Osman Mahmoud
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Osman Mahmoud ( so, Cusmaan Maxamuud) is a Somali sub-clan. It is one of the larger sub-clans within the major
Majeerteen The Majeerteen ( so, Majeerteen, ar, ماجرتين; also spelled Majerteen, Macherten, Majertain, or Mijurtin) is a sub-clan. It is one of the major Somali groups, with a vast traditional territory spanning 3 major regions of Somalia: Bari, ...
Harti Harti ( so, Harti, ar, هرتي), meaning "strong man", is a Somali clan family that is part of the Darod clan. The major sub-clans include the Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali, Tinle, Maganlabe and Dishiishe, while other minor sub-clans ...
confederation of
Darod The Darod ( so, Daarood, ar, دارود) is a Somali clan. The forefather of this clan was Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, more commonly known as ''Darood''. The clan primarily settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripherie ...
clans. The sub-clan is most notorious for its rich history within Somalia, that of which include sultanates such as the
Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate ( so, Suldanadda Majeerteen 𐒈𐒚𐒐𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒖 𐒑𐒖𐒃𐒜𐒇𐒂𐒜𐒒, lit=Boqortooyada Majerteen, ar, سلطنة مجرتين), also known as Majeerteen Kingdom or Majeerteenia and Migiu ...
Osman Mahamud's history is not limited to that of the early comings of Somalia, but are still one of the major producers of prominent figures in Somalia today. The sub-clan alone has made for Two Prime Ministers (including the first ever PM of the republic), One President, First President of Somali National Assembly, Commander of the
Somali Police Force ) , mission = , formedyear = , formedmonthday = , preceding1 = Police Corps of Somalia (1910–1960) , employees = , volunteers = , budget = , nongovernment = , country ...
, the Founder of the
Somali Youth League The Somali Youth League (SYL) ( so, Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed رابطة الشباب الصومالي, it, Lega dei Giovani Somali or ''Lega Somala della Gioventù''), initially known as the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was the first politi ...
, and many others. The sub-clan has also had some of Somalia's most successful international figures. Osman Mahamud has produced the first ever Somali member and President of the
International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ; french: Cour internationale de justice, links=no; ), sometimes known as the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states in accordanc ...
(ICJ), the first ever Somali-American lawmaker,
Miss Africa Utah Miss (pronounced ) is an English language English honorific, honorific typically used for a girl, for an unmarried woman (when not using another title such as "Doctor (title), Doctor" or "Dame (title), Dame"), or for a married woman retaining her ...
2013, Founder of African Development Center, and many, many others.


Overview

The ''Boqorrrooz'', or clan-head of the larger branch Mohamud Saleeban. Osman Mahmoud serves as the nominal leader of the
Darod The Darod ( so, Daarood, ar, دارود) is a Somali clan. The forefather of this clan was Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, more commonly known as ''Darood''. The clan primarily settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripherie ...
clan. Some of the most notable members of the Osman Mahmoud are the
Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate ( so, Suldanadda Majeerteen 𐒈𐒚𐒐𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒖 𐒑𐒖𐒃𐒜𐒇𐒂𐒜𐒒, lit=Boqortooyada Majerteen, ar, سلطنة مجرتين), also known as Majeerteen Kingdom or Majeerteenia and Migiu ...
which was based in Baargaal, it was a historical and prominent sultanate in Somalia during its golden age in the mid-19th to early 20th century. Boqor
Osman Mahamuud Osman Mahamuud ( so, Cismaan Maxamuud, ar, عثمان محمود), also known as `Uthman III ibn Mahmud, was a Somali king. He led the Majeerteen Sultanate during the 19th century. Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate was established b ...
was one of the three prominent rulers of present-day Somalia at the turn of the 20th century. The
Sultanate of Hobyo The Sultanate of Hobyo ( so, Saldanadda Hobyo, ar, سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia,''New International Encyclopedia'', Volume 21, (Dodd, Mead: 1916), p.283. was a 19th-century Somali people, Somali kingdom in present ...
,
Yusuf Ali Kenadid Yusuf Ali Kenadid ( so, Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid; 1837 - 14 August 1911) was a Somali Sultan. He was the founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo in April 1878. He was succeeded atop the throne by his son Ali Yusuf Kenadid. Family Yusuf Ali Kenadid was bo ...
, who ruled over much of what today is
Puntland Puntland ( so, Puntland, ar, أرض البنط, it, Terra di Punt or ''Paese di Punt''), officially the Puntland State of Somalia ( so, Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya, ar, ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية), is a F ...
as far as
Hobyo Hobyo (; so, Hobyo), is an ancient port city in Galmudug state in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia. Hobyo was founded as a coastal outpost by the Ajuran Empire during the 13th century.Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: ...
, and his son,
Osman Yuusuf Keenadiid Osman Yusuf Kenadid ( so, Cusmaan Yuusuf Keenadiid; ar, عثمان يوسف كيناديد; 1889 – 14 August 1972) was a Somali poet, writer, teacher and ruler. Born in Ceel Huur in 1889, he went on to create the Osmanya alphabet for writin ...
, who invented the
Osmanya The Osmanya script ( so, Farta Cismaanya 𐒍𐒖𐒇𐒂𐒖 𐒋𐒘𐒈𐒑𐒛𐒒𐒕𐒖), also known as Far Soomaali (𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒘𐒝𐒈𐒑𐒛𐒘, "Somali writing") and, in Arabic, as ''al-kitābah al-ʿuthmānīyah'' (الكتا ...
writing script.


