monument a Pitarra, Agustí Querol

Among the earliest twentieth-century monuments is the statue of Saint James (1903) by Manuel Fuxà, which is in a niche in Plaça Sant Jaume. The 1906 monument to the writer Seraph Pitarra (who used the pseudonym Frederic Soler) in Pla del Teatre by Peter Falqués and

Agustín Querol Agustín is a Spanish given name and sometimes a surname. It is related to Augustín. People with the name include: Given name * Agustín (footballer), Spanish footballer * Agustín Calleri (born 1976), Argentine tennis player * Agustín Cár ...

has the inscription ''fundador del teatre català'' (The Founder of Catalan Theater), and includes the masks of comedy and tragedy. That same year realized Falqués lamps Passeig de Gràcia and Plaça del Cinc d'Oros -now Plaza Juan Carlos I, although the lights are currently at Avenida Gaudí, made of iron and limestone, the first inverted L-shaped benches to sit, and the latter in the form of vertical root Gothic pinnacle. The following year he settled in a niche of the street Montsió a figure of '' Saint Joseph the Patriarch, '' the work of

destroyed in 1936 and rebuilt in 2000 by Louis Cera. The same year he was placed in the Parc de la Ciutadella '' Mammoth '' a replica of this extinct animal sculptures made of concrete -first use of this material in the city- work of Michael Dalmau. In 1908 they placed two busts dedicated to

Manuel Milà i Fontanals Manuel Milà i Fontanals (; May 4, 1818 – July 16, 1884) was a Spanish scholar. He was born at Vilafranca del Penedès, near Barcelona, and was educated first in Barcelona, and afterwards at the University of Cervera. In 1845, he became profe ...

( work of Manuel Fuxà) and Emili Vilanova (from Pere Carbonell) in the Parc de la Ciutadella, which opened a custom that would be repeating coming years of dedication busts of various characters, mostly literate thanks to the sponsorship of the association of Floral Games – the park that hosted the Universal Exhibition; so were going happening busts dedicated to Marian Aguilo ( Eusebio Arnau, 1909),

Victor Balaguer The name Victor or Viktor may refer to: * Victor (name), including a list of people with the given name, mononym, or surname Arts and entertainment Film * ''Victor'' (1951 film), a French drama film * ''Victor'' (1993 film), a French shor ...

( Manuel Fuxà, 1910), Leon Fontova ( Pau Gargallo, 1910), Teodor Llorente ( Eusebio Arnau, 1912),

Joan Maragall Joan Maragall i Gorina (; 10 October 1860 in Barcelona – 20 December 1911) was a Spanish poet, journalist and translator, the foremost member of the ''modernisme'' movement in literature. His manuscripts are preserved in the Joan Maragall ...

(Eusebi Arnau, 1913),

Joaquim Vayreda Joaquim Vayreda i Vila (23 May 1843 – 31 October 1894) was a Spanish landscape painter. He was originally influenced by the Barbizon school, but later became one of the founders of the Olot school. Biography Vayreda was born in Girona, Sp ...

(Manuel Fuxà, 1915), Pepita Weaver (Manuel Fuxà, 1917) -the first monument dedicated to a woman- and Ramon Batlle ( Henry Clarasó, 1918 now disappeared). In the Palau de la Música Catalana, an exceptional Modernist building by Lluis Domenech i Montaner, the ''La cançó popular'' sculpture was placed in 1909, in the corner between Sant Pere More Alt and Amadeu Vives. A work by

Miquel Blay Miguel Blay y Fàbregas (in Catalan, ''Miquel Blay i Fàbregas'') (8 October 1866, Olot - 22 January 1936, Madrid) was a Spanish sculptor. Biography Blay was born in the city of Olot, in the province of Girona to a humble family. He begins ...

