Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
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Jamalul Alam II (; ; 1889 – September 11, 1924) was the 26th
Sultan of Brunei The sultan of Brunei is the monarchical head of state of Brunei and head of government in his capacity as prime minister of Brunei. Since independence from the British in 1984, only one sultan has reigned, though the royal institution dates bac ...
from 10 May 1906 until his death in 1924.


Early life

Born in 1889 at Istana Kampong Ayer, Bandar Brunei, he was the eldest surviving son of Sultan
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin (; ; 1825 – 1906) was the 25th Sultan of Brunei from 30 May 1885 to 10 May 1906. Early life Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin was born in 1825 and son to then Sultan Abdul Momin. Before becoming the Sultan, he wa ...
. Before he became sultan, he was known as Pengiran Muda Bongsu Muhammad Jamalul Alam.


Reign (1906-1924)

He ascended to the throne at the age of 17 after the death of his father in May 1906. It is notable that he also became the first Sultan of Brunei to speak
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
. The responsibility of the Sultan was in the hands of the ''Majlis Pemangku Raja'' (Council of Regency). During his reign, he aimed to encourage new developments in
agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to ...
,
medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pract ...
, and
education Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Va ...
. Jamalul Alam oversaw several major events such as the first discovery of
crude oil Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name ''petroleum'' covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude ...
was first discovered in the country but not before major oil strikes were made in
Seria Seria () is a town in Belait District, Brunei, about west from the country's capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The total population was 3,625 in 2016. It was where oil was first struck in Brunei in 1929 and has since become a centre for the countr ...
in 1927. Moreover, his reign was in charge of Brunei during its most impoverished state. In 1909, he relocated his residence on land, and later encouraged Chinese to settle in Brunei for commercial skills. It was only on 15 May 1918 that he was crowned as sultan. Jamalul Alam was convinced by the
bendahara Bendahara ( Jawi: بنداهارا) is an administrative position within classical Malay kingdoms comparable to a vizier before the intervention of European powers during the 19th century. A bendahara was appointed by a sultan and was a heredit ...
(
vizier A vizier (; ar, وزير, wazīr; fa, وزیر, vazīr), or wazir, is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the near east. The Abbasid caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''katib'' (secretary), who was a ...
) to signed a petition to change 5 points to the 1905 treaty. It was also during his reign that
Islamic Law Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...
was officially introduced in the country. This was known as ''Mohammedan Laws Enactment''. It was introduced in 1912, replacing the ''Kanun Brunei''. Then in 1913, the ''Marriage and Divorce Act'' was introduced. With the introduction of the Residential System in Brunei in 1906, all the executive power, except in matters of religion and tradition, was transferred from the Sultan to the
Resident Resident may refer to: People and functions * Resident minister, a representative of a government in a foreign country * Resident (medicine), a stage of postgraduate medical training * Resident (pharmacy), a stage of postgraduate pharmaceuti ...
. It was only until 1918, he was coronated as Sultan of Brunei. In 1922, he moved from Istana Kampong Ayer to Istana Majlis. That same year, a band of traditional musicians was sent to
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...
as attendants to the Sultan. He also encouraged learning
Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
and built a
mosque A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, ...
despite the country's lack of revenue. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, the mosque was destroyed due to the intense shelling and fighting within Brunei Town.


Death

An outbreak of
malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...
claimed his life as well as three members of his family on 11 September 1924, aged 35. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Pengiran Muda Besar Ahmad Tajuddin. He was buried at the Royal Mausoleum at Jalan Tutong.


Personal life


Marriage

Jamalul Alam was married to Tengah and Siti Fatimah.


Issue

He had a total of 10 children whom were; * Princess Besar (1902–1993) * Prince Bongsu (1908–1910) * Princess Tengah (1910–1969) * Princess Damit (born 1911) * Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin (1913–1950) * Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III (1914–1986) * Prince Anum (died 1924) * Prince Laila Gambar (died 1924) * Prince Besar Bagol (died 1945) * Princess Tinggal


Legacy

* Muhammad Jamalul Alam Mosque, named after him and the early Sultan
Muhammad Jamalul Alam I Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد;  570 – 8 June 632 Common Era, CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Muhammad in Islam, Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet Divine inspiration, di ...
. * Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam Middle School (SMJA), formerly Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam Malay Middle School.


Honours

* Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) – Sir 1920


External links


Sultan-Sultan Brunei


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam II, Muhammad Jamalul 1889 births 1924 deaths Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 20th-century Sultans of Brunei Deaths from malaria Infectious disease deaths in Brunei