Demographics


Distribution and Xarig System

Due to the size of the Bari/Karkaar region and the large population of Osman Mahamud. There is a Xarig System put in place that signifies every district and the Osman Mahamud sub-clans that settle there. -Maj. -Min.


Sultanates and Dynasties


Majeerteen Sultanate

The Majeerteen Sultanate also known as Majeerteenia or Migiurtinia, was a Somali kingdom centered in the Horn of Africa. Ruled by Boqor Osman Mahamuud (II) during its golden age. The earliest mention of the kingdom is the 16th century. Before the famous Majeerteen Sultanate there was the Sultanate of Amaanle (Abdirahman Awe) which was overthrown and overtaken by Osman Mahamuud (I) who became the subsequent King and Sultan. It rose to prominence in the 19th century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud(II). His Sultanate controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaaal and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity exerted a strong centralised authority during its existence and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag as well as a professional army. It was another example of the determination of the Migiurtini people to maintain a traditional and free society. The sultanate also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist. It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. The Majeerteen Sultans have styled themselves Boqor of all Darod following the collapse of the Sultanate of Adal in the 16th century.


Sultanate of Hobyo

The Sultanate of Hobyo, also known as the Sultanate of Obbia was a 19th-century Somali kingdom in present-day northeastern and central Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. It was established in 1870s by
Ali Yusuf Kenadid Ali Yusuf Kenadid ( so, Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid, ar, علي يوسف كينايديض) was a Somali ruler. He was the second ruler of the Sultanate of Hobyo. History Ali Yusuf was born into a Majeerteen Darod family. His father, Sultan Yusuf Ali ...
. Initially, Ali Yusuf Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor
Osman Mahamud Osman Mahamuud ( so, Cismaan Maxamuud, ar, عثمان محمود), also known as `Uthman III ibn Mahmud, was a Somali king. He led the Majeerteen Sultanate during the 19th century. Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate was established b ...
. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in
Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, north and ...
. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the
Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate ...
with a band of Hadhrami
musketeer A musketeer (french: mousquetaire) was a type of soldier equipped with a musket. Musketeers were an important part of early modern warfare particularly in Europe as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a pre ...
s and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local
Habar Gidir The Habar Gidir (Somali: Habar Gidir, Arabic: هبر جدير) is a major subclan of the Hawiye. The clan has produced many prominent Somali figures, including the first Prime Minister of Somalia Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Somalia's fifth Presi ...
clans and establish the kingdom of Hobyo in 1878. In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the
Italians , flag = , flag_caption = The national flag of Italy , population = , regions = Italy 55,551,000 , region1 = Brazil , pop1 = 25–33 million , ref1 = , region2 ...
, making his realm an Italian
protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over m ...
. His rival Boqor Osman would sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the
Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and spans the mouth of t ...
i
Sultan of Zanzibar The sultans of Zanzibar ( ar, سلاطين زنجبار) were the rulers of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, which was created on 19 October 1856 after the death of Said bin Sultan, who had ruled Oman and Zanzibar as the sultan of Oman since 1804. The ...
over an area bordering
Warsheikh Warsheikh ( so, Warsheekh, Warshiiq, Warshiikh , translit=Warshiiq, ar, ورشيخ,) is an administration center and coastal town of Warsheikh district. Warsheikh is located in the southeastern Middle Shabelle region of Hirshabelle State of Som ...
, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories


Colonial Struggles

Hersi Boqor was the son of Boqor Osman Mahamuud and the heir apparent to the Sultanate of Migiurtinia. When the Italians announced their intentions to occupy Migiurtinia, Hersi Boqor united the sultanate's forces to rebel against the colonials. Under his leadership, the forces were able to slow the Italian advance which was additionally hurt by a rebellion in the hinterlands of Hobyo that required military attention. For three years the sultanate was in revolt and a number of fierce battles ensued .