, it presents a female figure that personifies the song, surrounded by various characters representing the Catalan people, while above stands the imposing figure of St. George, with a sword and a banner. The ''Monument al Doctor Robert'' was inaugurated in 1910, dedicated to the Catalan politician Bartomeu Robert, who was Mayor of Barcelona between March and October 1899. The monument is the work of the sculptor

Josep Llimona i Bruguera Josep Llimona i Bruguera (; 8 April 1864, in Barcelona – 27 February 1934) was a Spanish sculptor. His first works were academic, but after a stay in Paris, influenced by Auguste Rodin, his style drew closer to ''modernisme''. He was very proli ...

and the architect Lluis Domenech i Montaner. The site chosen was Plaça de la Universitat, where the foundation stone was laid in 1904. In 1940 the monument was removed by the Francoist authorities, and stored in a municipal warehouse. In 1977 the monument was re-erected in Plaça de Tetuan. The monument is pyramidal in form, on a base of stone blocks forms and reflects the designs of the architect

at the time, such as the Casa Milà. The front-facing sculptural group of cast bronze presents a series of figures from various social classes, allegorical figures of music and poetry and references to medicine. The monument is topped with a bust of Dr. Robert with an allegory of Glory. At the rear is another group of figures around a central figure representing medicine. During 1910, the Eixample Commission organized competitions to design fountains for the new Eixample district. In 1911 the winner was Joseph Campeny, three of whose fountains were erected : ''Trinxa'' at the junction of Ronda Universitat and Pelai; ''Granota'' (Frog) at Còrsega and Diagonal; and ''El noi dels càntirs'' (The boy of the pitchers) in the Plaza Urquinaona. Edward B. Alentorn won in 1913, and three of his fountains were erected the ''Font de la Pagesa'' in Plaça Letamendi; the ''Font de la Tortuga'' (Turtle Fountain) in Plaça de Goya; and ''Font de la Palangana'' (or ''Negrito'') Palangana Fountain '' (or '' Negrito ') and Bruc and Diagonal. One fountain was erected in 1920, ''Font de la Sardana'' by Frederic Marès, in the Plaça de Tetuan. In 1921 the ''Font de la Caputxeta'' by Joseph Tenas was erected at Passeig Sant Joan / Rosselló; In 1924 the ''Font de l'Efeb'' by Angel Tarrach at Diagonal / Bailen; and, lastly, in 1925 two fountains by Frederic Marès: the ''Gall'' (rooster) in Plaça del Gall; and the ''Ànec'' (Duck) at València / Enamorats. Another fountain from this period is ''Diana'' (1919) by Venanci Vallmitjana, located in the Gran Via amb Roger de Llúria; the sculptor had originally made a naked figure of the goddess of hunting in 1898, but when commissioned for the fountain required it to be covered with a robe. Desconsol (18-9-13)

In 1917 he moved to the Parc de la Ciutadella -in what had been ancient sculpture courtyard armes-

Grief Grief is the response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or some living thing that has died, to which a bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, grief also has physical, cogni ...

, the center of an elliptical pond located in front of the old military arsenal today hosts the

Parliament of Catalonia The Parliament of Catalonia ( ca, Parlament de Catalunya, ; es, Parlamento de Cataluña; oc, Parlament de Catalonha) is the unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. The Parliament is currently made up of 135 mem ...

. The work, originally made in 1903, has become an emblem of the city. It is a figure lying half-naked woman, his head between his arms, in an attitude of despair, as its title indicates. In 1984 he moved to the original Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (MNAC), and instead they placed a copy. In the following years were opened several other monuments dedicated to characters: 1918 erected the '' Monument to the actor Iscle Soler, '' the work of Pau Gargallo, in the Plaza de San Agustin. The following year stood at Clot the '' Monument Canonge Rodo '' in memory of the man who was rector of St. Martin, the first public work of Frederic Marès a prolific sculptor subsequent years; the work was destroyed in 1936 and replaced by another from the same author in 1954. opened in 1924 '' Monument Father Verdaguer'', in the square of the same name, dedicated to the priest and writer, one of the main writers

Catalan language Catalan (; autonym: , ), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as ''Valencian'' (autonym: ), is a Western Romance language. It is the official language of Andorra, and an official language of three autonomous communities in eastern Spa ...

nineteenth century. The idea of erecting a monument to the famous poet arose after his death in 1902, but did not crystallize until 1913, when he won a competition sculptor Joan Borrell Nicholas, in conjunction with the architect

Josep Maria Pericas Josep is a Catalan masculine given name equivalent to Joseph (Spanish ''José''). People named Josep include: * Josep Bargalló (born 1958), Catalan philologist and former politician * Josep Bartolí (1910-1995), Catalan painter, cartoonist and w ...

