McCaul, also spelt MacCawell is an

Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...

surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name ...

, derived from the

Gaelic Gaelic is an adjective that means "pertaining to the Gaels". As a noun it refers to the group of languages spoken by the Gaels, or to any one of the languages individually. Gaelic languages are spoken in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man, an ...

'' Mac Cathmhaoil'', meaning the "son of Cathmhaol", ''descendant of'' being implied. The name ''Cathmhaoil'' itself is derived from ''cath mhaol'' meaning "battle chief". The ''Mac Cathmhaoil'' were the leading family of ''Cenél Fearadhaigh'', of the

Uí Néill The Uí Néill (Irish pronunciation: ; meaning "descendants of Niall") are Irish dynasties who claim descent from Niall Noígíallach (Niall of the Nine Hostages), a historical King of Tara who died c. 405. They are generally divided into t ...

, and were based around

Clogher Clogher () is a village and civil parish in the border area of south County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It lies on the River Blackwater, 5.8 miles from the border crossing to County Monaghan. It stands on the townlands of Clogher Demesne ...

in modern-day

County Tyrone County Tyrone (; ) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, one of the nine counties of Ulster and one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland. It is no longer used as an administrative division for local government but retai ...

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label=Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is #Descriptions, variously described as ...

. They were one of the seven powerful

sept A sept is a division of a family, especially of a Scottish or Irish family. The term is used in both Scotland and Ireland, where it may be translated as ''sliocht'', meaning "progeny" or "seed", which may indicate the descendants of a person ...

s that supported the

O'Neills O'Neills Irish International Sports Company Ltd. is an Irish sporting goods manufacturer established in 1918. It is the largest manufacturer of sportswear in Ireland, with production plants located in Dublin and Strabane. O'Neills has a long r ...

. Mac Cathmhaoil is now rare in Ulster as it has been Anglicised under various different forms such as, Campbell, McCawl, Caulfield, McCall, Alwell, Callwell, McCowell, McCuill, Howell, MacHall, and McQuade. The height of their power was in the 12th century where their territory covered most of modern County Tyrone, and deep into

County Fermanagh County Fermanagh ( ; ) is one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland, one of the nine counties of Ulster and one of the six counties of Northern Ireland. The county covers an area of 1,691 km2 (653 sq mi) and has a population of 61,805 ...

. By the mid fourteenth century their power in Fermanagh, was broken by the rise of the Maguires. Having controlled the seat of power of the diocese of Clogher, the MacCawells provided many abbots, deans, canons etc. to it and mostly neighbouring dioceses including six bishops and two archbishops. By the end of the sixteenth century there appears to have been a large migration of the sept into the modern counties of Down and

Armagh Armagh ( ; ga, Ard Mhacha, , "Macha's height") is the county town of County Armagh and a city in Northern Ireland, as well as a civil parish. It is the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland – the seat of the Archbishops of Armagh, the ...

History

The MacCathmhaoils took their

patronymic A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (avonymic), or an earlier male ancestor. Patronymics are still in use, including mandatory use, in many countries worldwide, alt ...

name from Cathmhaol in the 12th century, descended from Feradhach (or Fearadhaigh), grandson of Eoghan son of " Niall of the Nine Hostages" a 5th-century Irish King . They were the leading sept of Cenél Fearadhaigh, sometimes called Cenél Fearadhaigh Theas or Cinel-Farry, based in the

barony of Clogher Clogher is a barony in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is bordered by four other baronies in Northern Ireland: Omagh East to the north; Dungannon Lower to the east; Magherastephana to the south; and Tirkennedy to the south-west. It also b ...

, to distinguish them from the offshoots of

Cenél Fearadhaigh Cenél is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Cenél Conaill, the name of the "kindred" or descendants of Conall Gulban, son of Niall Noígiallach defined by oral and recorded history *Cenél nEógain (in English, Cenel Eogan) is ...

who remained in

Inishowen Inishowen () is a peninsula in the north of County Donegal in Ireland. Inishowen is the largest peninsula on the island of Ireland. The Inishowen peninsula includes Ireland's most northerly point, Malin Head. The Grianan of Aileach, a ringfort ...

or thereabouts. After this expansion into mid Ulster with

Cenél nEoghain Cenél is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Cenél Conaill, the name of the "kindred" or descendants of Conall Gulban, son of Niall Noígiallach defined by oral and recorded history *Cenél nEógain (in English, Cenel Eogan) is ...

, the MacCathmhaoils were fixed in the

area of

, the former capital and inauguration site of

Airgíalla Airgíalla ( Modern Irish: Oirialla, English: Oriel, Latin: ''Ergallia'') was a medieval Irish over-kingdom and the collective name for the confederation of tribes that formed it. The confederation consisted of nine minor kingdoms, all independ ...

. As Cenél Fearadhaigh, it was their function to hold a

bastion A bastion or bulwark is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fi ...

for

against

Cenél Conaill Cenél is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Cenél Conaill, the name of the "kindred" or descendants of Conall Gulban, son of Niall Noígiallach defined by oral and recorded history * Cenél nEógain (in English, Cenel Eogan) i ...

on the northwest and the descendants of the

Three Collas The Three Collas (Modern Irish: Trí Cholla) were, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, the fourth-century sons of Eochaid Doimlén, son of Cairbre Lifechair. Their names were: Cairell Colla Uais; Muiredach Colla Fo Chrí ( ...

on the south-west and south. In the

Annals of the Four Masters The ''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland'' ( ga, Annála Ríoghachta Éireann) or the ''Annals of the Four Masters'' (''Annála na gCeithre Máistrí'') are chronicles of medieval Irish history. The entries span from the Deluge, dated as 2,24 ...

, under 1185 (16 years after the

Norman invasion of Ireland The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland took place during the late 12th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land from the Irish, over which the kings of England then claimed sovereignty, all allegedly san ...