Somali Republic


Somali Youth League

Osman Mahamud have had a lot of involvement with the progression of Somalia. This can be dated back to pre-independence and the formation of the
Somali Youth League The Somali Youth League (SYL) ( so, Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed رابطة الشباب الصومالي, it, Lega dei Giovani Somali or ''Lega Somala della Gioventù''), initially known as the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was the first politi ...
(SYL). SYL was the first political party in Somalia. It played a key role in the nation's road to
independence Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the statu ...
during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. During the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
,
Britain Britain most often refers to: * The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands * Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
occupied
Italian Somaliland Italian Somalia ( it, Somalia Italiana; ar, الصومال الإيطالي, Al-Sumal Al-Italiy; so, Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaalida), was a protectorate and later colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day Somalia. Ruled in the 19th centur ...
and militarily administered the territory from 1941 to 1950. Faced with growing Italian political pressure inimical to continued British tenure and Somali aspirations for independence, the Somalis and the British came to see each other as allies. The first modern Somali political party, the ''Somali Youth Club'' (SYC), was subsequently established in
Mogadishu Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...
in 1943. It later became the Somali Youth League.
Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke ( so, Yaasiin Haaji 'Ismaan Shirmarke, ar, ياسين الحاج عثمان شارماركي) was a Somali political figure and activist. History He was the leader and founder of the Somali Youth League (SYL), So ...
, an Osman Mahamuud man, founded the party in 1943. At its foundation, the party had thirteen founding members that consisted of all the major clans in Somalia, 4 Darood, 3
Hawiye The Hawiye ( so, Hawiye, ar, بنو هوية, it, Hauija) is the largest Somali clan family. Members of this clan traditionally inhabit central and southern Somalia, Somaliland, Ethiopia ( Somali, Harar, Oromia and Afar regions) and the Nor ...
and 3
Rahanweyn The Rahanweyn (Maay: ''Reewin or Roowing'', Northern Somali: ''Raxanweyn'', ar, رحنوين), also known as the Digil and Mirifle () are a Somali clan. It is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa, with a large territory and dense ...
,2 Benadiri. All 4 of the Daarod members were Osman Mahamud. As time went on and the party grew in numbers, so did the amount of Osman Mahamuud members. Members such as
Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ( so, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ar, عبد الرشيد علي شارماركي) (8 June 1919 – 15 October 1969), also known as Abdirashid Shermarke, was Prime Minister of Somali Republic from 12 July 1960, to 14 J ...
and
Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf ( so, Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf, ar, حاجي بشير اسماعيل يوسف) (b. 1912 in Hobyo, Somalia – d. 1984 in Cairo, Egypt), commonly referred to as Haji Bashir,SAMIULLAH, MUHAMMAD. DEVELOPMENT OF CREATI ...
that joined and went on to emerge their ranks.


Executives

The sub-clan has made for 2 Prime Ministers and 1 President. Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke was
Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
of
Somali Republic The Somali Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed; it, Repubblica Somala; ar, الجمهورية الصومالية, Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmālīyyah) was a sovereign state composed of Somalia and Somaliland, following the unification o ...
from July 12, 1960, to June 14, 1964, and President of
Somali Republic The Somali Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed; it, Repubblica Somala; ar, الجمهورية الصومالية, Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmālīyyah) was a sovereign state composed of Somalia and Somaliland, following the unification o ...
from July 6, 1967, until his assassination on October 15, 1969. He was also the father of Somali Prime Minister
Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke (; so, Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ar, عمر شرماركي) (born 18 June 1960), popularly known as Omar Sharmarke, is a Somali diplomat and politician. From 2009 to 2010, he was the Prime Minister of Som ...
, who was the
Prime Minister of Somalia This is a list of prime ministers of Somalia. The prime minister of Somalia ( so, Ra'iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya) is the head of government of Somalia. There have been 22 official prime ministers since the office was created in 1956. The first p ...
. from 2009 to 2010. He subsequently briefly served as
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
's Ambassador to the United States in 2014. Sharmarke was re-appointed Prime Minister of Somalia in December 2014. His term ended on 1 March 2017