. Borrell charge of the figure of the poet and the balustrade -three allegorical figures, alluding to the mystical poetry, popular and

epic Epic commonly refers to: * Epic poetry, a long narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation * Epic film, a genre of film with heroic elements Epic or EPIC may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and medi ...

– while the brothers

Michael Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian an ...

and Lucian Oslé finalists, is in charge of the relief of the base, with scenes of the poem Atlantis author Catalan. Monument Cinto Verdaguer

Other monuments made the 1920 were: '' In Doctor Andreu '' (1927), in honor of chemist Salvador Andreu, promoting the development of the

Tibidabo Tibidabo () is a hill overlooking Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. At , it is the tallest hill in the Serra de Collserola. Rising sharply to the north-west, it has views over the city and the surrounding coastline. The summit of the hill is occupied ...

who was made a first monument with effigy of the honoree, the work of Enrique Sagnier and Eusebio Arnau, which was destroyed during the Civil War, in 1952 and replaced by a statue of woman wearing robes and carrying traditional hand a laurel branch, developed by Maria Llimona; '' A Pearson '' (1928), a monument in the form of allegory Victory dedicated to the American engineer Fred Stark Pearson, promoter of the electrical industry in Catalonia, by Josep Viladomat located in the Plaza de Pedralbes, ''Durán the aviator '' (1928), the sculptor

Jaime Duran Jaime is a common Spanish and Portuguese male given name for Jacob (name), James (name), Jamie, or Jacques. In Occitania Jacobus became ''Jacome'' and later ''Jacme''. In east Spain, ''Jacme'' became ''Jaime'', in Aragon it became ''Chaime'', and i ...

in memory of the ship lieutenant Juan Manuel Durán pilot of Plus Ultra, the first plane made a transatlantic flight without scales, died in plane crash in Montjuïc, where he placed his monument, shaped Victory alada; and '' Source Aurora'' (1929), by Joan Borrell initially located at Passeig de Gracia and subsequently disintegrated into several pieces scattered around different parts: the '' chariot of Helios '' in the Hill Park '' Selene '' Vallcarca Avenue, '' Minerva '' on Montjuïc, a '' Nymph combing her hair '' on the Plaza Joaquim Folguera, and the eagles

. This time there are several private gardens initially then incorporated in the municipal property, such as Park Guell, located on the southern slope of the Carmel Hill, the Gracia district. Designed as urbanization, was designed by the architect Gaudí commissioned by the employer Eusebio Guell and built between 1900 and 1914. He spent 1926 on public property. highlights from the park entrance staircase, arranged symmetrically around a sculpture of

salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All ten ...

, or

dragon A dragon is a reptilian legendary creature that appears in the folklore of many cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but dragons in western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depicted as ...

– which has become the emblem of the park and one of recognizable in the city, and is part of a group of three fountains with sculptures representing the

Catalan Countries The Catalan Countries ( ca, països catalans, , ) refers to those territories where the Catalan language is spoken. They include the Spanish regions of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Valencian Community, Valencia, and parts of Aragon (''La F ...

(

north, French and southern Catalonia, Spanish). above the staircase stands a square or

Hypostyle In architecture, a hypostyle () hall has a roof which is supported by columns. Etymology The term ''hypostyle'' comes from the ancient Greek ὑπόστυλος ''hypóstȳlos'' meaning "under columns" (where ὑπό ''hypó'' means below or un ...

Hall and the Greek Theatre, which highlights a bench decorated with ceramics' brittle, by

Josep Maria Jujol José María Jujol Gibert (16 September 1879 – 1 May 1949) was a Spanish architect. Jujol's wide field of activity ranged from furniture designs and painting, to architecture. He worked with Antoni Gaudí on many of his most famous works. ...

. In 1984 the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

included in the Guell Park Place

Heritage Heritage may refer to: History and society * A heritage asset is a preexisting thing of value today ** Cultural heritage is created by humans ** Natural heritage is not * Heritage language Biology * Heredity, biological inheritance of physical c ...

"Works of Antoni Gaudí». In District of Sarria-Sant Gervasi are the Gardens Tamarita made by Tudurí Nicolau Maria Rubio i in 1918, where in front of the main building are located four sculptures dedicated to -all less Oceania- continents, by

Virginio Arias Virginio Arias Cruz (8 December 1855, Ránquil Ránquil is a Chilean commune in Itata Province, Ñuble Region. The communal capital is the town of Ránquil. Demographics According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute Ránq ...

