Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ( fa, ناصرالدین‌شاه قاجار; 16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth

Shah Shah (; fa, شاه, , ) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies.Yarshater, EhsaPersia or Iran, Persian or Farsi, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) It was also used by a variety of ...

Qajar Iran Qajar Iran (), also referred to as Qajar Persia, the Qajar Empire, '. Sublime State of Persia, officially the Sublime State of Iran ( fa, دولت علیّه ایران ') and also known then as the Guarded Domains of Iran ( fa, ممالک م ...

from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Malek Jahan Khanom and the third longest reigning monarch in Iranian history after

Shapur II Shapur II ( pal, 𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩 ; New Persian: , ''Šāpur'', 309 – 379), also known as Shapur the Great, was the tenth Sasanian King of Kings (Shahanshah) of Iran. The longest-reigning monarch in Iranian history, he reigne ...

of the Sassanid dynasty and

Tahmasp I Tahmasp I ( fa, طهماسب, translit=Ṭahmāsb or ; 22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was the second shah of Safavid Iran from 1524 to 1576. He was the eldest son of Ismail I and his principal consort, Tajlu Khanum. Ascending the throne after ...

of the Safavid dynasty. Nasser al-Din Shah had sovereign power for close to 51 years. He was the first modern Persian monarch who formally visited Europe and wrote of his travels in his memoirs. A modernist, he allowed the establishment of newspapers in the country and made use of modern forms of technology such as telegraphs, photography and also planned concessions for railways and irrigation works. Despite his modernizing reforms on education, his tax reforms were abused by people in power, and the government was viewed as corrupt and unable to protect commoners from abuse by the upper class which led to increasing antigovernmental sentiments. He ended up being assassinated when visiting a

shrine A shrine ( la, scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: ''escrin'' "box or case") is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they ...

Reign

Effectiveness of his early rule

The state under Naser al-Din was the recognized government of Iran but its authority was undermined by local tribal leaders. The religious and tribal chieftains held quite a bit of autonomy over their communities. Naser al-Din was not effective in implementing his sovereignty over his people. Local groups had their own militias and oftentimes did not obey laws passed by the monarchy since they did not have the power to enforce them. The people followed the ulama's fatwas instead of state issued law. When Naser al-Din took power, his army barely had 3,000 men which was significantly smaller than the armies under various tribal leaders. When the state needed a proper army, he would hire the local militias. Prior to his reforms, Naser's government had very little power over their subjects and even during the reforms, they faced more scrutiny over their ability to implement those reforms successfully.

Diplomacy and wars

Naser al-Din Shah by Abul Hasan Ghaffari 1854

Naser al-Din was in

Tabriz Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the List of largest cities of Iran, sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quri Chay, Quru River valley in Iran's historic Aze ...

when he heard of his father's death in 1848, and he ascended to the

Sun Throne The Sun Throne ( fa, تخت خورشید, Takht-e Khurshīd) is the imperial throne of Iran. It has its name after a radiant sun disk on the headboard. The throne has the shape of a platform, similar to the Marble Throne in Golestan Palace. The ...

with the help of

Amir Kabir Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani ( fa, میرزا تقی‌خان فراهانی), better known as Amir Kabir (Persian: ‎, 9 January 1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the title of ''Amir-e Nezam'' or ''Amir Nezam'' (), was chief minister t ...

. During his reign he would have to deal with the

Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar The Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar was a revolt that occurred in Khorasan from 1846 to 1850. It began as a result of the power struggle in the Qajar court. One of the factions manifested itself in Khorasan by Hasan Khan Salar. Salar's revolt sought t ...

, as well as insurrections by Babis. Naser al-Din had early

reformist Reformism is a political doctrine advocating the reform of an existing system or institution instead of its abolition and replacement. Within the socialist movement, reformism is the view that gradual changes through existing institutions can ...

tendencies, but was dictatorial in his style of government. With his sanction, thousands of Bábis were killed, this was in reaction to an assassination attempt from a small group of Bábis. This treatment continued under his prime minister Amir Kabir, who even ordered the execution of the

Báb The Báb (b. ʿAlí Muḥammad; 20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850), was the messianic founder of Bábism, and one of the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith. He was a merchant from Shiraz in Qajar Iran who, in 1844 at the age of 25, claimed ...

