Monte Sirai
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Monte Sirai is an archaeological site near Carbonia, in the
province of South Sardinia The Province of South Sardinia ( it, provincia del Sud Sardegna; sc, provìntzia de Sud Sardigna) is an Italian province of Sardinia instituted on 4 February 2016. It includes the suppressed provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano, ...
,
Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
. It is a settlement built at the top of a hill by the
Phoenicians Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their histor ...
of
Sulci Sulci or Sulki (in Greek , Steph. B., Ptol.; , Strabo; , Paus.), was one of the most considerable cities of ancient Sardinia, situated in the southwest corner of the island, on a small island, now called Isola di Sant'Antioco, which is, how ...
(today's
Sant'Antioco Sant'Antioco (; sc, Santu Antiogu) is the name of both an island and a municipality (''comune'') in southwestern Sardinia, in the Province of South Sardinia, in Sulcis zone. With a population of 11,730, the municipality of Sant'Antioco it is the ...
). The history of studies in Monte Sirai has a very precise date: the fall of 1962, when a local boy casually found a female figure carved on a stele of the
tophet In the Hebrew Bible, Tophet or Topheth ( hbo, תֹּפֶת, Tōp̄eṯ; grc-gre, Ταφέθ, taphéth; la, Topheth) is a location in Jerusalem in the Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna), where worshipers engaged in a ritual involving "passing a child thro ...
. Following further inspections, in August 1963, the local
Soprintendenza The Ministry of Culture ( it, Ministero della Cultura - MiC) is the ministry of the Government of Italy in charge of national museums and the ''monuments historiques''. MiC's headquarters are located in the historic Collegio Romano Palace (vi ...
and the Institute of Near Eastern Studies of the
Sapienza University of Rome The Sapienza University of Rome ( it, Sapienza – Università di Roma), also called simply Sapienza or the University of Rome, and formally the Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", is a public research university located in Rome, Ita ...
started excavations, leading to a fairly comprehensive study of the entire town.


History

Given the excellent location of the hill, the site was inhabited since the
neolithic The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
age. Some nuragic towers witness an important anthropization in the first half of the II millennium BC.Carbonia, abitato di Monte Sirai-Sardegnacultura
/ref> The first Phoenician records date back to 730 BC circa, at the same time of other coastal cities of Sardinia. The town is built around the so-called mastio, a sacred place that undergone several renovations, perhaps with defensive function. The discovery of a statue of the goddess
Astarte Astarte (; , ) is the Hellenized form of the Ancient Near Eastern goddess Ashtart or Athtart ( Northwest Semitic), a deity closely related to Ishtar ( East Semitic), who was worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity. The name ...
(now in the National Museum of Cagliari), discovered in 1964, confirms a use of religious type. The town was affected by the Carthaginian conquest in the 6th century BC. A dozen new families settled subsequently in Monte Sirai, as witnessed by many hypogeum-tombs of Punic types; the rite of
cremation Cremation is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning. Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to burial. In some countries, including India and Nepal, cremation on an open-air pyre is ...
, prevalent during the Phoenician period, was substituted by the
entombment Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects. This is usually accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objec ...
. The city wall was strengthened around 375 BC, roughly the period of appearance of the first local
tophet In the Hebrew Bible, Tophet or Topheth ( hbo, תֹּפֶת, Tōp̄eṯ; grc-gre, Ταφέθ, taphéth; la, Topheth) is a location in Jerusalem in the Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna), where worshipers engaged in a ritual involving "passing a child thro ...
. A subsequent restoration of the fortifications was carried out after the First Punic War; under the Roman rule all the military facilities were dismantled. Around 110 BC the site was inexplicably abandoned. Subsequent frequentations are witnessed by some
Constantin Constantin is an Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Romanian male given name. It can also be a surname. For a list of notable people called Constantin, see Constantine (name). See also * Constantine (name) * Konstantin The first name Konsta ...
ian era
coins A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order t ...
found in the tophet area. According to a study published in 2018, ancient Phoenician DNA found in the settlement suggests that there was integration and cultural assimilation between Sardinians and Phoenicians in Monte Sirai.


Gallery

File:Monte Sirai.jpg, Monte Sirai File:Necropoli_punica_2_(Monte_Sirai).JPG, Punic hypogeum File:Tomba Monte Sirai.jpg File:M. Sirai - Carbonia.JPG


Notes


Bibliography

* P. Bernardini, ''Le origini di Sulcis e Monte Sirai'', in ''Studi di egittologia e di antichità puniche'', 4, 1989, pp. 45–66; * P. Bartoloni, ''Monte Sirai: genesi di un insediamento'', in Incontro "I Fenici", Cagliari, Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, 1990, pp. 31–36; * P. Bartoloni-S.F. Bondì-L.A. Marras, ''Monte Sirai'', collana " Itinerari" , Roma, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1992; * P. Bartoloni, ''L'impianto urbanistico di Monte Sirai nell'età repubblicana'', in ''Atti del X Convegno di studio "L'Africa Romana"'' (Oristano, 11-13 dicembre 1992), Sassari, Gallizzi, 1994, pp. 817–829; * P. Bartoloni, ''La necropoli di Monte Sirai'', Roma, Istituto per la civiltà fenicia e punica, 2000; * ''Monte Sirai. Le opere e i giorni'', a cura di P. Bernardini, C. Perra, Carbonia, 2001; * P. Bartoloni, ''Monte Sirai 1999-2000. Nuove indagini nell'insula B'', in ''Rivista di Studi Fenici'', 30, 2002, pp. 41–46;


External links

* * {{Authority control Populated places established in the 8th century BC Populated places disestablished in the 2nd century BC 1962 archaeological discoveries Former populated places in Sardinia Archaeological sites in Sardinia Phoenician colonies in Sardinia