. Moreover, in 1924 the city of Barcelona gave the king Alfonso XIII the Pedralbes Royal Palace, which had belonged to the family Güell. He had a Caribbean-style mansion made by

, while the closure of the gardens and the farm he had commissioned Antoni Gaudí, which remains in a fountain dedicated to Hercules and the pavilions goal, including an entrance gate with a wrought iron dragon, representing

side Side or Sides may refer to: Geometry * Edge (geometry) of a polygon (two-dimensional shape) * Face (geometry) of a polyhedron (three-dimensional shape) Places * Side (Ainis), a town of Ainis, ancient Thessaly, Greece * Side (Caria), a town of ...

, the dragon guardian of the Golden apple, won by Hercules in his eleventh work. Between 1919 and 1924 there was a renovation to convert it to the Royal Palace, by the architects Eusebius good and Francesc Nebot. They then placed several sculptures to decorate the grounds, among which was' Elizabeth II presents her son, the future King Alfonso XII in Barcelona, work of Agapito Vallmitjana 1860; or ''female nude kneeling'' by Joan Borrell in 1916. 1930 also placed a '' Naked '' of

Enric Casanovas Enric () is a Catalan common given name, the Catalan variant of ''Heinrich'' of Germanic origin. Equivalents in other languages include Henry (English), Enrico (Italian), Henrik (Scandinavian), Henri (French, German), Enrique (Spanish) or Henrique ...

. File:Mamut Ciudadela.JPG, ''Mamut'' (1907), of Miquel Dalmau, Parc de la Ciutadella. File:Trinxa (28-10-13).jpg, ''Font del Trinxa'' (1911), of Josep Campeny, Ronda Universitat/Pelai. File:A Joaquim Vayreda (18-9-13).JPG, ''A Joaquim Vayreda'' (1915), of Manuel Fuxà, Parc de la Ciutadella. File:Font de Diana, Venanci Vallmitjana.JPG, '' Font de Diana'' (1919), of Venanci Vallmitjana, Gran Via amb Roger de Llúria. File:Font de la Caputxeta, Josep Tenas.JPG, ''Font de la Caputxeta'' (1921), of Josep Tenas, Passeig de Sant Joan/Rosselló. File:Minerva Borrell.jpg, ''Minerva'', del conjunt de la '' Font de l'Aurora'' (1929), of Joan Borrell i Nicolau, Passeig de Santa Madrona, Montjuïc. File:Jardins Pedralbes-Nu, Enric Casanovas, 1930.JPG, ''Nu'' (1930), of

Palau Reial de Pedralbes The Palau Reial de Pedralbes (; en, "Pedralbes Royal Palace"; Spanish: "Palacio Real de Pedralbes") is a building placed in the middle of an ample garden in the district of Les Corts, in Barcelona. From 1919 until 1931 it was the residence for t ...

1929 Barcelona International Exposition

In the 1920s, a new exhibition was planned like 1888, whose success left a pleasant memory in the city. This time the site chosen was the mountain of Montjuïc, which thus was urbanized and won as a public space for the city. The International Exhibition took place from 20 May 1929 to 15 January 1930, and left numerous buildings and facilities some of which have become emblems of the city, including the National Palace, Magic Fountain, the Teatre Grec, the Spanish Village and Olímpico. In the 1920s a new exhibition was planned as 1888, whose success left a pleasant memory in the city. This time the site chosen was the mountain of Montjuïc, which thus was urbanized and won as a public space for the city. The International Exhibition took place from 20 May 1929 to 15 January 1930, and left numerous buildings and facilities some of which have become emblems of the city, including the National Palace, Magic Fountain, the Teatre Grec, the Spanish Village and Olímpico. Stadium the venue of the exhibition was built as a general project of Josep Puig i Cadafalch, and began at the Plaza of Spain, through the avenue of America -current avenue Maria Cristina de la Reina, where large exhibition buildings were located, to the foot of the mountain, where the Magic Fountain, flanked by the palaces of Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugenia stood; From here a staircase leading to the National Palace, the most monumental work of Exposición. One of the most important monuments was the monumental Spain Fountain Square, designed by