), the second mention is made of a MacCathmhaoil with "Gillchreest MacCathmhaoil, head

chieftain A tribal chief or chieftain is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom. Tribe The concept of tribe is a broadly applied concept, based on tribal concepts of societies of western Afroeurasia. Tribal societies are sometimes categorized a ...

of the Cineal Fereadaidh being "the chief of the councils of the north of Ireland", who was slain by Teag O'hEighnigh (O'

Heaney Heaney is a surname of Irish origin. It is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic ''Ó hEignigh'', thought to be based on the Gaelic a personal name meaning "horseman". It was mistakenly thought to derive from Éan, Gaelic for Bird. Versions of it ar ...

) from Tir-Manach (Fermanagh), aided by Muintir Chaonain (O' Keenan). This Gillchreest MacCathmhaoil, was also head chieftain of clan Aongusa (

Magennis Magennis ( ga, Mac Aonghusa), also spelled Maguiness, Maginnis, Magenis, McGinnis, or McGuinness, is an Irish surname, meaning the "son of Angus", which in eastern Ulster was commonly pronounced in Irish as ''Mac Aonghusa''. A prominent branch o ...

McCann McCann may refer to: * McCann (surname) * McCann (company), advertising agency * McCann Worldgroup, network of marketing and advertising agencies * Marist College Marist College is a private university in Poughkeepsie, New York. Founded in ...

?) of eastern Ulster, clan Dubhinreacht (O'Dubhin?

Devaney Devaney, Devany, and O'Devaney, is a surname derived from the Irish ''Ó/Mac Duibheamhna'', meaning "descendants/son of Dubheamhna". They are cited by O'Dugan as being chiefs of Kinelawley in the over-kingdom of Ulaid, now known as Clanawley in ...

), clan Fogarty O'Ceannfhoda (

Tirkennedy Tirkennedy () is a barony in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. To its west lies Lower Lough Erne and south Upper Lough Erne, and it is bordered by seven other baronies: Clanawley and Magheraboy to the west; Lurg and Omagh East to the north; Clo ...

in Fermanagh), and clan Colla of Fermanagh." The townland name Druim Mhic Cathmhaiol (Cathmhaoil's Ridge) on the border of Armagh and Louth might attest to a regional leadership role (in the "Councils of the North") organizing the defenses of Ulster against the Normans. The family name, in a much truncated form, is also preserved in the townland name Clonmakate in north Armagh adjacent to

Maghery Maghery ()Placenames NI
is a small

, (near Lough Neagh and the Blackwater); the original form was Cluain Mhic Cathmhaoil ‘Mac Cathmhaoil's meadow’. The inauguration of the Cineal Fereadaidh Chiefs probably happened at ancient royal site of Clochar Mac nDaimhín. They receive mention in Ceart ''Ui Néill'' (se
The Rights of O'Neill
being one of the three, along with MacMurchaidh and O' Devlin, classed as "fircheithearna" (select fighting men or foot soldiers i.e. "true kerns") of Ui Néill. A

Kern (soldier) A kern was a Gaelic warrior, specifically a light infantryman, in Ireland in the late Middle Ages. Etymology The word ''kern'' is an anglicisation of the Middle Irish word ''ceithern'' or ''ceithrenn'' meaning a collection of persons, partic ...

was a Gaelic soldier, specifically a light infantryman of

Gaelic Ireland Gaelic Ireland ( ga, Éire Ghaelach) was the Gaelic political and social order, and associated culture, that existed in Ireland from the late prehistoric era until the early 17th century. It comprised the whole island before Anglo-Normans c ...

during the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...

. From Ceart Ui Néill 14. "it is their duty to take and to guard

hostage A hostage is a person seized by an abductor in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seized, such as a relative, employer, law enforcement or government to act, or refr ...

s; and they are bound by their office to keep watch for the first three nights in camp and on a hosting..." and elsewhere "In his time, it was usual to for victorious conquerors to take captives, usually of exalted rank, as hostages for the good (i.e. subservient) subsequent behaviour of the vanquished". Later they became an important church family. They were also

Brehons Early Irish law, historically referred to as (English: Freeman-ism) or (English: Law of Freemen), also called Brehon law, comprised the statutes which governed everyday life in Early Medieval Ireland. They were partially eclipsed by the Norma ...

(judges of

Irish law Law of Ireland or Irish law may refer to: * Early Irish law (Brehon law) of Medieval Ireland * Alternative law in Ireland prior to 1921 * Law of the Republic of Ireland The law of Ireland consists of constitutional, statute, and common law. ...

) in Cenél nEoghain (Tyrone), are famous in Irish history for their learning and the many dignitaries they supplied to the church. In

about this time, 1300, the Mac Cathmhaoils were the hereditary advisers of the king, being one of the seven main septs of the Cenél nEoghain Ui Neill. The family's importance is obvious from a glance at the events listed in connection with them under MacCathmhail in the index to the

Annals of Ulster The ''Annals of Ulster'' ( ga, Annála Uladh) are annals of medieval Ireland. The entries span the years from 431 AD to 1540 AD. The entries up to 1489 AD were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín, ...

Family tree

This is one version of a list of male descendants from

Niall of the Nine Hostages Niall ''Noígíallach'' (; Old Irish "having nine hostages"), or Niall of the Nine Hostages, was a legendary, semi-historical Irish king who was the ancestor of the Uí Néill dynasties that dominated Ireland from the 6th to the 10th centurie ...

to Raghnall MacCathmhaoil who is claimed as being the first to use the ''Mac Cathmhaoil'' surname, seven generations removed from the ancestor whose name he chose to bear: *Niall of the Nine Hostages; Eógain (son of Niall);

Muiredach mac Eógain Muiredach mac Eógain (died c. 489) was a King of Ailech and head of the Cenél nEógain branch of the northern Uí Néill. He was the son of the founder of this dynasty Eógan mac Néill (died 465). There is no mention of him in the Irish annals ...

