Mitford Crow
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Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of ...
Mitford Crowe (18 April 1669 – 15 December 1719) was an English diplomat, merchant, politician and colonial administrator who sat in the
Parliament of England The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain. Parliament evolved from the great council of bishops and peers that advised t ...
from 1701 to 1702 and served as the
governor of Barbados This article contains a list of viceroys in Barbados from its initial colonisation in 1627 by England until it achieved independence in 1966. From 1833 to 1885, Barbados was part of the colony of the Windward Islands, and the governor of Barbad ...
from 1707 to 1710. He is best known for his career during the
War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
, where Crowe negotiated the Pact of Genoa with the
Principality of Catalonia The Principality of Catalonia ( ca, Principat de Catalunya, la, Principatus Cathaloniæ, oc, Principat de Catalonha, es, Principado de Cataluña) was a Middle Ages, medieval and early modern state (polity), state in the northeastern Iberian P ...
, which brought them into the Grand Alliance. Born in April 1669 in
Hexham Hexham ( ) is a market town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in Northumberland, England, on the south bank of the River Tyne, formed by the confluence of the North Tyne and the South Tyne at Warden, Northumberland, Warden nearby, and ...
,
Northumberland Northumberland () is a county in Northern England, one of two counties in England which border with Scotland. Notable landmarks in the county include Alnwick Castle, Bamburgh Castle, Hadrian's Wall and Hexham Abbey. It is bordered by land on ...
, Crowe was
apprenticed Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships can also enable practitioners to gain a ...
to a merchant in
Barbados Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate). ...
growing up before moving to
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
at some point before 1697. Three years later, he moved to
London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
to work as a merchant, being appointed as a
colonial agent A colonial agent was the official representative of a British colony based in London during the British Empire. About 200 men served. They were selected and paid a fixed salary by the colonial government, and given the long delays in communication, ...
for Barbados in the same year. In England, Crowe began to pursue a political career, being elected to the
House of Commons The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of parliament. ...
in February 1701 and sitting there until July 1702. In 1705, Crowe was appointed as a diplomatic envoy to Catalonia to foster support for the
Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
candidate for the vacant
Spanish throne , coatofarms = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg , coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of the King of Spain , image = Felipe_VI_in_2020_(cropped).jpg , incumbent = Felipe VI , incumbentsince = 19 Ju ...
during the
War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
. Eventually managing to make contact with a group of pro-Habsburg Spaniards, Crowe signed a
military alliance A military alliance is a formal Alliance, agreement between nations concerning national security. Nations in a military alliance agree to active participation and contribution to the defense of others in the alliance in the event of a crisis. ...
between England and Catalonia with them on 17 May. He was also charged with advising the English military during their campaigns in Catalonia. Crowe was appointed as governor of Barbados in October 1706, arriving there in May 1707. As governor, Crowe undertook several controversial decisions which led to several complaints from his political rivals in Barbados that he was acting in a heavy-handed and
autocratic Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power over a state is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject neither to external legal restraints nor to regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perh ...
manner. He was eventually recalled to England in 1710, where Crowe defended himself from the
Privy Council A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a state, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the mon ...
before retiring from public life and dying in 1719.


Early life

Mitford Crowe was born in April 1669 and baptised on the 18th in
Hexham Hexham ( ) is a market town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in Northumberland, England, on the south bank of the River Tyne, formed by the confluence of the North Tyne and the South Tyne at Warden, Northumberland, Warden nearby, and ...
,
Northumberland Northumberland () is a county in Northern England, one of two counties in England which border with Scotland. Notable landmarks in the county include Alnwick Castle, Bamburgh Castle, Hadrian's Wall and Hexham Abbey. It is bordered by land on ...
. His father was Patrick Crowe, a
justice of the peace A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower or ''puisne'' court, elected or appointed by means of a commission ( letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the sa ...
from
Ashington Ashington is a town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, with a population of 27,864 at the 2011 Census. It was once a centre of the coal mining industry. The town is north of Newcastle upon Tyne, west of the A189 and bordered to the ...
, Northumberland who died at some point before 1705. Crowe's mother was Anne Mitford, who disappeared from historical records after 1689. Growing up, Crowe travelled to
Barbados Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate). ...
and was
apprenticed Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships can also enable practitioners to gain a ...
to a merchant there named Mr Tillard, but by 1697 was living in
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
. In January 1697, Crowe wrote a letter to
King William III of England William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the ...
containing important information, which brought him to the attention of the
English government There has not been a government of England since 1707 when the Kingdom of England ceased to exist as a sovereign state, as it merged with the Kingdom of Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
to work as a merchant and was appointed in December of that year as a
colonial agent A colonial agent was the official representative of a British colony based in London during the British Empire. About 200 men served. They were selected and paid a fixed salary by the colonial government, and given the long delays in communication, ...
for Barbados to present a request for improvements to the colony's fortifications to the
Commissioners for Trade and Plantations The Commissioners for Trade and Plantations was a body formed by the British Crown on 15 May 1696 to promote trade and to inspect and improve the plantations of the British colonies. It was the successor of various previous bodies set up in the sev ...
. Beginning in 1701, Crowe pursued a political career, being elected to the
English House of Commons The House of Commons of England was the lower house of the Parliament of England (which incorporated Wales) from its development in the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707, when it was replaced by the House of Commons of ...
in February 1701. He continued to sit in
Parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...
until November of that year and was elected to the House of Commons for a second stint which lasted from December 1701 to July 1702. On 29 January 1702, William III appointed Crowe as
governor of Barbados This article contains a list of viceroys in Barbados from its initial colonisation in 1627 by England until it achieved independence in 1966. From 1833 to 1885, Barbados was part of the colony of the Windward Islands, and the governor of Barbad ...
, but this was overturned after the king died shortly thereafter.