, with ornate decoration sculptural work and Miquel Miguel Blay and Llucià Oslé brothers. Classically inspired, the iconographic meaning of the work is a poetic allegory to Spain: on a pond triangular plants an edículo stands with three niches with sculptures symbolizing the rivers flowing into the three seas that surround the Iberian Peninsula, Ebro (Mediterranean), the Guadalquivir and Tajo (Atlantic) and some figures of teenagers for the rivers of the Cantabrian Sea, Blay work; at the corners of the pond three groups that represent the fruits and gifts of the waters they lie: Abundance, Public Health and Fisheries and Navigation Oslé work of the brothers; around the central body three columns are placed with various figures and emblems symbolizing religion (a cross with Ramon Llull, Saint Teresa of Avila and Ignatius of Loyola), Heroism (a sword with Don Pelayo, Jaime I of Aragon and Isabella Catholic), and the Arts (a book with Ausiàs March and Miguel de Cervantes); He tops the work a cauldron of fire with three Victorias. Between Spain Square and the National Palace of Montjuic Magic Fountain, designed by

Carles Buigas Carles () is a common Catalan given name of Germanic origin, which also appears as a surname. The English language equivalent is Charles. The name Carles can refer to: People *Carles (name) Places *Carles, Iloilo, a 2nd class municipality in the ...

, who wowed audiences for its fantastic play of light and water spouts stood. It is still an emblematic work of the Catalan capital, where they often held musical fireworks shows in the celebrations of the Merced. It is ellipsoidal in shape, formed by three concentric ponds at different levels, with 65 m in diameter at its widest part. It has thirty different water games, with their gradual colorations, based on five colors: yellow, blue, green, red and blanco. In principle, there were built four Ionic columns symbolizing the Catalan flag, designed by Puig i Cadafalch, but the dictator Primo de Rivera sent them toppling. With the restoration of democracy was thought to replace them, project carried out between 2010 and 2011 by the team of architects Rosselló-Sangenís, slightly higher than its location original. Other works placed on the grounds of the exhibition were: San Jorge (1924), by Josep Llimona, in the homonymous square; Beauty (1924), by Josep Llimona, in Piazza Dante; Tomorrow (1925), the German expressionist sculptor Georg Kolbe, located in the Pavilion of Germany a rationalist style building built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; Flowers and sedente (1927), by Josep Llimona in the Marques de Foronda; Water and Earth (1929), Frederic Marès on the stairs to the National Palace; Serenity (1928), Josep Clara in Miramar Gardens; Young Braid (1928) by Josep Viladomat, and Estival (1929), by Jaume Otero, in Laribal Gardens; The Good Shepherd (1929), Joan Rebull, and Venus (1929), Joan Borrell, in the Gardens of Joan Maragall.69 then also carried the Olympic charioteers, a chariot pulled by horses and riders making the Olympic salute two equestrian sculptures in bronze, both of Pablo Gargallo, situated at the Olympic Stadium Lluís Companys of charioteers there is a copy in the park Can Dragó-. In addition to the achievements at the fair, as in the foregoing various performances throughout the city they were made. The most important was in Plaza Catalunya, currently one of the nerve centers of the city, but that was formerly an esplanade outside the old town, which began to urbanize until 1902. On the occasion precisely the exhibition was out a redevelopment of the entire space of the square, with a project of Francesc Nebot, and was inaugurated by Alfonso XIII in 1927, to decorate the square a public tender was organized in 1927, in which the installation of a sculpture it was decided 28 works: Motherhood, of Vincente Navarro; Young, Josep Dunyach; The smith, Josep Llimona; Woman with child and piccolo, Josep Viladomat; female figure, of Enric Casanovas; Youth, Josep Clarà; Shepherd Flute, Pablo Gargallo; Navigation, Eusebi Arnau; Barcelona, Frederic Marès; Montserrat, Eusebi Arnau; female figure, Josep Llimona; Hercules, Antoni Parera; Woman with angel, Vincente Navarro; Tarragona, Jaume Otero; Source of six putti, Jaume Otero; Lleida, Joan Borrell; Woman with image of the Virgin, of Enric Monjo; The popular spirit, Jaume Otero; Pastor eagle, Pablo Gargallo; Pomona, Enric Monjo; Wisdom, Miquel Oslé; The Goddess of Josep Clara, currently a copy, the original is in the lobby of the House of the city; Work, Llucià Oslé; Emporion, Frederic Marès; Fisherman, Josep Tenas; Woman, Joan Borrell; Montseny, Jaume Duran; and Gerona, Antoni Parera. which was originally also in the square Children group riding fish (1928) by Frederic Marès, a fountain with water jets and four figures indicating the title, which was transferred in 1961 the junction of Gran Via and Rambla de Catalunya. With regard to the whole Plaça Catalunya, some changes on the fly in the original project led to the replacement of several parts and transfer to other areas of the city. One of the main reasons was the cancellation of the project of Francesc Nebot placed in the square a pavilion with decorated colonnade with sixteen female figures, which finally took place by the decision of the consistory, prompting the resignation of Nebot in front of the works. Thus, some of the sculptures made for this shrine were relocated in different places: four of them executed by Eusebi Arnau, Josep Llimona, Enric Casanovas and Àngel Tarrach, they were placed on the entrance wall of the Royal Palace of Pedralbes; two from Josep Dunyach (Goddess) and Vincente Navarro (night), others were installed in the park of the Citadel; and two more (Fertility, by Josep clear, and the vendimiadora, Pablo Gargallo), in the gardens of Miramar, in Montjuïc. Another reason the surplus works was the decision that all the sculptures of the square were made in bronze except those of the upper terrace, which are stone-, with the result that some works that had already been executed in stone had to be repeated, and the remaining were relocated: it is Lerida, Manuel Fuxà, and Tarragona, Jaume Otero, that were installed on Diagonal avenue, opposite the Royal Palace of Pedralbes. Finally, the work entitled Marinade or Danzarina, by Antoni Alsina was located in the Jardines del Umbráculo on Paseo de Santa Madrona of Montjuïc, in this case, because it concerns a female nude that was not viewed favorably by the moral prevailing at the time. After the exhibition, in 1930 the monument was opened to Pau Gil, in honor of the banker who introduced the gas industry in Barcelona and with his testament favored the construction of the Hospital de Sant Pau, a jewel of modernism made by Lluis Domenech i Montaner, whose entrance is the monument. The work of Eusebi Arnau was held in 1916 but was not settled until 1930, and has a bust banker with an allegory of Charity at his feet. Also that year was placed on the Gran Via the monument to set designer Francesc Soler i Rovirosa, the work of Frederic Marès shaped reclining female nude with a flower in her hand; and the Monument to Eduardo Dato, on Calle San Antonio Maria Claret by Jaume Duran, composed of an allegory of Fame and a monolith with a medallion of the honoree. File:Marès - Barcelona.jpg, ''