; Fearach (or Feradach), a brother of Muircheartach, brother of

Muirchertach mac Muiredaig (Mac Ercae) Muirchertach mac Muiredaig (died c. 534), called Mac Ercae, Muirchertach Macc Ercae and Muirchertach mac Ercae, was said to be High King of Ireland in the 6th century. The Irish annals contain little reliable information on his life, and the survi ...

and Fergus Mor; Fiachra; Fichna;

Suibne Menn Suibne Menn (or Suibne mac Fiachnai, "Suibne the Stammerer, son of Fiachnae"; died AD 628) was an Irish king who is counted as a High King of Ireland. Suibne belonged to the junior branch of the Cenél nEógain kindred of the northern Uí Néi ...

(or Suibne mac Fiachnai); Edalach; Donchar; CuGabhana; Conan; Donachar; Cathmhaoil; Breasal; Murtogh; Fogartach; Maoilcolum; Suibhneach; Colla; Raghnall MacCathmhaoil; Cu Uladh; and Giollachrist (died 1185).

The annals

Below are some entries from the

annals Annals ( la, annāles, from , "year") are a concise historical record in which events are arranged chronologically, year by year, although the term is also used loosely for any historical record. Scope The nature of the distinction between ann ...

, the

and

The Annals of the Four Masters The ''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland'' ( ga, Annála Ríoghachta Éireann) or the ''Annals of the Four Masters'' (''Annála na gCeithre Máistrí'') are chronicles of medieval Irish history. The entries span from the Deluge, dated as 2,242 ...

regarding the MacCathmhaoil (anglicized as MacCawell) the leading sept of

. Note: Alternative spelling found are listed after name. * 967, Cionaedh Ua Cathmhaoil, airchinnech Dhoire Chalgaigh, d'ecc in aen-mi. Meaning Cionaedh descendant of Cathmhaoil,

erenagh The medieval Irish office of erenagh (Old Irish: ''airchinnech'', Modern Irish: ''airchinneach'', Latin: ''princeps'') was responsible for receiving parish revenue from tithes and rents, building and maintaining church property and overseeing the ...

of Dhoire Chalgaigh (the early name of the ecclesiastial center at Derry) died this year. Note: Cionaedh means born of fire, and was also the name of the first King of the Scots and Picts

Kenneth MacAlpin Kenneth MacAlpin ( mga, Cináed mac Ailpin, label= Medieval Gaelic, gd, Coinneach mac Ailpein, label=Modern Scottish Gaelic; 810 – 13 February 858) or Kenneth I was King of Dál Riada (841–850), King of the Picts (843–858), and the K ...

. * 1180, the son of Niall Ua Coemain (O' Keenan) was killed by Donnchadh Mac Cathmail and

Donnchadh Donnchadh () is a masculine given name common to the Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages. It is composed of the elements ''donn'', meaning "brown" or "dark" from Donn a Gaelic God; and ''chadh'', meaning "chief" or "noble". The name is also writt ...

himself was killed therein. Note: The Hui Caeman (Muinter-Caemhain) ruled Magh Leamhna (Plain of Elm river), the area around Clogher, until about 1180 when they were ousted from the lordship of that region by the MacCathmhaoil. * 1185, Gillchreest MacCathmhaoil, royal chief of the Cineal Fereadaidh, clan Aongus (

Mac Cana The Mac Cana were a Gaelic Irish clan who held lands in Clancann and Clanbrasil in what is now northern County Armagh, and had the title of 'Lords of Clanbrasil'. It is the origin of the surname McCann. Etymology The name ''Mac Cana'' means ...

), clan Dubhinreacht (Mac Ualgharg or McGoldrick Lords of Hy Dubhinreacht in Clogher), clan Fogarty O'Ceannfhoda (

Ó Daimhín Ó Daimhín or Ní Dhaimhín is one of several surnames derived from the Irish Gaelic that are now rendered in English as Devine. The root of this name is "''damh''", which according to Dineen means an "ox or a Stag". It is also used figuratively ...

Lords of

in Fermanagh), and clan Colla (of Tir-Manach), and head of counsel of the North of Érinn, was slain on the 2nd of Nones (6th) of May by O'hEighnigh (O'

) chiefs in Fermanagh (and Arch

Kings of Airgíalla Between the sixth and sixteenth centuries, the Kingdom of Airgíalla (Anglicized as Oriel) was one of the three major kingdoms that formed what is now the province of Ulster. The others were In Tuisceairt to the north and west, and Ulaid to the e ...

) before the Maguire ascendence in 1202, aided by Muinter-Caemhain (O' Keenan); and they carried off his head, which was obtained from them at the end of a month afterwards. Note: Fogarty O'Ceannfhoda was a 5th-century Airgailla chieftain Fergus Cennfhota 'long-head' of Ui Chrimhthain who had descendants known as Ui Chennfhota and the kingdom of Tir Cennfhota, later anglicized to Tirkennedy. * 1216,

Murchadh Murchadh is masculine given name in the Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages. Etymology ''A Dictionary of First Names'', published by Oxford University Press, defines the Irish name as being derived from the Gaelic elements ''muir'', meaning "se ...

Mac Cathmail, royal chief of Cenel- Feradhaigh, died through miracle of St. Colum-cille. * 1238, Flaithbertach Mac Cathmail, arch-chief of Cenel-Feradhaigh, crown of championship and generosity of the Gaidhil (Irish Gael) and arch-chief, moreover, of Clann-Conghaile (Connelly) and Ui-Cennfhoda (

) in Tir-Manach (Fermanagh), was killed by Donnchadh Mac Cathmail, his own kinsman, in treachery. * 1252, Conchobur Mac Cathmhail, royal Chief of Cenel Feradhaigh and of many territories besides, tower of hospitality and valour of the North of Ireland, peace-maker of

Tirconnell Tyrconnell (), also spelled Tirconnell, was a kingdom of Gaelic Ireland, associated geographically with present-day County Donegal, which has sometimes been called ''County Tyrconnell''. At times it also included parts of County Fermanagh, Co ...

