Caddo
The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language.
The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, wh ...
: Nakúʔkidáawtsiʔ) are a Native American tribe from eastern Texas.Sturtevant, 617
History
The Nacogdoche were part of the
Hasinai
The Hasinai Confederacy (Caddo: ) was a large confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans who occupied territory between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas. Today, their descendants are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma an ...
branch of the
Caddo Confederacy
The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language.
The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, who ...
and closely allied with the Lower
Nasoni
The Nasoni are a Native American tribe from eastern Texas and southwestern Arkansas.
History
The Nasoni were divided into two bands. The Upper Nasoni, who lived along the Red River in the southwestern corner of Arkansas.Angelina and the Sabine Rivers in Texas. The
Gentleman of Elvas
A gentleman (Old French: ''gentilz hom'', gentle + man) is any man of good and courteous conduct. Originally, ''gentleman'' was the lowest rank of the landed gentry of England, ranking below an esquire and above a yeoman; by definition, the ...
, a member of
Hernando de Soto
Hernando de Soto (; ; 1500 – 21 May, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and '' conquistador'' who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula. He played an important role in Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire ...
's 1541 expedition, wrote about the tribe, as did Francisco de Jesus Maria in 1691.Nacogdoche Indian Tribe History. ''Access Genealogy.'' (retrieved 12 Sept 2009)
In 1716, Franciscan friars accompanying Spanish explorer Domingo Ramón founded the Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches Mission to serve the Nacogdoche as well as neighboring tribes.Campbell, Thomas N Nacogdoche Indians. ''Handbook of Texas Online.'' (retrieved 6 Sept 2009) In 1750, a Nacogdoche chief, Chacaiauchia, threatened to kill the presiding father at the mission, Father Calahorray Sanz, and demanded that all other Spaniards leave Nacogdoches territory. This threat was not fulfilled. The mission remained until in 1773, with brief dormant periods due to fear of French attack.Bolton, 35
The governor of Texas visited the Nacogdoche in 1752. Their primary village, Nevantin, was located near present day
Nacogdoches, Texas
Nacogdoches ( ) is a small city in East Texas and the county seat of Nacogdoches County, Texas, United States. The 2020 U.S. census recorded the city's population at 32,147. Nacogdoches is a sister city of the smaller, similarly named Natchito ...
, named for the tribe. Four mounds surrounded the site of Nevantin, until relatively recently.
While Spanish colonizers claimed Nacogdoche land, the tribe traded freely with the French. French traders provided firearms, ammunition, metal-bladed knives, cloth, vermilion dye, and other sundries in exchange for horses, prepared animal hides, bear's fat, beans, corn, and
Apache
The Apache () are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Mimbreño, Ndendahe (Bedonkohe or Mogollon and Nednhi or Carrizaleño an ...
slaves.
By 1800, European diseases and warfare had greatly reduced the population of the tribe. The survivors joined other Hasinai tribes.
Ultimately, they were forced to relocate to the Wichita Reservation in
Indian Territory
The Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the Federal government of the United States, United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans in the United St ...
in the 19th century. Today they are enrolled in the
Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language.
The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, wh ...
.
Synonymy
The tribe is also known as the Nazadachotzi, Nacadocheeto, Nacodissy, Nacodochito, Nagodoche, Nasahossoz, Naugdoche, Nocodosh, and Neticatzi.Sturtevant, 629
See also
*
Natchitoches people
The Natchitoches ( Caddo: Náshit'ush) are a Native American tribe from Louisiana. They organized themselves in one of the three Caddo-speaking confederacies along with the Hasinai (between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas), and Kado ...
Notes
References
* Bolton, Herbet E ''The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans As Seen by the Earliest Europeans.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. .
*Edmonds, Randlett. ''Nusht'uhtitiʔ Hasinay: Caddo Phrasebook.'' Richardson, TX: Various Indian Peoples Publishing, 2003. .
* Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. ''Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast''. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. .