Somali Police Force and Somali National Army

The
Somali Police Force ) , mission = , formedyear = , formedmonthday = , preceding1 = Police Corps of Somalia (1910–1960) , employees = , volunteers = , budget = , nongovernment = , country ...
is the national
police The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and t ...
force and the main civil
law enforcement agency A law enforcement agency (LEA) is any government agency responsible for the enforcement of the laws. Jurisdiction LEAs which have their ability to apply their powers restricted in some way are said to operate within a jurisdiction. LEAs ...
of
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
. It served from 1960 to 1991 as one of the principal organs of the
Somali Armed Forces The Somali Armed Forces are the military forces of the Federal Republic of Somalia. Headed by the president as commander-in-chief, they are constitutionally mandated to ensure the nation's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. Ch ...
and upon reorganisation distanced itself away from the Armed Forces. While organised at a national level, each arm reports to a county police authority, which in turn divides its force by local Police Divisions, headquartered at local police stations; the police force was later reconstituted at the start of the 21st century.
Mohamed Abshir Muse Mohamed Abshir Muse ( so, Maxamed Abshir Muuse, ar, محمد أبشير موسى); July 01, 1926 — October 25, 2017 also known as Mahamed Abshir Haamaan, was a prominent Somali General and the first Commander of the Somali Police Force. Early ...
, the first ever Commander of the Somali Police Force, played a big role in progress and influence of the Somali Police Force as he was appointed immediately after Somalia's Independence due to his outstanding resume and past experience. He served the role until the 1969 coup d'état where, after not complying by the coup orders given by General
Mohamed Siad Barre Mohamed Siad Barre ( so, Maxamed Siyaad Barre, Osmanya script: ; ar, محمد سياد بري; c. 1910 – 2 January 1995) was a Somali head of state and general who served as the 3rd president of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 199 ...
, he wound up in jail for over 10 years. After his release, Musa was one of the founders and leaders of the SSDF rebel group dedicated to ousting the authoritarian regime of Siad Barre. Musa would be the head of the political wing while his colleague and fellow clansmen
Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( so, Cabdulaahi Yuusuf Axmed, ar, عبدالله يوسف أحمد‎; 15 December 1934 – 23 March 2012) was a Somali politician and former colonel in the Somali National Army. He was one of the founders of the Somali ...
would lead the armed wing of the rebel faction. Musa passed at age 91 in the United States of America on 25 October 2017 in Minneapolis Minnesota Mohamed Muse Hirsi, commonly known as Adde Muse, was a former general in the
Somali Armed Forces The Somali Armed Forces are the military forces of the Federal Republic of Somalia. Headed by the president as commander-in-chief, they are constitutionally mandated to ensure the nation's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. Ch ...
of long-time Somali president
Mohamed Siad Barre Mohamed Siad Barre ( so, Maxamed Siyaad Barre, Osmanya script: ; ar, محمد سياد بري; c. 1910 – 2 January 1995) was a Somali head of state and general who served as the 3rd president of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 199 ...
. Adde Muse, the grandson of Hersi Boqor and great-grandson of Boqor Osman, was one of the first ever Somali graduates of the internationally renowned
Modena Military Academy The Military Academy of Modena ( it, Accademia militare di Modena) is a military university in Modena, northern Italy. Located in the Palazzo Ducale in the historic center of the city, it was the first such military institution to be created i ...
. From 1963-'65, He served as Secretariat to The Chief of Military Forces. 1965-'67, Chairman of Horseed political party. 1970-'72, Commander of the 21st Division,
Somali National Army The Somali National Army ( Somali: ''Xooga Dalka Soomaaliyeed,'' lit. ''"Somali Ground Forces"'') is the ground forces component of the Somali Armed Forces, and is the largest out of the three service branches that make up the majority of the A ...
. 1972 – '73 Chief of Training, Somali Military Forces. Adde later became a local and state governor in northern Somalia before the 1991 outbreak of the
Somali Civil War The Somali Civil War ( so, Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; ar, الحرب الأهلية الصومالية ) is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the Military dictatorship, military junta wh ...
. He also served as a military attaché to
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
during the mid to late 1970s. After his stint in China, he later relocated to
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
in 1979. Mohamed Muse Hirsi passed 8 February 2017 in the UAE. He was 79 years of age.


Siad Barre Regime


President Abdirashid Sharmarke assassination

On October 15, 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of
Las Anod Las Anod ( so, Laascaanood; ar, لاسعانود) is the administrative capital of the Sool region of Somaliland. Territorial dispute The city is disputed by Puntland and Somaliland. The former bases its claim due to the kinship ties between ...
, Somalia's then President
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ( so, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ar, عبد الرشيد علي شارماركي) (8 June 1919 – 15 October 1969), also known as Abdirashid Shermarke, was Prime Minister of Somali Republic from 12 July 1960, to 14 J ...
was shot dead by a policeman in his security team. His assassination was quickly followed by a military
coup d'état A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, m ...
on October 21, 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army and police force seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General
Mohamed Siad Barre Mohamed Siad Barre ( so, Maxamed Siyaad Barre, Osmanya script: ; ar, محمد سياد بري; c. 1910 – 2 January 1995) was a Somali head of state and general who served as the 3rd president of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 199 ...
, who at the time commanded the army. For refusing to support Barre's seizure of power, numerous political figures were imprisoned. Among these were General Mohamed Abshir Muse of the Osman Mahmoud and
Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( so, Cabdulaahi Yuusuf Axmed, ar, عبدالله يوسف أحمد‎; 15 December 1934 – 23 March 2012) was a Somali politician and former colonel in the Somali National Army. He was one of the founders of the Somali ...
of Omar Mahmoud. They and many others of political power were imprisoned for several years by the new military regime.