Tír Eoghain Tír Eoghain (), also known as Tyrone, was a kingdom and later earldom of Gaelic Ireland, comprising parts of present-day County Tyrone, County Armagh, County Londonderry and County Donegal (Raphoe). The kingdom represented the core homeland of ...

(Tyrone), and

, was killed by the routs of the people of Brian O'Neill, while defending his protegees against them, he himself being under the safeguard of O' Gormly and O'Kane. For older translation found in British Museum see reference. * Mac Cathmhaoil chiefs of Kinel-Farry (Cineal Fereadaidh), slain: Murrough 1215, Flaherty 1238, Donough 1251 (slain by the people of

), Conor 1252, Donslevy 1262 (slain by Yellow Hugh Buidha O'Neill), Gillapatrick 1370. * 1261, A great victory was gained by O'Donnell ( Donnell Óg) over Niall Culanagh O'Neill in a battle, in which many of the chiefs of Kinel-Owen, under the conduct of Mac Cawell, Chief of Kinel-Farry, and many other chiefs not mentioned here, were killed or taken prisoners. AFM * 1262 DonnSléibhe (Donslevy) Mac Cathmhaoil was slain by Yellow Hugh Buidha O'Neill. * Mac Cathmhaoils slain: Cu- Uladh 1346, Cu-Uladh, son of Gillapatrick 1370, Donough 1346, Donough son of Edmund (died of wounds) 1518. * 1355
a Cattle Raid example
and a battle between O'Donnell and O'Neill (with Mac Cathmail) from 1366 *

Brian Brian (sometimes spelled Bryan in English) is a male given name of Irish and Breton origin, as well as a surname of Occitan origin. It is common in the English-speaking world. It is possible that the name is derived from an Old Celtic word me ...

Mac Cathmhaoil (Bernard MacCamoeil),

Bishop of Clogher The Bishop of Clogher is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Clogher in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Following the Reformation, there are now parallel apostolic successions: one of the Church of Ireland and the ot ...

(1356–1358). He died of the

plague Plague or The Plague may refer to: Agriculture, fauna, and medicine *Plague (disease), a disease caused by ''Yersinia pestis'' * An epidemic of infectious disease (medical or agricultural) * A pandemic caused by such a disease * A swarm of pes ...

in 1358. * 1362, Ruaidhri, son of Domnall Ua Neill, was killed by Maelechlainn (Mac Cathmaoil), with one shot of (a bow) an arrow. Note: An earlier Domnall Ua Neill was grandson of the 10th century O’Neill Clan founder

Niall Glúndub Niall Glúndub mac Áeda ( Modern Irish: ''Niall Glúndubh mac Aodha'', "Niall Black-Knee, son of Áed"; died 14 September 919) was a 10th-century Irish king of the Cenél nEógain and High King of Ireland. Many Irish kin groups were members of t ...

. The name Maelechlainn means "Devotee of St Sechnall" who is thought to be a 5th-century Italian bishop that preceded St Patrick. * 1365, when Malachy of the Mac Cathmhaoil, the ruling house of Clogher, Tyrone, slew an O’Neill of Tír Eoghain, Malachy was known as 'Maelechainn Mac in Ghirr meic Mac Cathmhaoil'. Translated his name is 'Malachy the son of the Short-Fellow Mac Cathmhaoil'. This feat of slaying an O’Neill warranted a change of name so he became Malachy mac in ghirr or simply Malachy MacGirr. Later this family survived the Ulster Plantation, receiving a number of grants of lands at the time. They are to be found later in the 1660s as taxpayers in the Clogher Valley and elsewhere in Tyrone. Today the family is generally found as McGirr, McGerr, McKerr and in the English version as Short. * Cu-Uladh Mac an Ghirr Mac Cawell (died 1368), chief of his own

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...

and a son of his, who was a learned and illustrious professor of

Sciences Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence ...

, died in England. * 1370, Gillapatrick Mac Cawell, Chief of Kinel-Farry; Cu-uladh, his son, and his wife, the daughter of Manus Mac Mahon, were treacherously slain by the sons of Hugh Mac Cawell. Murrough, his Gillapatrick's brother then became Chieftain of Kinel-Farry. * 1376, Richard Mac Cathmail (Mac Cawell) was slain by Philip Mag Uidhir (Philip Maguire), the king of Fir-Manach and Domnall Ua Neill (Donnell O Neill). * 1403, Cú Uladh mac Giolla Patraicc Meic Cathmaoil (Cu Uladh Mac GillaPatrick McCawell) was treacherously slain at an assembly by his own people. * Donough Mac Cawell, Chief of the two Kinel-Farrys, was slain by Maguire in 1404. * 1427, Siobhan (Joan), daughter of the bishop Mac Cathmhail, wife of Maurice Mag Uidhir ( Maguire), that is, of the great Archdeacon, died on the 13th of the

Kalends The calends or kalends ( la, kalendae) is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar. The English word "calendar" is derived from this word. Use The Romans called the first day of every month the ''calends'', signifying the start of a n ...

of February Jan. 20; one, that maintained a hospital or

hospice Hospice care is a type of health care that focuses on the palliation of a terminally ill patient's pain and symptoms and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs at the end of life. Hospice care prioritizes comfort and quality of life b ...

at Claen inis (now Cleenish) and at Ros-oirther (or Rossorry), in Fermanagh for six and fifty years reputably, humanely and charitably. Note: Claen inis or Cleenish (sloping Island on Lough Erne) was a

monastic Monasticism (from Ancient Greek , , from , , 'alone'), also referred to as monachism, or monkhood, is a religion, religious way of life in which one renounces world (theology), worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic ...

site founded by St Sinnell in the 6th century, an early instructor of

Columbanus Columbanus ( ga, Columbán; 543 – 21 November 615) was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries after 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil Abbey in present-day France and Bobbio Abbey i ...