'' (1928), de Frederic Marès, plaza de Cataluña. File:Gargallo - Pastor del flabiol.jpg, ''Pastor de la flauta'' (1928), de Pablo Gargallo, plaza de Cataluña. File:Tarragona, Jaume Otero.JPG, ''Tarragona'' (1928), de Jaume Otero,

avenida Diagonal Avinguda Diagonal (, in Spanish Avenida Diagonal) is the name of one of Barcelona's broadest and most important avenues. It cuts the city in two, diagonally with respect to the grid pattern of the surrounding streets, hence the name. It was ori ...

. File:Laribal - Joven de la trenza, Josep Viladomat.jpg, ''Joven de la trenza'' (1928), de Josep Viladomat, Jardines de Laribal. File:Miramar- Serenidad, Josep Clarà.jpg, ''Serenidad'' (1928), de

Josep Clarà Josep Clarà i Ayats (16 December 1878 – 4 November 1958) was a Spanish sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics. Biography Clarà was born in Olot, Girona, Catalonia (Spain) i ...

, Jardines de Miramar. File:Miramar- La vendimiadora, Pau Gargallo.jpg, ''La vendimiadora'' (1928), de Pablo Gargallo, Jardines de Miramar. File:Deessa, Josep Dunyach.JPG, ''Diosa'' (1928), de Josep Dunyach, parque de la Ciudadela. File:La Nit, Vicenç Navarro.JPG, ''La noche'' (1929), de Vicenç Navarro, parque de la Ciudadela. File:Eusebi Arnau - Marina1.jpg, ''Marina'' (1929), de Eusebi Arnau, Palacio Real de Pedralbes. File:Aurigas Gargallo.JPG, ''Aurigas olímpicos'' (1929), de Pablo Gargallo (copia en el parque de Can Dragó). File:A Pau Gil.JPG, ''Monumento a Pau Gil'' (1930), de Eusebi Arnau, Hospital de la Santa Cruz y San Pablo. File:A Francesc Soler i Rovirosa, Marès.JPG, ''A Francesc Soler i Rovirosa'' (1930), de Frederic Marès, Gran Vía de las Cortes Catalanas. File:A Eduardo Dato (Duran).JPG, ''A Eduardo Dato'' (1930), de Jaume Duran, calle San Antonio María Claret.