1978 coup d'etat attempt

The
1978 Somali coup d'état attempt The 1978 Somali coup d'état attempt was a violent military coup attempt that took place in Somalia (then Somali Democratic Republic) on 9 April 1978, against the regime of President Siad Barre. The United States Central Intelligence Agency est ...
was a violent
military A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...
coup attempt that took place in
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
(then
Somali Democratic Republic The Somali Democratic Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya Soomaaliyeed; ar, الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية, ; it, Repubblica Democratica Somala) was the name that the socialist military government gave to Som ...
) on 9 April 1978, against the regime of President Siad Barre. The United States Central Intelligence Agency estimated that the coup. The coup attempt was staged by a group of disgruntled Army officers, led by Colonel Mohamed Osman Irro, in the aftermath of the disastrous
Ogaden War The Ogaden War, or the Ethio-Somali War (, am, የኢትዮጵያ ሶማሊያ ጦርነት, ye’ītiyop’iya somalīya t’orineti), was a military conflict fought between Somalia and Ethiopia from July 1977 to March 1978 over the Ethiopi ...
against
Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
(then ruled by the
Mengistu Mengistu Haile Mariam ( am, መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማሪያም, pronunciation: ; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian politician and former army officer who was the head of state of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991 and General Secretary of the Wor ...
-led
Derg The Derg (also spelled Dergue; , ), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia, then including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when the military leadership formally " c ...
). The war was initiated by Siad Barre, who had himself come into power a decade earlier in the
1969 Somali coup d'état The 1969 Somali coup d'état was the bloodless takeover of Somalia's government on 21 October 1969 by far-left military officers of the Supreme Revolutionary Council led by Siad Barre. Somali troops supported by tanks under the command of Barre ...
. A United States
Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
(CIA) memorandum written the following month speculated that the coup was in response to Barre ordering the arrest and execution of officers that participated in the Ogaden War. The officers believed that Barre had intentionally used troops from other
clans A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clans may claim descent from founding member or apical ancestor. Clans, in indigenous societies, tend to be endogamous, meaning ...
as "cannon fodder" while officers from his own Marehan clan were given safer orders. The report concluded that the officers involved in the c The coup was launched on 9 April 1978. The bulk of the fighting concluded within the day. Gunfire broke out at the village of Afgoy, south of the capital
Mogadishu Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...
, and small-arms fire and explosions were heard on the outskirts of the capital. The coup was originally planned to start in
Hargeisa Hargeisa (; so, Hargeysa, ar, هرجيسا) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Somaliland. It is located in the Maroodi Jeex region of the Horn of Africa. It succeeded Burco as the capital of the British Somaliland Protector ...
, but Barre likely knew of the attempt in advance and was able to disrupt the coup before it launched, as well as position forces loyal to himself in the capital. The CIA estimated that the coup involved around 24 officers, 2,000 soldiers, and 65 tanks oup "were motivated at least as much by long-standing ethnic animosities toward Barre as by disenchantment with his regime in the aftermath of the Ogaden debacle". Following the failed coup, 17 alleged ringleaders were executed. Barre used the coup as justification to
purge In history, religion and political science, a purge is a position removal or execution of people who are considered undesirable by those in power from a government, another organization, their team leaders, or society as a whole. A group undertak ...
members of the clans involved in the coup from government and military positions. 12 Majeerteen clansmen were
summarily executed A summary execution is an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and immediately killed without the benefit of a full and fair trial. Executions as the result of summary justice (such as a drumhead court-martial) are sometimes include ...
by
firing squad Execution by firing squad, in the past sometimes called fusillading (from the French ''fusil'', rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are us ...
along with 5 soldiers of other clans including
Hawiye The Hawiye ( so, Hawiye, ar, بنو هوية, it, Hauija) is the largest Somali clan family. Members of this clan traditionally inhabit central and southern Somalia, Somaliland, Ethiopia ( Somali, Harar, Oromia and Afar regions) and the Nor ...
,
Issaq ''Issaq'' () is a 2013 Indian Hindi romantic film directed by Manish Tiwary and produced by Dhaval Gada and Shailesh R. Singh. The film, written by Padmaja Thakore-Tiwary, Manish Tiwary and Pawan Sony, was released on 26 July 2013. The film fe ...
, and others. Of the Majeerteen soldiers put to death, 5 of them hailed from Omar Mahmoud including Irro, 4 of Osman Mahmoud, 1 Isse Mahmoud and 1 Nuh Jibril.


SSDF

One of the plotters, Lieutenant Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, escaped to Ethiopia and founded an anti-Siad Barre organization initially called the Somali Salvation Front (SSF; later the
Somali Salvation Democratic Front Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) ( so, Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed), initially known as the Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia, was a political and paramilitary umbrella organization in Somalia. Founded in 1978 ...
, SSDF), initiating the
Somali Rebellion The Somali Rebellion was the beginning of the civil war in Somalia that occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s. The rebellion started in 1978 when President Siad Barre began using his special forces, the "Red Berets" (''Duub Cas''), to attac ...
and eventually the
Somali Civil War The Somali Civil War ( so, Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; ar, الحرب الأهلية الصومالية ) is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the Military dictatorship, military junta wh ...
. Somali Salvation Democratic Front, was a political and paramilitary umbrella organization in
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
. Founded in 1978 by several army officers, it was the first of several opposition groups dedicated to ousting the authoritarian regime of
Mohamed Siad Barre Mohamed Siad Barre ( so, Maxamed Siyaad Barre, Osmanya script: ; ar, محمد سياد بري; c. 1910 – 2 January 1995) was a Somali head of state and general who served as the 3rd president of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 199 ...
. After the fall of the Barre regime, the SSDF (based largely in northeastern Somalia) was divided in two factions. Mohamed Abshir Musa controlled the political wing while Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed led the armed wing from 1991 to 1998. There was a brief leadership struggle between the two parties, with Abdullahi Yusuf garnering the support of former military officials and Mohamed Abshir Muse the support from politicians associated with the civilian government of the 1960s.