– regarded as a manifestation of God to Bábí's and Baháʼís, and to historians as the founder of the Bábí religion. Unable to regain the territory in the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

irrevocably lost to

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

in the early 19th century, Naser al-Din sought compensation by seizing Herat, in 1856.

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It i ...

regarded the move as a threat to

British India The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance on the Indian subcontinent. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one ...

and declared war on Persia, forcing the return of Herat as well as Persia's recognition of the kingdom of Afghanistan. Naser al-Din was the first modern Persian monarch to visit Europe in 1873 and then again in 1878 (when he saw a Royal Navy Fleet Review), and finally in 1889 and was reportedly amazed with the technology he saw. During his visit to the United Kingdom in 1873, Naser al-Din Shah was appointed by Queen Victoria a Knight of the Order of the Garter, the highest English order of chivalry. He was the first Persian monarch to be honoured as such. His travel diary of his 1873 trip has been published in several languages, including Persian, German, French, and Dutch. In 1890 Naser al-Din met British major Gerald F. Talbot and signed a

contract A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties that creates, defines, and governs mutual rights and obligations between them. A contract typically involves the transfer of goods, services, money, or a promise to tr ...

with him giving him the ownership of the Persian

tobacco Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus '' Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the ...

industry, but he later was forced to cancel the contract after

Ayatollah Ayatollah ( ; fa, آیت‌الله, āyatollāh) is an honorific title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy in Iran and Iraq that came into widespread usage in the 20th century. Etymology The title is originally derived from Arabic word p ...

Mirza Hassan Shirazi issued a fatwa that made farming, trading, and consuming tobacco

haram ''Haram'' (; ar, حَرَام, , ) is an Arabic term meaning 'Forbidden'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowle ...

(forbidden). Consuming tobacco from the newly monopolized 'Talbet' company represented foreign exploitation, so for that reason it was deemed immoral. It even affected the Shah's personal life as his wives did not allow him to smoke. This was not the end of Naser al-Din's attempts to give concessions to Europeans; he later gave the ownership of Persian customs incomes to

Paul Julius Reuter Paul Julius Reuter (born Israel Beer Josaphat; 21 July 1816 – 25 February 1899), later ennobled as Freiherr von Reuter (Baron von Reuter), was a German-born British entrepreneur who was a pioneer of telegraphy and news reporting. He defeated various rebels in the Iranian provinces, most notably in Khorasan, he balanced the budget by introducing reforms to the tax system, curbed the power of the

clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...

in the judiciary, built several military factories, improved relations with other powers to curb British and Russian influence, opened the first newspaper called ''Vaghaye-Ettefaghieh'', embellished and modernized cities (for example by building the Tehran Bazaar) and most importantly opened the first Iranian school for upper education called the Dar ul-Funun where many Iranian intellectuals received their education. However Naser al-Din Shah's reforms were unpopular with some people. The shah gradually lost interest for reform. However, he took some important measures such as introducing

telegraphy Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas ...

and postal services and building roads. He also increased the size of the state's military and created a new group called the

Persian Cossack Brigade , image = Persian Cossack Brigade.jpg , caption = Persian Cossack Brigade in Tabriz in 1909 , dates = 1879–1921 , disbanded = 6 December 1921 , count ...

which was trained and armed by the Russians. He was the first Persian to be photographed and was a patron of

photography Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employe ...

who had himself photographed hundreds of times. His final prime minister was Ali Asghar Khan, who after the shah's assassination aided in securing the transfer of the throne to Mozaffar al-Din. The Shah and the British Royal Family