1992 Olympics

In 1992, the city undertook an intensive program of reforms and urban improvements for the XXV Olympic Games, mainly in Montjuïc, where the Olympic Stadium was remodelled. Further works were carried out on the Olympic villages Poblenou and Vall d'Hebron, as well as the construction of ring roads around the city, renovation to the city's beaches and seafront zone (Maremagnum), the installation of a new telecommunications tower and the renovation and expansion of the city's main airport. Utsurohi, Aiko Miyawaki

Art installations near the Olympic Stadium included ''Change (Utsurohi)'' by Aiko Miyawaki, a collection of 36 stone columns and stainless steel cables forming a forest illuminated at dusk; and a bronze torso of an athlete at Olympic Rosa Serra. Also placed in front of the National Palace's headquarters, MNAC- sculpture Torso summer, Aristide Maillol, original work from 1911 donated by entrepreneurs Association to commemorate 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games with the restorative effect of the fact that the city had no work of this artist Roussillon, whatever had appreciated significantly influenced by the nineteenth-century style of the early twentieth century. One of the main areas of activity was the Olympic Village of Poblenou. Where previous Games have taken place, several parks and monuments have been adored with works: Park Falls settled sculptures David and Goliath, by Antoni Llena, and the Power of the Word of Auke de Vries, both large and abstract style; Carlos Park and placed ass (a Santiago Roldan), Eduardo Úrculo, a play 6.5 meter high bronze shaped legs and buttocks; the Olympic Park is located in Port works Marc Robert Llimós, commemorating the opening of the Olympic Village and a pond sculpture of Cobi, the mascot of the Olympic Games, designed by Javier Mariscal; and Nova Icaria Park lies the Plaza of Champions with a pavement where are registered the names of several of the athletes and Olympic champions history, as well as a podium used the Games. There were also several individual works placed in different parts of the Olympic Village, such as fish, Frank Gehry; Aquarius-Pisces-Taurus Antoni Rosell Column Olympic Andreu Alfaro; The plan of nostalgia, Luis Ulloa; Cylinder, Tom Carr; Brush and Wind by Francesc Fornells-Pla. There were also several sculptures placed in the Vall d'Hebron, site of the Olympic Village press: Form and Space, Eudald Serra, an abstract figure of six meters made of iron; Dime, dime, querido, Susana Solano, also abstract, consisting of four steel plates eight meters; and Mistos by Claes Oldenburg, 20 meters high, looks like a matchbox arranged in various positions, some on the ground as if it had already been used. In other areas of the city were also major renovations, such as the Plaza de las Glories, one of the main roads of the city, where they placed twelve big marble slabs dedicated to several highlights of the history of Catalonia, in reference to the Glories that give name to the place; as well as a monument to the Metro, François Scali and Alain Domingo, a piece of steel that reproduces the topographic profile of the meridian connecting Barcelona to Dunkirk, which served to establish the extent -the metric system in 2014 was transferred to the Meridiana Avenue between Independence and Consell de Cent -. In parallel with the Olympic Games a Cultural Olympiad was organised, promoting the installation of several works all situated on the coast, curated by Gloria Moure. These works include the following: Compass Rose, Lothar Baumgarten, in the Plaza Pau Vila; The wounded star, Rebecca Horn, the Promenade de la Barceloneta; Roman balance of Jannis Kounellis, Andrea Doria Street; Crescendo appare, Mario Merz, the Moll de la Barceloneta; A room where it always rains, Juan Muñoz, in the Plaza del Mar; Born Jaume Plensa, the Passeig del Born, Four wedges Ulrich Rückriem at Pla de Palau; and Deuce Coop, James Turrell, the street trade.Lecea et al., 2009, pp. 392–395. In connection with the Games, installation in different parts of the city in a series of commemorative Olympic sources, made by the sculptor Juan Bordes in collaboration with the architects

Oscar Tusquets Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to: People * Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms. * Oscar (Irish mythology), ...

and Carlos Diaz. They were eight in total, all with an artificial stone pedestal and a bronze figure of a boy playing with water: Ball, Parallel Avenue; Launch the viewpoint of the National Palace; Diving, Avenue de Chile; Chip-splash in the Plaça Alfonso Comin; Pirouette, Isadora Duncan Street; Ream, Coastal Avenue; Deepening to- at the Poblenou breakwater; and Rough estimate, in the Plaza de las Glories.