Puntland


Establishment of the Federal State

Following the outbreak of the
Somali Civil War The Somali Civil War ( so, Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; ar, الحرب الأهلية الصومالية ) is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the Military dictatorship, military junta wh ...
in 1991, a home-grown constitutional conference was held in
Garoowe Garowe ( so, Garoowe, ar, غَاْرَّوْؤَيَ,
in 1998 over a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (''Issims''), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners. Unlike the republic of
Somaliland Somaliland,; ar, صوماليلاند ', ' officially the Republic of Somaliland,, ar, جمهورية صوماليلاند, link=no ''Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd'' is a ''de facto'' sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, still conside ...
to its west, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation. However, both regions have one thing in common: they base their support upon clan elders and their organizational structure along lines based on clan relationships and
kinship In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated. Anthropologist Robin Fox says that ...
. However, a key difference was that Puntland was formed as a descendant-based entity unlike in Somaliland. The state was established as a "homeland" for the
Harti Harti ( so, Harti, ar, هرتي), meaning "strong man", is a Somali clan family that is part of the Darod clan. The major sub-clans include the Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali, Tinle, Maganlabe and Dishiishe, while other minor sub-clans ...
community of Northern Somalia, whereby the
Majeerten The Majeerteen ( so, Majeerteen, ar, ماجرتين; also spelled Majerteen, Macherten, Majertain, or Mijurtin) is a sub-clan. It is one of the major Somali groups, with a vast traditional territory spanning 3 major regions of Somalia: Bari, ...
were deemed as the "chief architects" of the entity. Since its establishment in 1998, Puntland has also been in territorial disputes with Somaliland over the
Sool Sool ( so, Sool, ar, صول) is an administrative region ('' gobol'') in south eastern Somaliland/north western Somalia. It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Nugal, Bari to the east. Its capital city ...
,
Sanaag Sanag ( so, Sanaag, ar, سَنَاج) is an administrative region (''Administrative divisions of Somaliland, gobol'') in north eastern Somaliland.Jama Ali Jama Jama Ali Jama ( so, Jaamac Cali Jaamac, ar, جامع علي جامع) is a Somali politician. He was the President of Puntland from November 14, 2001, to May 8, 2002. Early life Jama was born to a family from the Osman Mahmoud sub-clan of the ...
as the new Puntland President. Jama was a colonel in the Somali National Army prior to the Barre regime and in the mid-70s, promoted to chief ideologue of
socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...
in the
Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...
by the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
. Yusuf refused to accept the elders' decision on Jama as president, and in December 2001, he seized by force the town of Garowe, reportedly with Ethiopian support. In early May, Yusuf seized Bosaso and controlled Puntland in general. Forces loyal to Puntland president Jama Ali Jama, led by Adde Muse, withdrew from Bosaso without a fight to avoid the image of conflict between one clan/family in the public eye. Both Yusuf and Jama continued to claim the presidency, and there were continued efforts to resolve the conflict at year's end. A ban on political parties in Puntland remained in place.


President Adde Muse administration

After Abdullahi Yusuf's second term came to an end, he was succeeded by his vice president
Mohamed Hashi Mohamed Abdi Hashi ( so, Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi, ar, محمد عبدي هاشي; died 12 July 2020) was a Somali politician, who served as the president of USP during the 1990s. He hailed from the Dhulbahante clan, Qayaad sub clan. He was the ...
who hailed from the Dhulbahante clan. After serving just over two months, Hashi lost his re-election bid to Mohamed Muse Hirsi. In March 2005, President Muse began an ambitious plan to build an airport in Puntland commercial capital, Bosaso project which is now complete and referred to as
Bender Qassim International Airport Bosaso Airport ( so, Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Bender Qaasim, ar, مطار بوصاصو), also known as Bosaso International Airport, is an airport in Somalia. It sits at 11°16′32″N 49°9′0″E on the outer edge of the city of Bosaso, the ...
. In April 2007, Muse held meetings with Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, the crown prince and deputy ruler of
Ras al-Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) ( ar, رَأْس ٱلْخَيْمَة, historically Julfar) is the largest city and capital of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. It is the sixth-largest city in UAE after Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Al Ain ...
in the
United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE; ar, اَلْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَة الْمُتَحِدَة ), or simply the Emirates ( ar, الِْإمَارَات ), is a country in Western Asia (The Middle East). It is located at th ...
(UAE), where the two leaders signed an agreement on a deal for setting up of a dedicated livestock quarantine facility to facilitate the import of
livestock Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals ...
from Somalia to the UAE. In October 2008, Muse also signed a Dh170 million agreement with
Dubai Dubai (, ; ar, دبي, translit=Dubayy, , ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, the most populated of the 7 emirates of the United Arab Emirates.The Government and Politics of ...
's Lootah Group to support the construction of an airport, seaport and free zone in the coastal city of Bosaso. Muse indicated that "I believe that when we finish all these projects our people will benefit by getting good health services, education and overall prosperity.


