Membrane steroid receptors (mSRs), also called extranuclear steroid receptors, are a class of

cell surface receptor Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integral m ...

s activated by

endogenous Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell. In contrast, exogenous substances and processes are those that originate from outside of an organism. For example, es ...

steroid A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and a ...

s that mediate rapid, non-genomic

signaling In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. Any quantity that can vary over space or time can be used as a signal to share messages between observers. The ''IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing'' ...

via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. mSRs are another means besides classical

nuclear Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: * Nuclear engineering *Nuclear physics *Nuclear power *Nuclear reactor *Nuclear weapon *Nuclear medicine *Radiation therapy *Nuclear warfare Mathematics *Nuclear space *Nuclear ...

steroid hormone receptor Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells. They are generally intracellular receptors (typically cytoplasmic or nuclear) and initiate signal transduction for steroid hormones which ...

s (SHRs) for steroids to mediate their

biological effect In evolutionary biology, function is the reason some object or process occurred in a system that evolved through natural selection. That reason is typically that it achieves some result, such as that chlorophyll helps to capture the energy of sunl ...

s. SHRs can produce slow genomic responses or rapid, non-genomic responses in the case of mSRs.

List of membrane steroid receptors

Known groups of mSRs, by ligand, include: * Membrane sex steroid receptors **

Membrane estrogen receptor Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen. Unlike the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signal ...

s (mERs) –

GPER G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPER'' gene. GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible ...

ER-X ER-X is a membrane-associated receptor that is bound and activated by 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol and is a putative membrane estrogen receptor (mER). It shows sequence homology with ERα and ERβ and activates the MAPK/ERK pathway. The r ...

, ERx, G_q-mER; Nav1.2; palmitoylated nuclear receptors **

Membrane progesterone receptor Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) are a group of cell surface receptors and membrane steroid receptors belonging to the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family which bind the endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid progesterone, as well as ...

s (mPRs) – PAQRs (

mPRα Membrane progesterone receptor alpha (mPRα), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 7 (PAQR7), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR7'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and ...

mPRβ Membrane progesterone receptor beta (mPRβ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 8 (PAQR8), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR8'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and ad ...

mPRγ Membrane progesterone receptor gamma (mPRγ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 5 (PAQR5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR5'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and a ...

mPRδ Membrane progesterone receptor delta (mPRδ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 6 (PAQR6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR6'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and ...

, mPRϵ); PGRMC1, PGRMC2; **

Membrane androgen receptor Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which bind and are activated by testosterone and/or other androgens. Unlike the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomi ...

s (mARs) –

GPRC6A G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPRC6A'' gene. This protein functions as a receptor of L-α-amino acids, cations (e.g., calcium), osteocalcin, and steroids. It is a mem ...

OXER1 Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 170 (GPR170) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OXER1 gene located on human chromosome 2p21; it is the principal receptor for the 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid fa ...

ZIP9 Zinc transporter ZIP9, also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A9'' gene. This protein is the 9th member out of 14 ZIP family proteins, which is ...

;

TRPM8 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM8'' gene. The TRPM8 channel is the primary molecular t ...

; Cav1.2 * Membrane corticosteroid receptors ** Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) – caveolin-associated nuclear receptors; possible unidentified receptors ** Membrane mineralocorticoid receptors (mMRs) – caveolin-associated NRs; diverse putative receptors In addition,

PDIA3 Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), also known as glucose-regulated protein, 58-kD (GRP58), is an isomerase enzyme. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin (CNX) ...

is a membrane receptor for the

secosteroid A secosteroid () is a type of steroid with a "broken" ring. The word ''secosteroid ''derives from the Latin verb ''secare'' meaning "to cut", and 'steroid'. Secosteroids are alternatively described as a subclass of steroids; ; or derived from st ...

calcitriol Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, normally made in the kidney. It is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It is a hormone which binds to and activates the vitamin D receptor in the nucleus of the cell, which then increases the ...

, the activated form of

Vitamin D Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (c ...

References

G protein-coupled receptors Human proteins Steroids Human female endocrine system {{receptor-stub