Although he was successful in introducing these western based reforms, he was not successful in gaining complete sovereignty over his people or getting them to accept these reforms. The school he opened, Dar al-Funun, had very small enrollment numbers. The restrictions defined by Sh'ia Islam on the shah's collection of the ''zakat'' led to those funds going straight into the coffers of the ulama. Therefore, the financial autonomy given to the ulama enabled them to remain structurally independent, keeping madrasahs open and supporting the students therein. The ulama also maintained their authority to challenge state law. To fund these new institutions and building projects, Naser repeatedly used

tax farming Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contrac ...

to increase state revenue. Unfortunately, tax collectors routinely abused their power and the government was viewed as corrupt and unable to protect them from abuse by the upper class. This anti-government sentiment increased the ulama's power over the people because they were able to provide them security. Keddie states in her book, ''Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran'', that at the time "it was still considered a sign of greater status to be admitted to the ranks of the ulama than it was to become a member of the civil service." In 1852 Naser al-Din dismissed and executed

, the famous Persian reformer. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Persia led by meritocracy rather than nepotism. In the later years of his rule, however, Naser al-Din steadfastly refused to deal with the growing pressures for reforms. He also granted a series of concessionary rights to foreigners in return for large payments. In 1872, popular pressure forced him to withdraw one concession involving permission to construct such complexes as

railway Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...

s and

irrigation Irrigation (also referred to as watering) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns. Irrigation has been a key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been devel ...

works throughout Persia. He visited Europe in 1873, 1878 and 1889. In 1890, he granted a 50-year concession on the purchase, sale, and processing of all tobacco in the country, which led to a national boycott of tobacco and the withdrawal of the concession. This last incident is considered by many authorities to be the origin of modern

Iranian nationalism Iranian nationalismPersian: ملی‌گرایی ایرانی Baloch: راج دوستی ایرانی Kurdish: نەتەوە پەروەریی ئێرانی Gilaki: ایجانایی ایرانی Azerbaijani: İran millətçiliyi Turkmen: Eýrany� ...

Assassination

Brooklyn Museum - The Late Nasir al-Din Shah Lying in State in the Takiah Dawlat One of 274 Vintage Photographs

Naser al-Din was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani, a follower of Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, when he was visiting and praying in the

Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine The Shāh Abdol-Azīm Shrine ( fa, شاه عبدالعظیم), also known as Shabdolazim, located in Rey, Iran, contains the tomb of ‘Abdul ‘Adhīm ibn ‘Abdillāh al-Hasanī (aka Shah Abdol Azim). Shah Abdol Azim was a fifth generation de ...

on 1 May 1896. It is said that the revolver used to assassinate him was old and rusty, and had he worn a thicker overcoat, or been shot from a longer range, he would have survived the attempt on his life. Shortly before his death, he is reported to have said "I will rule you differently if I survive!" The assassin was prosecuted by the defence minister, Nazm ol-Dowleh. Nasser-al-Din Shah's assassination and the subsequent execution of Mirza Reza Kermani marked a turning point in Iranian political thought that would ultimately lead to the

Iranian Constitutional Revolution The Persian Constitutional Revolution ( fa, مشروطیت, Mashrūtiyyat, or ''Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh''), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a par ...

during his successor Mozzafar-al-Din Shah's turbulent reign. Naser al-Din Shah's tomb stone 8013

Naser al-Din was buried in the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine, in

Rayy Shahr-e Ray ( fa, شهر ری, ) or simply Ray (Shar e Ray; ) is the capital of Ray County in Tehran Province, Iran. Formerly a distinct city, it has now been absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran as the 20th district of municip ...

near

Tehran Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most popul ...

, where he was assassinated. His funeral took place six months after his death. A British diplomat who spoke with some who had been present, Charles Hardinge, commented "... the corpse was conveyed on a very high funeral car and was 'high' in more ways than one". His one-piece marble tombstone, bearing his full effigy, is now kept in the

Golestan Palace The Golestan Palace ( fa, کاخ گلستان, ''Kākh-e Golestān''), also transliterated as the Gulistan Palace and sometimes translated as the Rose Garden Palace from Persian language, was built in the 16th century, renovated in the 18th cen ...

Museum in Tehran.