President Said Abdullahi Dani


International Notability


Clan tree

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. *Isse Mahmoud Saleban *Omar Mahmoud Saleban *Osman Mahmoud Saleban **Idris Osman (Bah-Gareen) **Hussein Osman (Bah-Gareen) **Ahmed Osman (Bah-Gareen) **Yusuf Osman ***Abdirihiim Yusuf ***Dudub Yusuf (Bah-Leelkase) ***Dini Yusuf (Bah-Leelkase) ***Mohamed Yusuf ****Aamir Mohamed ****Elmi Mohamed ****Ismail Mohamed *****Bah-Libaan-Gashe *****Bah-Dir ******Yusuf Ismail ******Ali Ismail *****Bah-Leelkase ****Muuse Mohamed ****Omar Mohamed *****Samatar Omar *****Guleed Omar *****Yusuf Omar (Bah-Araarsame) *****Sultan Ali Omar ******Yusuf Sultan ******Dalal Sultan ******Muse Sultan ******Mohamed Sultan *******Farah Mohamed *******Yusuf Ali ********Nur Yusuf (Bah-Isxul) ********Muse Yusuf (Bah Isxul) ********Samatar Yusuf (Bah-Isxul) ********Ugaaryahan Yusuf (Bah-Isxul) ********Said Yusuf (Bah-Dubays) ********Hassan Yusuf (Bah-Dubays) ********Mahamoud Yusuf (Hawadane) *********Ugaaryahan Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante) *********Liiban Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante) *********Cigale Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante) *********Hirsi Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante) *********Hussein Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub) *********Hassan Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub) *********Shirwac Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub) *********Waceys Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub) *********Nuh Mahmoud (Bah-Yacquub) *********Cumar Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub) *********Warfa Mahamoud (Bah-Dir Rooble) *********Guled Mahmoud (Bah-Dir Rooble) *********Samatar Mahamoud (Bah-Dir Rooble) *********Mohamed Mahamoud (Bah-Dir Rooble)