Diplomatic career

On 18 March 1705, Crowe was appointed by the
English Crown This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo-Sax ...
as a diplomatic envoy to the
Principality of Catalonia The Principality of Catalonia ( ca, Principat de Catalunya, la, Principatus Cathaloniæ, oc, Principat de Catalonha, es, Principado de Cataluña) was a Middle Ages, medieval and early modern state (polity), state in the northeastern Iberian P ...
to promote support there for the
Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
candidate to the
Spanish throne , coatofarms = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg , coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of the King of Spain , image = Felipe_VI_in_2020_(cropped).jpg , incumbent = Felipe VI , incumbentsince = 19 Ju ...
,
Archduke Charles Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (german: link=no, Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 177130 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third s ...
. This took place during the
War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
, a conflict between a pro-Habsburg coalition known as the Grand Alliance on one side and the Bourbon kingdoms of
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
and Spain on the other over who would succeed to the Spanish throne after Charles II's death. While in Spain, Crowe established a relationship with pro-Habsburg Spaniards, who were known as the "Austracists". However, Crowe's attempts to negotiate a treaty with them were hampered by severe crackdowns overseen by the viceroy of Catalonia Francisco de Velasco y Tovar, Conde de Melgar, who undertook reprisals against Austracist sympathisers in the region after the aborted invasion of Barcelona in May 1704. Crowe eventually managed to make contact with a group of pro-Habsburg Spanish aristocrats and landowners from the
Plain of Vic The Plain of Vic (Catalan ''Plana de Vic'') is a 30 km long depression located at the eastern end of the Catalan Central Depression in the Osona comarca. It is named after the town of Vic, an important and ancient urban center in this natur ...
region. At the Santa Eulàlia de Riuprimer, Crowe and a group of Austracists negotiated a
military alliance A military alliance is a formal Alliance, agreement between nations concerning national security. Nations in a military alliance agree to active participation and contribution to the defense of others in the alliance in the event of a crisis. ...
between the Kingdom of England and Principality of Catalonia known as the " Pact of Genoa" on 17 May 1705. The alliance, which was signed in the local church, stipulated that (among other terms) the English would deploy an army of 10,000 men to Catalonia, supply Catalonian forces with military equipment, and the Catalans would recognise Archduke Charles as the King of Spain. The treaty was also to be kept secret until pro-Habsburg forces had captured Barcelona. Three days later on 20 May, Crowe travelled to Genoa under orders from English statesman Sidney Godolphin, 1st Baron Godolphin to further his diplomatic efforts. In the same month, a Royal Navy fleet led by
Sir Cloudesley Shovell Admiral of the Fleet Sir Cloudesley Shovell (c. November 1650 – 22 or 23 October 1707) was an English naval officer. As a junior officer he saw action at the Battle of Solebay and then at the Battle of Texel during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. ...
(carrying on board a large
English Army The ...
force commanded by
Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough and 1st Earl of Monmouth, (1658 – 25 October 1735) was an English nobleman and military leader. He was the son of John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt, and his wife Elizabeth, the daughter and sole h ...
) set sail for Catalonia to lay siege to Barcelona. Shovell was ordered by his superiors to remain in contact with Crowe to determine when to attack the city, who dispatched reports to the fleet claiming that the Catalonians were eager to rebel. The English force eventually arrived at Barcelona and captured it after a siege which lasted from 14 September to 19 October. After the city was captured, Crowe set sail for Barcelona, arriving there on 2 November. There, he joined forces with the Earl of Peterborough to advise him on future military operations in Catalonia; though Crowe's "seemingly over-confident style" led to the Earl of Peterborough becoming wary of him, the earl was soon won over by Crowe. Crowe was then appointed as an envoy-extraordinary to the Austracists to sign a commercial treaty with them.