, who was said to be the most learned man in

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the s ...

Britain Britain most often refers to: * The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands * Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...

. Ros-oirther or Rossorry, was a monastery founded in 480 by St. Fanchea and a church in 1048 in

Magheraboy Magheraboy () is a barony in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. To its east lies Lower Lough Erne, and it is bordered by three other baronies in Northern Ireland: Lurg to the north; Tirkennedy to the east; and Clanawley to the south It also bor ...

, Fermanagh. * Art Mac Cathmhaoil (Arthur MacCamoeil), Bishop of Clogher (1390–1432) a pious man, who had kept a house of public hospitality for the poor and indigent, died, after

penance Penance is any act or a set of actions done out of repentance for sins committed, as well as an alternate name for the Catholic, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession. It also plays a part ...

in 1432. * 1434, O'Donnell and his son Turlough heir to the lordship of Tirconnell and Mac Cawell went in search of plunder and booty in another direction and their evil fortune brought them into collision with a large body of English

cavalry Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from "cheval" meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms, operating as light cavalry in ...

who surrounded them. They contended with them for a long time until Turlough O'Donnell, Mac Cawell, Hugh Mac an Easpuig Mac Cawell and many others were slain and this was on the day after

Michaelmas Michaelmas ( ; also known as the Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, the Feast of the Archangels, or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels) is a Christian festival observed in some Western liturgical calendars on 29 September, a ...

After the loss of his people O'Donnell was taken prisoner and delivered up to the son of John Stanley the King's Deputy, who had shortly before arrived in Ireland, and who sent him to be imprisoned in Dublin. * 1444, Duvcovla daughter of Thomas Maguire, Lord of Fermanagh and wife Owen Mac Cathmhaoil a humane charitable and truly hospitable woman died. The old Irish name Dubh-choblaith pronounced Duvcovla means dark victory. * 1461, Mac Cawell i.e. Brian Lord of Kinel Farry died and Owen Mac Cawell was made lord. * 1480,

O'Donnell The O'Donnell dynasty ( ga, Ó Dónaill or ''Ó Domhnaill,'' ''Ó Doṁnaill'' ''or Ua Domaill;'' meaning "descendant of Dónal") were the dominant Irish clan of the kingdom of Tyrconnell, Ulster, in medieval Ireland. Naming conventions Or ...

went upon an excursion into Tyrone accompanied by the sons of Art O'Neill and the sons of Felim O'Neill, and committed great depredations on Mac Cawell in Kinel Farry and slew Brian, the son of Turlough Roe, son of Henry O'Neill and the son of Mac Cawell, i.e. James. O'Neill and his sons happened to be in their neighbourhood at that time, and the sons of O'Neill and Mac Cawell pursued the preys, and slew the son of Art O'Neill a distinguished captain, who was along with O'Donnell. O'Donnell however carried off the preys and returned in triumph to his residence with numerous spoils. * 1481, the son of GillaPatrick Mac Cawell with many others not enumerated were killed when a great war arose between the O'Neill. * 1492, Donnell, son of Henry, son of Owen O'Neill, and Gilla-Patrick MacCawell (MacCathmhaoil), were taken prisoners; and Edmond MacCawell was slain by the sons of Redmond

McMahon McMahon, also spelled MacMahon (older Irish orthography: ; reformed Irish orthography: ), is a surname of Irish origin. It is derived from the Gaelic ''Mac'' ''Mathghamhna'' meaning 'son of the bear'. The surname came into use around the 11th ce ...

, i.e. Glasny and Brian. Many others besides these were slain and taken prisoners on that occasion. Donnell, however, made his escape from the castle of Muineachan (

Monaghan Monaghan ( ; ) is the county town of County Monaghan, Ireland. It also provides the name of its civil parish and barony. The population of the town as of the 2016 census was 7,678. The town is on the N2 road from Dublin to Derry and Let ...

) a week after his capture. * 1493, A brawl between the Cenel-Feradhaigh themselves in Clochar (of Ui-Daimin) and Aedh, son of Mac Cathmail, namely, son of Edmond, son of Brian Mac Cathmail, was slain there and Brian, son of

Toirdelbach Toirdelbach is a masculine Irish given name. Forms of the name include ''Toirdhealbhach'', ''Tárlach'', and ''Traolach''. An Anglicised form is Turlough. The names are ultimately derived from the Irish ''toirdhealbh'' meaning "prompting", and orig ...

, son of

Aengus In Irish mythology, Aengus or Óengus is one of the Tuatha Dé Danann and probably originally a god associated with youth, love,Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopedia of the Irish folk tradition''. Prentice-Hall Press, ...

, son of the Dwarf, was slain there also, namely, the Sunday before

May Day May Day is a European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning of summer, usually celebrated on 1 May, around halfway between the spring equinox and summer solstice. Festivities may also be held the night before, known as May Eve. Tr ...