Gallery

File:La Gamba - 001.jpg, ''La Gamba'' (1989), by

Javier Mariscal Francisco Javier Errando Mariscal (born 9 February 1950) better known as Javier Mariscal is a Spanish artist and designer whose work has spanned a wide range of mediums, ranging from painting and sculpture to interior design and landscaping. H ...

, Paseo Colón File:Cascades - David y Goliat, Antoni Llena.JPG, ''David i Goliat'' (1992), by

Antoni Llena Antoni Llena (born 1942, Barcelona) is a Spanish artist. A forerunner of conceptual art in Spain, he began his artistic career in the mid-1960s. When he started painting, he was concerned with expressing his historical time, without needing to g ...

, Parc de les Cascades File:L'Estel ferit, Rebecca Horn.JPG, ''L'estel ferit'' (1992), by

Rebecca Horn Rebecca Horn (born 24 March 1944, in Michelstadt, Hesse) is a German visual artist, who is best known for her installation art, film directing, and her body modifications such a''Einhorn'' (Unicorn) a body-suit with a very large horn projecting ve ...

, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta File:Port Olímpic - Marc, Robert Llimós.JPG, ''Marc'' (1997), by Robert Llimós, Parc del Port Olímpic File:Juan Munoz Barcelona 1.08 242.jpg, ''Una habitació on sempre plou'' (1992), by Juan Muñoz, Plaça del Mar File:Barcelona Frank Gehrys Peix.jpg, ''El Peix'' (1992), by

Frank Gehry Frank Owen Gehry, , FAIA (; ; born ) is a Canadian-born American architect and designer. A number of his buildings, including his private residence in Santa Monica, California, have become world-renowned attractions. His works are considered ...

, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta

Notes

References

* DD.AA.. ''The book of gold of the Catalan'' art. Barcelona: Editions First Plain, 1997. . * Añón Feliú, Carmen; Luengo, Mónica. ''Jardines Of España.'' Madrid: Lunwerg, 2003. . * Capó, Jaume; Catasús, Aleix. ''Guide of sculptures of Barcelona.'' Barcelona: Polígrafa, 2003. . * Fabre, Jaume; Huertas, Josep M.; Bohigas, Pere. ''Monuments of Barcelona.'' Barcelona: The Advance, 1984. . * Gabancho, Patrícia. ''Guía. Parques y jardines Of Barcelona.'' Barcelona: City council of Barcelona, Image and Publishing Production, 2000. . * Garrut, Josep Maria. ''The Universal Exhibition of Barcelona of 1888.'' Barcelona: City council of Barcelona, Delegation of Culture, 1976. . * Giordano, Carlos; Palmisano, Nicolás. ''Park Güell.'' Barcelona: Two of Arte Ediciones, 2007. . * Grandas, M. Carmen. ''The International Exhibition of Barcelona of 1929.'' Saint Cugat of the Vallès: The books of the border, 1988. . * Lecea, Ignasi of; Fabre, Jaume; Grandas, Carme; Huertas, Josep M.; Remesar, Antoni ''public Art in Barcelona.'' Barcelona: City council of Barcelona and Field Publishing Services, 2009. . * Red, Josep L. ''Historia Of Barcelona.'' Barcelona: First Flat S.A., 1995. . * Subirachs And Burgaya, Judit. ''The memorial sculpture in Barcelona until the 1936.'' Barcelona: The Books of the Border, 1986. . * Subirachs And Burgaya, Judit. The memorial sculpture in Barcelona (1936–1986). Barcelona: The Books of the Border, 1989. .

External links

Web of public art of the City council of Barcelona
Escudo de Barcelona

{{authority control Barcelona in popular culture