Governorship and death

In October 1706, Crowe was appointed as the governor of Barbados, arriving at the colony on 8 May 1707. After he had arrived at Barbados, Crowe denounced the colonial government, claiming that it was "in the last distraction, nothing but corruption and parties." In addition to improving the colony's defences, he also suspended several members of the
executive council Executive Council may refer to: Government * Executive Council (Commonwealth countries), a constitutional organ that exercises executive power and advises the governor * Executive Council of Bern, the government of the Swiss canton of Bern * Ex ...
, dismissed several justices of the peace and militia officers, relied mostly on the House of Assembly instead of the council, and attempted to break the power held by a small group of barristers. These actions made him extremely unpopular among the Barbadian establishment, who accused him of "siding with factions, possessing an arbitrary attitude, and acting as the supreme legal authority of the island." Further complaints were lodged that Crowe accepted
bribes Bribery is the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official, or other person, in charge of a public or legal duty. With regard to governmental operations, essentially, bribery is "Corru ...
, imprisoned people without trial, committed indecent assault against the wife and sister of a prominent planter, and employed a Catholic as a personal servant; British historian J. D. Davies noted that the final charge was "perhaps most damning of all" given the dominance of Protestantism in Barbados. The charges against Crowe were motivated in part by his political favouritism in the Barbadian political scene, though given the fact that he had previously spent time in Barbados, "he was hardly likely to be an impartial adjudicator". In 1708, the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations rebuked Crowe twice for his conduct in Barbados, and in July 1709 Queen Anne herself sent him a letter expressing her anger with Crowe's decision to disobey her prior order to reinstate the dismissed councillors. Infuriated by the letter, Crowe responded by verbally abusing his accusers. Crowe was eventually temporarily recalled from the position of governor in October 1709, leaving Barbados on 15 May 1710. After arriving in England, he was ordered to defend his actions as governor before the Privy Council of Great Britain. His arrival coincided with the reconstruction of the Harley ministry, which led Crowe to be permanently removed as governor. In November, his case was heard by the Privy Council, which concluded the complaints against Crowe were "frivolous"; bolstered by three petitions from Barbados in Crowe's favour, the council dismissed them. After the Privy Council hearing, Crowe "virtually... retired from public life" and began associating with a group of individuals which included Anglo-Irish clergyman and satirist Jonathan Swift. According to an English army officer and author
Henry Manners Chichester Henry Manners Chichester (1832–1894) was a British Army officer who after ten years active service overseas returned home and became an author. Life Chichester was the son of Henry William Chichester and Isabella Manners-Suttonvon Massenbach, C ...
, Crowe appeared to have been on "terms of intimacy" with Swift, whose letters published in London from 1710 to 1712 make numerous references to him. On 15 December 1719, Crowe died in England; his
will Will may refer to: Common meanings * Will and testament, instructions for the disposition of one's property after death * Will (philosophy), or willpower * Will (sociology) * Will, volition (psychology) * Will, a modal verb - see Shall and will ...
was proved by his widow, who was living in Barbados at the time of his death.


Personal life, family and legacy

As noted by Chichester, Crowe's political career was heavily influenced by his brother Christopher's marriage to Lady Charlotte Lee, the daughter of Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield. He also cultivated a relationship with Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who appointed Crowe as one of the trustees for a license he had been granted by Queen Anne in 1704, which gave the lord an exclusive right to
salvage Salvage may refer to: * Marine salvage, the process of rescuing a ship, its cargo and sometimes the crew from peril * Water salvage, rescuing people from floods. * Salvage tug, a type of tugboat used to rescue or salvage ships which are in dis ...
all
shipwreck A shipwreck is the wreckage of a ship that is located either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water. Shipwrecking may be intentional or unintentional. Angela Croome reported in January 1999 that there were approximately ...
s in the West Indies for three years. On 15 December 1698, Crowe married Lady Urania Chamberlain, the widow of Sir Willoughby Chamberlain, a plantation owner in Barbados. Together, the couple went on to have three sons, George, Mitford, and William. All three were baptised in the parish church of St Nicholas Acons in London between 1699 and 1703; George was baptised on 5 October 1699, Mitford was baptised on 12 December 1700 and William was baptised on 23 January 1702. During his career in Spain and Barbados, Crowe was formally commissioned as a colonel, although Davies noted that it remains historically unclear which military he was part of, as there is no record of Crowe enlisting in the English Army. Davies suggested he might have enlisted in the Barbados
colonial militia Colonial troops or colonial army refers to various military units recruited from, or used as garrison troops in, colonial territories. Colonial background Such colonies may lie overseas or in areas dominated by neighbouring land powers such ...
or the army of the Holy Roman Empire; white Barbadians were frequently granted officer's commissions in the militia, with the highest rank being colonel. According to historian Chris Taylor, Crowe also adopted new tactics in dealings with the
Caribs “Carib” may refer to: People and languages *Kalina people, or Caribs, an indigenous people of South America **Carib language, also known as Kalina, the language of the South American Caribs *Kalinago people, or Island Caribs, an indigenous pe ...
which marked a noticeable shift from previous English colonial policies towards indigenous Caribbeans. In 1707, Crowe persuaded seven Carib chiefs from
St. Vincent Saint Vincent may refer to: People Saints * Vincent of Saragossa (died 304), a.k.a. Vincent the Deacon, deacon and martyr * Saint Vincenca, 3rd century Roman martyress, whose relics are in Blato, Croatia * Vincent, Orontius, and Victor (died 305) ...
to sign a treaty with the Crown through gift-giving, which Taylor claims was unlike previous colonial administrations in the West Indies, who had sought to impose their will on indigenous peoples by force.


References


Footnotes


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Crowe, Mitford 1669 births 1719 deaths 18th-century English businesspeople English diplomats English merchants English MPs 1701 English MPs 1701–1702 Governors of Barbados