(or Bealtaine). Note: The Irish word for dwarf

Abhartach Abhartach (; Irish for 'dwarf'), also Avartagh, is an early Irish legend, which was first collected in Patrick Weston Joyce's ''The Origin and History of Irish Names of Places'' (1870). Abhartach should not be confused with the similarly named ...

is also the name of an early Irish death defying character. * 1498, GillaPatrick Mac Cawell, Henry O'Neill, Felim

and a great number of the other chiefs of the province were slain in a conflict between the O'Neill. * William (Uilliam) Oge Mac Cathmhaoil, Son of Art,

Dean Dean may refer to: People * Dean (given name) * Dean (surname), a surname of Anglo-Saxon English origin * Dean (South Korean singer), a stage name for singer Kwon Hyuk * Dean Delannoit, a Belgian singer most known by the mononym Dean Titles * ...

of Clogher died 1508. Note: he was brother of Eoghan Bishop of Clogher. * 1508 Great depredations were committed by Art, the son of Con O'Neill, upon the Kinel-Farry. Owen, the son of O'Neill, and the sons of Mac Cawell, overtook him; and Aengus MacSorley 'Bacagh' (the Irish nickname bacach, meaning lame), was slain on the side of Art; but Art himself made his escape from them, and carried off the prey. Note: Art is lightly

Art Oge O'Neill Art Oge O'Neill (Irish: ''Art Óg Ó Néill'') was a member of the O'Neill Dynasty of Tír Eoghain, Ulster, in medieval Ireland during the early Tudor era. In 1513 he became head of the O'Neills, holding the position until 1519 when he was succee ...

the half brother of

Conn Bacach O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone Conn Bacagh O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone (Irish: ''Conn Bacach mac Cuinn Ó Néill'') (c. 1480–1559), was king of Tyrone. In 1541 O'Neill travelled to England to submit to Henry VIII as part of the surrender and regrant policy that coincide ...

and son of Conn Mor who would become head of the O'Neills from 1513 to 1519. * 1515 Eoghan Mac Cathmhaoil (Eugene Mac Camoeil, Owen), Bishop of the Diocese of Clogher (1505–1515). Owen, the son of Art, son of John, son of Art Mac Cawell, Bishop of Clogher, died. He was buried in St Macartan's Cathedral. * 1518, in a raid on the territory of Brian O'Neill, Brian met them at Donaghanie (Domhnach-an-eich meaning Church/Sunday of the Horse, near Omagh), and defeated them. Hugh, the son of

Donnell O'Neill Donnell Claragh O'Neill (Irish: ''Domhnall Clarach Ó Néill'', died 1509), was a member of the O'Neill Dynasty of Tír Eoghain, Ulster in medieval Ireland. He was the son of Con O'Neill, and a half-brother to Henry Oge O'Neill. He succeeded He ...

was taken prisoner and

Donough The Irish surname Donough originally appeared in Gaelic as Mac Donough, which means son of Donnchadh or son of Donagh, a personal name composed of the elements donn meaning ‘brown-haired’ or "dark" from Donn a Gaelic God; and chadh, meaning ...

Mac Cawell, the son of Edmond was wounded and many of the Kinel Farry were slain. Mac Cawell died of his wounds afterwards. Note: According to a local legend, the horse belonged to St Patrick and it achieved fame by kicking and killing an amphibious creature which emerged from Lough Patrick! It may also be an older sacred site! Donaghanie could be derived from Dun Eachaidh for 'fort of the horseman' perhaps referring to St Eachaidh who was a fifth century

Clones Clone or Clones or Cloning or Cloned or The Clone may refer to: Places * Clones, County Fermanagh * Clones, County Monaghan, a town in Ireland Biology * Clone (B-cell), a lymphocyte clone, the massive presence of which may indicate a pathologi ...

saint, an hours horse ride away. Or did the horse belong to

Donn In Irish mythology, Donn ("the dark one", from cel-x-proto, Dhuosnos) is an ancestor of the Gaels and is believed to have been a god of the dead. Donn is said to dwell in Tech Duinn (the "house of Donn" or "house of the dark one"), where the ...

"god of the dead" portrayed as a phantom horseman riding a white horse? Donn is considered an aspect of

The Dagda The Dagda (Old Irish: ''In Dagda,'' ga, An Daghdha, ) is an important god in Irish mythology. One of the Tuatha Dé Danann, the Dagda is portrayed as a father-figure, king, and druid.Koch, John T. ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia ...

"the great God" also known as "the horseman" and is the origin of the

"Loch nEachach" for

Loch Neagh Lough Neagh ( ) is a freshwater lake in Northern Ireland and is the largest lake in the island of Ireland, the United Kingdom and the British Isles. It has a surface area of and supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water. Its main inflows come ...

. * 1519, in another raid on the territory of Brian O'Neill at Sliabh Troim (mountain of elder or

elderberry ''Sambucus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry. The genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified as Adoxaceae due to ge ...

) by Domnall O'Neill with the McCathmaoils, Cu-Uladh and Thomas sons of Edmund McCathmaoils and Edmund and Brian two sons of Gilla-Padraic McCathmail were slain. The defeat having taken place at Clogherny, Omagh. Note: Elder or Trom was one of the sacred flowering trees carried in procession at

Beltane Beltane () is the Gaelic May Day festival. Commonly observed on the first of May, the festival falls midway between the spring equinox and summer solstice in the northern hemisphere. The festival name is synonymous with the month marking the ...

and a townland called Beltany lies just below it. Sliabh Troim and Clogherny have boggy ground, which may have contributed to their deaths.

Reformation and dissolution

The religious and political turmoil of late medieval,

Early Modern Ireland Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...

reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...

(1517–1750),

counter reformation The Counter-Reformation (), also called the Catholic Reformation () or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. It began with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) a ...

(1545–1648) is reflected in some of these figures. For the church, it became a "battleground for profit and cultural

hegemony Hegemony (, , ) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one State (polity), state over other states. In Ancient Greece (8th BC – AD 6th ), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of the ''hegemon'' city-state over oth ...