Prominent figures

* Boqor Osman Mahamuud, A Somali king who ruled over the
Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate ( so, Suldanadda Majeerteen 𐒈𐒚𐒐𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒖 𐒑𐒖𐒃𐒜𐒇𐒂𐒜𐒒, lit=Boqortooyada Majerteen, ar, سلطنة مجرتين), also known as Majeerteen Kingdom or Majeerteenia and Migiu ...
and helped it prosper during the 19th century. one of the three prominent rulers of present-day
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
at the turn of the 20th century *
Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke ( so, Yaasiin Haaji 'Ismaan Shirmarke, ar, ياسين الحاج عثمان شارماركي) was a Somali political figure and activist. History He was the leader and founder of the Somali Youth League (SYL), So ...
, Founder and important figure in the
Somali Youth League The Somali Youth League (SYL) ( so, Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed رابطة الشباب الصومالي, it, Lega dei Giovani Somali or ''Lega Somala della Gioventù''), initially known as the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was the first politi ...
(SYL) * Ilhan Omar, first Somali-American legislator in the US *
Abdulqawi Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf ( so, Cabdulqaawi Axmed Yuusuf) is a Somali lawyer and judge serving on the International Court of Justice since 2009. He served as the court's president from 2018 to 2021. Early life Yusuf was born in the northeastern t ...
, President and head judge of the
International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ; french: Cour internationale de justice, links=no; ), sometimes known as the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states in accordanc ...
from 2018 to 2021, but was a part of the court since February 6, 2009 *
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ( so, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ar, عبد الرشيد علي شارماركي) (8 June 1919 – 15 October 1969), also known as Abdirashid Shermarke, was Prime Minister of Somali Republic from 12 July 1960, to 14 J ...
, first Prime Minister and second President of Somalia * Jawahir Ahmed, Somali-American Model, winner of Miss Africa Utah pageant representing Somalia * Haji Muuse Boqor, first Minister of Interior and Somalia's president-elect following President Sharmarke's assassination *
Hussein Samatar Hussein Samatar ( so, Xuseen Samatar, ar, حسين ساماتار) (1964 – 25 August 2013) was a Somali American politician, banker and community organizer. He established the African Development Center in 2004, which provided microloans and ...
, Somali American politician, banker and community organizer. Founder o
African Development Center
* Boqor Burhaan Boqor Muuse, the 34th
Daarood The Darod ( so, Daarood, ar, دارود) is a Somali clan. The forefather of this clan was Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, more commonly known as ''Darood''. The clan primarily settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripheri ...
king *
Mohamed Abshir Muse Mohamed Abshir Muse ( so, Maxamed Abshir Muuse, ar, محمد أبشير موسى); July 01, 1926 — October 25, 2017 also known as Mahamed Abshir Haamaan, was a prominent Somali General and the first Commander of the Somali Police Force. Early ...
, First commander of the Somali Police Force *
Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf ( so, Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf, ar, حاجي بشير اسماعيل يوسف) (b. 1912 in Hobyo, Somalia – d. 1984 in Cairo, Egypt), commonly referred to as Haji Bashir,SAMIULLAH, MUHAMMAD. DEVELOPMENT OF CREATI ...
, First President of Somali National Assembly (1 July 1960), Minister of Health and Labor (1966-1967) *
Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke (; so, Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ar, عمر شرماركي) (born 18 June 1960), popularly known as Omar Sharmarke, is a Somali diplomat and politician. From 2009 to 2010, he was the Prime Minister of Som ...
, Prime Minister of Somalia *
Mohamud Muse Hersi Mohamud Muse Hersi ( so, Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi Cadde, ar, محمد موسى حرسي; 1 July 1937 – 8 February 2017), also known as Adde Musa, was a Somali politician. He was the President of the Puntland region of Somalia from 8 January 2005 to ...
, former President of Puntland *
Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid Yasin Osman Kenadid ( so, Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid, ar, ياسين عثمان كينايديض) (1919–27 November 1988) was a Somali intellectual, writer and linguist. He was an influential literary scholar, having written a seminal dictionar ...
, author of the Somali Dictionary and founding member of the Somali Youth League *
Jama Ali Jama Jama Ali Jama ( so, Jaamac Cali Jaamac, ar, جامع علي جامع) is a Somali politician. He was the President of Puntland from November 14, 2001, to May 8, 2002. Early life Jama was born to a family from the Osman Mahmoud sub-clan of the ...
, Somali army colonel and former President of Puntland *
Faysal Ahmed Faysal Ahmed ( so, Faysal Axmed; born 11 July 1985) is a Somali Americans, Somali–American actor from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Early life Ahmed was born one of nine children in 1985 in Yemen. Although his family is originally from Somalia, he g ...
, Somali Actor, co-starred in hit movie Captain Phillips * Hirsi Magan Isse, scholar, leader of the Somali revolution *
Yusuf Ali Kenadid Yusuf Ali Kenadid ( so, Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid; 1837 - 14 August 1911) was a Somali Sultan. He was the founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo in April 1878. He was succeeded atop the throne by his son Ali Yusuf Kenadid. Family Yusuf Ali Kenadid was bo ...
, founder of the
Sultanate of Hobyo The Sultanate of Hobyo ( so, Saldanadda Hobyo, ar, سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia,''New International Encyclopedia'', Volume 21, (Dodd, Mead: 1916), p.283. was a 19th-century Somali people, Somali kingdom in present ...
, one of the three prominent rulers of present-day
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
at the turn of the 20th century *
Ali Yusuf Kenadid Ali Yusuf Kenadid ( so, Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid, ar, علي يوسف كينايديض) was a Somali ruler. He was the second ruler of the Sultanate of Hobyo. History Ali Yusuf was born into a Majeerteen Darod family. His father, Sultan Yusuf Ali ...
, Somali ruler. He was the second
Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...
of the
Sultanate of Hobyo The Sultanate of Hobyo ( so, Saldanadda Hobyo, ar, سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia,''New International Encyclopedia'', Volume 21, (Dodd, Mead: 1916), p.283. was a 19th-century Somali people, Somali kingdom in present ...
* Hersi Boqor, anti-colonial leader of
Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate ( so, Suldanadda Majeerteen 𐒈𐒚𐒐𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒖 𐒑𐒖𐒃𐒜𐒇𐒂𐒜𐒒, lit=Boqortooyada Majerteen, ar, سلطنة مجرتين), also known as Majeerteen Kingdom or Majeerteenia and Migiu ...
forces, was heir to his father's throne *
Osman Yusuf Kenadid Osman Yusuf Kenadid ( so, Cusmaan Yuusuf Keenadiid; ar, عثمان يوسف كيناديد; 1889 – 14 August 1972) was a Somali poet, writer, teacher and ruler. Born in Ceel Huur in 1889, he went on to create the Osmanya alphabet for writin ...
, inventor of the Osmanya writing script *
Saida Haji Bashir Ismail Saida Haji Bashir Ismail ( so, Saciida Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil, ar, سعيدة حاجي بشير اسماعيل) is a Somali politician. Biography Saida Ismail is the daughter of Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, the first President of the Somali Nati ...
, former Finance Vice-Minister in the TNG (2000-2004) *
Said Abdullahi Dani Said Abdullahi Deni (, ; born 1966 or 1967, also known as Said Deni, is the current president of Puntland. Previously, he served as the minister of planning of Somalia, after having been appointed to the position on 17 January 2014 by the prime ...
, current president of
Puntland Puntland ( so, Puntland, ar, أرض البنط, it, Terra di Punt or ''Paese di Punt''), officially the Puntland State of Somalia ( so, Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya, ar, ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية), is a F ...
, former Minister of Planning of
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...


References


Notes

The Majeerteen Sultanates
{{Somali clans Majeerteen Somali clans in Ethiopia