Artistic and literary interests

Naser al-Din Shah was very interested in painting and

. He was a talented painter and, even though he had not been trained, was an expert in

pen and ink A pen is a common writing tool, writing instrument that applies ink to a surface, usually paper, for writing or drawing. Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount of ink on a Nib (pen), nib or in a sm ...

drawing. Several of his pen and ink drawings survive. He was one of the first photographers in Persia and was a patron of the art. He established a photography studio in

. Naser al-Din was also a

poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator ( thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems ( oral or wri ...

. 200 couplets of his were recorded in the preface of ''Majma'ul Fusahā'', a work by Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat about poets of the Qajar period. He was interested in history and geography and had many books on these topics in his library. He also knew French and

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

, but was not fluent in either language. ''Hekāyāt Pir o Javān'' (; "The Tale of the Old and the Young") was attributed to him by many; it was one of the first Persian stories written in modern European style. He also wrote the book '' Diary of H.M. the Shah of Persia during his tour through Europe in A.D. 1873''.

Issue

Sons *Prince Soltan Mahmoud Mirza (1847–1849) Vali Ahad of Persia, 1849 *Prince Soltan Moin ed-Din Mirza (1849 – 6 November 1856) Vali Ahad of Persia, 1849–56 *Prince Soltan Massoud Mirza Zell os-Soltan (5 January 1850 – 2 July 1918) *Prince Mohammad-Qassem Mirza (1850 – 29 June 1858) Vali Ahad of Persia, 1856-8 *Prince Soltan Hossein Mirza Jalal od-Dowleh (1852–1868) *Prince Mozaffar ed-Din Mirza (25 March 1853 – 7 January 1907) *Prince Kamran Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh (22 July 1856 – 15 April 1929) *Prince Nosrat ed-Din Mirza Salar os-Saltaneh (2 May 1882 – 1954) *Prince Mohammad-Reza Mirza Rokn os-Saltaneh (30 January 1884 – 8 July 1951) *Prince Hossein-Ali Mirza Yamin od-Dowleh (1890–1952) *Prince Ahmad Mirza Azd os-Saltaneh (1891–1939) Daughters *Princess Afsar od-Dowleh *Princess Fakhr ol-Moluk (1847 – 9 April 1878) *Princess Esmat od-Dowleh (1855 – 3 September 1905) *Princess Zi'a os-Saltaneh (1856 – 11 April 1898) *Princess Fakhr od-Dowleh (1859–1891) *Princess Forugh od-Dowleh (1862–1916) *Princess Eftekhar os-Saltaneh (1880–1941) *Princess Farah os-Saltaneh (1882 – 17 April 1899) *Princess Tadj os-Saltaneh (1883 – 25 January 1936) *Princess Ezz os-Saltaneh (1888–1982) *Princess Sharafsaltaneh

Honours

Persian

* Founder of the Imperial Order of the August Portrait, ''1848'' * Founder of the Decoration of the Commander of the Faithful, ''November 1856'' * Founder of the Imperial Order of the Aqdas, ''1870'' * Founder of the Imperial Order of the Sun for Ladies, ''1873''

Foreign

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence ...

: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen, in Brilliants, ''1859'' * Grand Duchy of Baden: ** Knight of the

House Order of Fidelity The House Order of Fidelity (german: Hausorden der Treue) is a dynastic order of the Margraviate of Baden. It was established by Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach as a reward for merit and to mark the laying of the foundation ston ...

, ''1889'' ** Knight of the

Order of Berthold the First The Order of Berthold the First was a dynastic order in the Grand Duchy of Baden. It was established on 29 April 1877 by Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of his accession as an additional class above the gra ...

, ''1889'' *

Kingdom of Bavaria The Kingdom of Bavaria (german: Königreich Bayern; ; spelled ''Baiern'' until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918. With the unification of Germany into the German ...

: Knight of the

Order of Saint Hubert The Royal Order of Saint Hubert (german: Sankt Hubertus Königlicher Orden), or sometimes (german: Königlicher Orden des Heiligen Hubertus) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood founded in 1444 or 1445 by Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülic ...