" where after the Plantation of Ulster a new Protestant ruling class took ownership and later instituted the Penal Laws. Sources found in texts other than the Annals of the Four Masters. (see Dissolution of Monasteries in Ireland) an
Clogher & St. Marcartan's Cathedral, history 500–1970
* Neal McCamal,

Rector Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations *Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...

of Termonayncomagn died 1367 conveyed to the Primate Milo Sweetman at his manor of

Termonfeckin Termonfeckin or Termonfechin () is a small village and townland in County Louth, Ireland. It is within the parish of the same name, and lies north-east of Drogheda. The population of the village tripled in the 20 years between the 1996 and 201 ...

' (near Drogheda inside the Pale). Note: A Termon (in Irish Tearmann), means place of sanctuary, were lands associated with the Church. As territory connected to a church or monastery, it enjoyed certain immunities, privileges and protection as

sanctuary A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred place, such as a shrine. By the use of such places as a haven, by extension the term has come to be used for any place of safety. This secondary use can be categorized into human sanctuary, a sa ...

lands (though not all church land was termon land). The tenants of termon land were called termoners which is thus a generic name for coarbs and erenaghs. * Domhnall Mac Cathmhaoil, Bishop of Derry (1415–1419), died 1419, previously

Archdeacon An archdeacon is a senior clergy position in the Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, St Thomas Christians, Eastern Orthodox churches and some other Christian denominations, above that of mo ...

Glendalough Glendalough (; ) is a glacial valley in County Wicklow, Ireland, renowned for an Early Medieval monastic settlement founded in the 6th century by St Kevin. From 1825 to 1957, the head of the Glendalough Valley was the site of a galena lead min ...

and

clerk A clerk is a white-collar worker who conducts general office tasks, or a worker who performs similar sales-related tasks in a retail environment. The responsibilities of clerical workers commonly include record keeping, filing, staffing service ...

of the diocese of Dublin where he was noted for his skill in

Canon law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is t ...

. His name was also written as Donald Mackatmail. * John McKathmayl (Mackathmeyl, McCamul or McCawell). 1441: Rector of Argull (Errigle Keerogue in Clogher, Tyrone),

Prebendary A prebendary is a member of the Roman Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church. When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of th ...

of Termon (church lands) and one of the

benefice A benefice () or living is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The Roman Empire used the Latin term as a benefit to an individual from the Empire for services rendered. Its use was adopted by ...

d clergy of Tullaghogue, Tyrone. 1441, May 19: A definitive sentence, "in causa beneficiale," ..."A complaint for non-residence at Argull, preferred against John McKathmayl." 1445, Nov. 21:

Excommunication Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose ...

, inter alia (among other things), against John McKathmayl for not paying the

his proxies ; Note: proxies were certain sums of money which parish priests pay yearly to the bishop or archdeacon. "There was a suspicion that the Gaelic chiefs wished to make the Rectory hereditary in some of their own families; as the coarb-ships and

ies had been and were." In 1424 he "received papal dispensation, as the son of a bishop (Arthur McCathmhaoil) and an unmarried woman related in certain degrees of affinity, to be promoted to all, even holy orders... says he is of a race of dukes..." *Eoghan McCawell, Dean of Armagh (1505–1549) " Armagh's cathedral was in a poor state at the start of the sixteenth century and suffered from a devastating fire in 1511. Under Dean Eoghan McCawell (1505–1549) the edifice was renovated, and soon after his death the cathedral was described by Lord Chancellor Cusack as ‘one of the fairest and best churches in Ireland’. The archbishop had to work with the dean and chapter in managing the archiepiscopal estates. All leases of the see lands and the tithes attached to the archbishop's mensa had to be endorsed with the seal of the dean and chapter. The seal was kept under three locks, the keys to which were held by the dean, chancellor and

precentor A precentor is a person who helps facilitate worship. The details vary depending on the religion, denomination, and era in question. The Latin derivation is ''præcentor'', from cantor, meaning "the one who sings before" (or alternatively, "first ...

of Armagh... The primary responsibility of the dean and chapter of Armagh was to ensure that the fabric of the cathedral was well-maintained, and that the

liturgy Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. ''Liturgy'' can also be used to refer specifically to public worship by Christians. As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and partic ...

was celebrated in a manner appropriate for the mother-church of the archdiocese." Note: mensa is that portion of the property of a church which is appropriated to defraying the expenses either of the prelate or of the community which serves the church. * James MacCawell, (McCaghwell), is listed as the first

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Brit ...

Anglican Archbishop of Cashel 1567–1570. Although now called Anglican, the church at the time considered itself Catholic and so technically James was still a Catholic Bishop and Ireland had dealt with competing influences before under Norman and Gaelic lordships and an early schism with Rome over the

date of Easter As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as (). Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon, which is the first full moon on or after 21 March (a fixed approx ...

. James was appointed in October 1567 by

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five House of Tudor monarchs and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". Eli ...

, however, a few months before Maurice MacGibbon was appointed Archbishop by

Pope Pius V Pope Pius V ( it, Pio V; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in May 1572. He is v ...

in June, which lead to a conflict between the two Bishops as Second English Schism was developing: “McCaghwell who had been before disappointed of the Down bishopric (appointed by Elizabeth in 1564, but never consecrated), through terror of Shane O'Neill was wounded, with a Skeine (an Irish knife or dagger), by Archbishop MacGibbon". Furthermore, in 1568 Archbishop MacGibbon was said to have taken rival Archbishop McCaghwell "out of his own house and carried him to

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

." Another source says “Soon after his appointment to Cashel, a worse fate was in store for him: for when he ventured beyond

the Pale The Pale ( Irish: ''An Pháil'') or the English Pale (' or ') was the part of Ireland directly under the control of the English government in the Late Middle Ages. It had been reduced by the late 15th century to an area along the east coast ...

to claim his flock in the name of her Majesty, he was assailed and arrested by the people, and sent off a prisoner to

in the safe keeping of the kerne of Fitzmaurice. “ Note: In 1570

excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I and later in 1584 she would have Archbishop MacGibbons successor

