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The population exchange between Poland and the Soviet Ukraine at the end of World War II was based on a treaty signed on 9 September 1944 by the Ukrainian SSR with the newly formed Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN).

History

The transfer[1] (which took place in 1944–46) became part of a mass movement of people expelled from their homes in the process of ethnic consolidation of Central and Eastern Europe.[2] As the new border between the postwar Poland and the Soviet Union along the Curzon Line (requested by Stalin at Yalta) has been ratified, the ensuing population exchange affected close to half a million ethnic Ukrainians as well as about 1.1 million Poles and Polish Jews.[3] While the east-central territories of the Soviet republics remained unchanged, the westernmost regions of Ukrainian and Belarusian SSR underwent dramatic expansion at the expense of the Second Polish Republic. The so-called repatriation pertained to rural populations as much as the inhabitants of provincial capitals stripped of their prewar economic catchment areas (Grodno, Brest, Lviv, Przemyśl).[4] About 480,000 people from Zakerzonia (west of the Curzon Line), were moved back to the territory which became part of Soviet Ukraine and Belarus.[5]

With the signing of the agreement in September 1944, people who were required to register for resettlement were identified only by ethnicity – not by the country of birth. Ukrainians residing west of the border were required to register with the Polish authorities, while the Poles living east of the border registered with the Soviet NKVD.[3] In order to guarantee efficiency and prevent haulage of empty wagons, refugees were loaded onto the same returning trains on both sides of the new border. According to statistics, the Poles removed before spring 1945 from the villages in Ukraine amounted to 453,766 individuals (58% of the Polish total), while the city dwellers constituted 41.7% of the total, or 328,908 Poles.[3] The number of Ukrainians registered between October 1944 and September 1946 was 492,682. Of this total, 482,880 individuals were eventually relocated to the Ukrainian SSR, settling primarily in the Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Lviv Oblasts (provinces), in the southern and south-western oblasts of Mykolaiv and Dnipropetrovsk, and to a lesser extent the Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine. The largest resettlement of Ukrainians from Poland took place in the border counties of Hrubieszów, Przemyśl and Sanok followed secondarily by Lubaczów, Tomaszów, Lesko, Jarosław and Chełm.

Logistics

During the resettlement campaign, all eligible individuals were required to register with local Polish district commissions set up in the key cities of Jarosław, Gorlice, Krasnystaw, Chełm, Lublin, Biłgoraj, Jasło, Zamość and Nowy Sącz. The function of the commissions, which were staffed with both Polish communists and Soviet personnel, was not only to register, co-ordinate and facilitate the transportation of individuals, but also to conduct propaganda work among the target population. Because of the propaganda, which falsely promised Ukrainians better living conditions in Soviet Ukraine, there was some initial success but the number of applications for resettlement tapered off by mid-1945 as word spread concerning the actual conditions of the agreement, as well as the fact that the Ukrainians were not permitted to leave Soviet Ukraine.

In August 1945, the campaign to resettle entered a new phase. In order to achieve the political objective of relocating the Ukrainian ethnic population from Poland, the Polish government abandoned the relatively benign character of the policy in favor of a more aggressive approach because the plan met with significant resistance, as most Ukrainians did not want to abandon their ancestral lands and resettle to Soviet Ukraine. In this regard, Polish and Soviet security forces were deployed (KBW, and MVD respectively). With time, the pretence of "voluntary resettlement" was dropped. Groups and entire villages were forced out of their homes and directed to embark on transports bound for the Soviet Union. Within the course of a single year, July 1945 – July 1946, some 400,000 Ukrainians and Rusyns were uprooted and deported in this manner. The resettlement operation concluded in September 1946.

The campaign to resettle Ukrainians was in a large part intended to remove support base for the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which had conducted the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia since 1943. UPA was somewhat successful in disrupting the 1944–1946 transfers. Difficulties in suppressing the UPA insurgency however prompted the Polish and Soviet communist governments to pursue the Operation Vistula in 1947 which entailed the resettlement of the remaining populations that they identified as of Ukrainian origin and hostile to Polish authority in the territory of Kresy. Orest Subtelny, a Canadian historian of Ukrainian descent concluded, "that the separation of the two people was a necessary precondition for the development of a mutually beneficial relationship between them. Apparently the old adage that 'good fences make for good neighbors' has been proven once more" he wrote.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Alexander V. Prusin (2016). Nation-building and Moving People. The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945. Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press. p. 558. ISBN 0191017752. 
  2. ^ a b Yfaat Weiss (2006). Ethnic Cleansing, Memory and Property. Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine Geschichte. Dan Diner, Raphael Gross. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 174–175. ISBN 3525362889. 
  3. ^ a b c Stanisław Ciesielski (1999). Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z kresów wschodnich do Polski, 1944-1947 [Resettlement of Poles from the Kresy region to Poland, 1944-1947]. Neriton : Instytut Historii PAN, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 29, 50, 434. ISBN 8386842563. 
  4. ^ Dr Hans-Liudger Dienel, Dr Martin Schiefelbusch (2014). Linking Networks: The Formation of Common Standards and Visions for Infrastructure Development. Ashgate Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 1409471640. 
  5. ^ Bohdan Kordan (1997). "Making Borders Stick: Population Transfer and Resettlement in the Trans-Curzon Territories, 1944-1949". Int Migr Rev. International Migration Review. 31 (3. (Autumn, 1997)): 704–720 preview; with purchase. doi:10.2307/2547293. JSTOR 2547293. PMID 12292959. 
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