, ''1889'' *

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military), ''4 August 1857'' * French Empire: Grand Cross of the

Legion d'Honneur The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon B ...

, ''1855'' *

Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and f ...

: ** Knight of the

Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation ( it, Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry, originating in Savoy. It eventually was the pinnacle of the honours system in the Kingdom of Italy, which ce ...

, ''13 April 1861'' ** Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, ''1862'' *

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

: Grand Cross of the

Order of the Netherlands Lion The Order of the Netherlands Lion, also known as the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands ( nl, De Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw, french: L'Ordre du Lion Néerlandais) is a Dutch order of chivalry founded by King William I of the Netherlands on ...

, ''1868'' *

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

: **

Order of Osmanieh The Order of Osmanieh or Order of Osmaniye ( ota, نشانِ عثمانیہ) was a civil and military decoration of the Ottoman Empire. History The order was created in January 1862 by Sultan Abdülaziz. With the obsolescence of the Nişan-i ...

, 1st Class, ''1880'' **

Order of Glory Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

, ''1880'' *

Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (german: Königreich Preußen, ) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. ...

: ** Knight of the

Order of the Black Eagle The Order of the Black Eagle (german: Hoher Orden vom Schwarzen Adler) was the highest order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Prussia. The order was founded on 17 January 1701 by Elector Friedrich III of Brandenburg (who became Friedrich I, King ...

, ''12 January 1860''; in Brilliants, ''1873'' ** Grand Cross of the

Order of the Red Eagle The Order of the Red Eagle (german: Roter Adlerorden) was an order of chivalry of the Kingdom of Prussia. It was awarded to both military personnel and civilians, to recognize valor in combat, excellence in military leadership, long and faithful se ...

, in Brilliants, ''9 June 1873'' *

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

: ** Knight of the Imperial Order of the White Eagle, ''1838'' ** Knight of the Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called, ''1873'' ** Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, ''1873'' ** Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Anna, 1st Class, ''1873'' ** Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st Class, ''1873'' *

Sweden-Norway Sweden and Norway or Sweden–Norway ( sv, Svensk-norska unionen; no, Den svensk-norske union(en)), officially the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and known as the United Kingdoms, was a personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden ...

: Knight of the

Royal Order of the Seraphim The Royal Order of the Seraphim ( sv, Kungliga Serafimerorden; ''Seraphim'' being a category of angels) is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the P ...

, ''7 March 1890'' *

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

: Stranger Knight of the

Most Noble Order of the Garter The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an order of chivalry founded by Edward III of England in 1348. It is the most senior order of knighthood in the British honours system, outranked in precedence only by the Victoria Cross and the George ...

, ''26 June 1873''Wm. A. Shaw, ''The Knights of England'', Volume I (London, 1906
p. 65
/ref> *

Kingdom of Württemberg The Kingdom of Württemberg (german: Königreich Württemberg ) was a German state that existed from 1805 to 1918, located within the area that is now Baden-Württemberg. The kingdom was a continuation of the Duchy of Württemberg, which existe ...

: Grand Cross of the Order of the Württemberg Crown, ''1889''

List of premiers

* Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir (1848 – 1851) *

Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri ( fa, میرزا آقاخان نوری), otherwise known as Aqa Khan Nuri ('Nouri'), E'temad-ol Dowleh (born 1807 – died 1865) was a politician in Qajar Iran, who served as prime minister (Persian: , "ṣadr-e aʿẓam") betw ...

(1851 – 1858) *''Post abolished'' (1858–1871) * Mirza Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh Sepahsalar (1871 – 1873) *Mirza Yousof Khan Ashtiani (1873 – 1880) (''1st time'') * Prince Kamran Mirza (1880 – 1885) *Mirza Yousof Khan Ashtiani (1885–1887) (''2nd time'') * Mirza Ali-Asghar Khan Amin os-Soltan (1887 – 1896) (''1st time'')

Fictional depictions

* Naser al-Din Shah is played by

Bahram Radan Bahram Radan ( fa, بهرام رادان , born April 28, 1979) is an Iranian actor, producer and singer. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorgh and a Hafez Award. Career While studying business management in college ...

in 2022 tv series Jeyran. * Naser al-Din Shah is depicted in 1976 TV series '' Soltan-e Sahebgharan'' and also in 1984 TV series ''Amir Kabir''. * He is also depicted in 1992 movie ''Nassereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema'' (

Once Upon a Time, Cinema ''Once Upon a Time, Cinema'' ( fa, italic=yes, ناصرالدین‌شاه آکتور سینما, meaning ''Naser al-din Shah, Actor of Cinema'') is a 1992 Iranian comedy fantasy film written and directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf. The film includes c ...

) written and directed by

Mohsen Makhmalbaf Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( fa, محسن مخملباف, ''Mohsen Makhmalbaaf''; born May 29, 1957) is an Iranian film director, writer, film editor, and producer. He has made more than 20 feature films, won some 50 awards and been a juror in more than 1 ...

and 1984 '' Kamal ol-Molk'' directed by Ali Hatami. * He was the inspiration for the main character of the short story ''De koning'' 2002 and the novel ''De koning'' 2011 by the Persian–Dutch writer Kader Abdolah. * It can be inferred from the time period and historical references that Naser al-Din Shah is depicted in the 1990 novel Phantom by Susan Kay which explores the life of the titular character in Gaston Leroux's

The Phantom of the Opera ''The Phantom of the Opera'' (french: Le Fantôme de l'Opéra) is a novel by French author Gaston Leroux. It was first published as a serial in from 23 September 1909 to 8 January 1910, and was released in volume form in late March 1910 by Pier ...

. * In animation form his life depicted by Beate Petersen in ''Nasseredin Shah and his 84 wives'' at 2011. * Joseph Roth: The tale of the 1002nd night: a novel (1939).

Notes

References

* * *

External links

Nasser-al-Din Shah's PortraitNasseredin Shah and his 84 wives
]
Side view of Nasser-al-Din Shah's marble tombstoneCoins, banknotes and medals of Qajar period
*''Window on an Era: A Qajar Royal Album''. Selected photographs from a private album of Nasser al-Din Shah, with an introduction by

Kaveh Golestan Kāveh Golestān Taghavi Shirazi ( fa, کاوه گلستان; 8 July 1950 – 2 April 2003) was an Iranian photojournalist and artist. In 1988 he took the first pictures of the aftermath of the Halabja chemical attack during the Iran–Iraq War. ...

''Kargah''
*Mohammad-Reza Tahmasbpoor, ''History of Iranian Photography: Early Photography in Iran'', Iranian Artists' site
''Kargah''
*''History of Iranian Photography. Postcards in Qajar Period'', photographs provided by Bahman Jalali, Iranian Artists' site
''Kargah''
*''History of Iranian Photography. Women as Photography Model: Qajar Period'', photographs provided by Bahman Jalali, Iranian Artists' site
''Kargah''
* Sir James William Redhouse, ''The Diary of H.M. the Shah of Persia during His Tour through Europe in A.D. 1873'', A Verbatim Translation (John Murray, London, 1874)
''Internet Archive''
(Digitized by Robarts at

University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public university, public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park (Toronto), Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 ...

). * Sir Albert Houtum Schidler and Baron Louis de Norman, ''A Diary Kept by His Majesty the Shah of Persia during His Journey to Europe in 1878'', in English (Richard Bentley & Son, London, 1879)
''Internet Archive''
(Digitized by Google).
Photos of qajar kings
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qajar, Nasser Al-Din Shah 1831 births 1896 deaths 19th-century monarchs of Persia Nasser Al-Din Murdered Persian monarchs Deaths by firearm in Iran People murdered in Iran People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution People from Tabriz Assassinated Iranian politicians People of the Anglo-Persian War Iranian photographers 19th-century monarchs in the Middle East 19th-century photographers Assassinated heads of state 19th-century murdered monarchs Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia) Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Extra Knights Companion of the Garter Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian) Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class Iranian slave owners 1896 murders in Iran