Dermot O'Hurley Dermot O'Hurley (c. 1530 – 19 or 20 June 1584)—also ''Dermod or Dermond O'Hurley'': ga, Diarmaid Ó hUrthuile—was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel in Ireland during the reign of Elizabeth I, who was put to death for treason. He ...

tortured and

executed Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned practice of deliberately killing a person as a punishment for an actual or supposed crime, usually following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that t ...

for treason (for not converting to Protestantism). Failure for James to accept Elizabeth's supremacy over the church or to accept her appointments could have led to a similar fate. * Patrick MacCaul, Bishop of

Dromore, County Down Dromore () is a small market town and civil parish in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies within the local government district of Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon. It is southwest of Belfast, on the A1 Belfast–Dublin road. The 2011 ...

Appointed 23 (or 26) January 1576; died bef. February 1589. * Miler Cawell, Bishop of

Killala Killala () is a village in County Mayo in Ireland, north of Ballina. The railway line from Dublin to Ballina once extended to Killala. To the west of Killala is a Townsplots West (known locally as Enagh Beg), which contains a number of ancient ...

, County Mayo, appointed

vicar apostolic A vicar (; Latin: ''vicarius'') is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, ''vicar'' is cognate with the English pr ...

by papal brief on 15 May 1591 (N.S.). Note: Miler is an anglizatiom of the Gaelic name Maol Mhuire meaning Devotee of

Mary Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religious contexts * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also calle ...

also written as Miles and Milo. *Owen MacCawell, Archdeacon of St. Columba Derry, the Union of Donebooe ( DunDoe) 1612–1622. Member of Jury of "The Inquisition to distinguish between crown and church lands" taken at

Limavady Limavady (; ) is a market town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, with Binevenagh as a backdrop. Lying east of Derry and southwest of Coleraine, Limavady had a population of 12,032 people at the 2011 Census. In the 40 years betwee ...

, (then in

County Coleraine County Coleraine, called the County of Colerain in the earliest documents,Hill, George. ''The Fall of Irish Chiefs and Clans; The Conquest of Ireland''. Irish Roots Cafe, 2004. p.97 was one of the counties of Ireland from 1585 to 1613. It was ...

, now in County Londonderry) on 30 August 1609. * Aodh MacCathmhaoil (1571–1626), Irish

Franciscan , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...

theologian Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...

and Archbishop of Armagh ( Aodh means fire) trained at one of the

bardic poetry Bardic poetry is the writings produced by a class of poets trained in the bardic schools of Ireland and the Gaelic parts of Scotland, as they existed down to about the middle of the 17th century or, in Scotland, the early 18th century. Most of th ...

schools still operating in Ulster and was made tutor to

Hugh O'Neill, The O'Neill Hugh O'Neill (Irish: ''Aodh Mór Ó Néill''; literally ''Hugh The Great O'Neill''; – 20 July 1616), was an Irish Gaelic lord, Earl of Tyrone (known as the Great Earl) and was later created ''The Ó Néill Mór'', Chief of the Name. O'Neil ...

's sons; went to Spain on defeat of the Gaelic earls, entered the

Order at

Salamanca Salamanca () is a city in western Spain and is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The city lies on several rolling hills by the Tormes River. Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Herit ...

and later became Catholic

Archbishop of Armagh In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdio ...

and

Primate of Ireland The Primacy of Ireland was historically disputed between the Archbishop of Armagh and the Archbishop of Dublin until finally settled by Pope Innocent VI. '' Primate'' is a title of honour denoting ceremonial precedence in the Church, and in t ...

Plantation and dispossession

The

Plantation of Ulster The Plantation of Ulster ( gle, Plandáil Uladh; Ulster-Scots: ''Plantin o Ulstèr'') was the organised colonisation ('' plantation'') of Ulstera province of Irelandby people from Great Britain during the reign of King James I. Most of th ...

and penal laws (1607-1920s) period is reflected in these figures, where it was said, "With only two, or perhaps three exceptions, every native landlord, and every native tenant within the bounds of the six counties was dispossessed and displaced;..." Later the Penal Laws were intended to degrade the Irish so severely that they would never again be in a position to seriously threaten Colonial rule. From sources other than (and after) the Annals of the Four Masters, with names spelled as they were found. *Hugh McCawell, Captain: commander of 600 men with Rory and Gillispick McReverin ( McGiverin) in the Army of Hugh O'Neill during

Nine Years' War The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between Kingdom of France, France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by t ...

(1594–1603). Note: McReverin is most likely a misspelling of McGiverin another leading family in Cenel Ferry. *1607

Flight of the Earls The Flight of the Earls ( ir, Imeacht na nIarlaí)In Irish, the neutral term ''Imeacht'' is usually used i.e. the ''Departure of the Earls''. The term 'Flight' is translated 'Teitheadh na nIarlaí' and is sometimes seen. took place in Se ...

, Fearghas MacCathmhaoil (

Scholar A scholar is a person who pursues academic and intellectual activities, particularly academics who apply their intellectualism into expertise in an area of study. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researche ...

), listed as being one of about 100 who left with Hugh Ó Néill. From the book Imeacht Na nIarlí The Flight of the Earls 1607–2007 by Cardinal

Tomás Ó Fiaich Tomás Séamus Cardinal Ó Fiaich KGCHS (3 November 1923 – 8 May 1990) was an Irish prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the Catholic Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh from 1977 until his death. He was created a Cardinal ...

*1610

, Land Grants: Grant to Hugh McCawell, jjent., Tullinecrosse, one balliboe, 60 acres. Rent, 13*. 57. (Tulnacross,

Dungannon Upper Dungannon Upper is a barony in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It was created in 1851 with the splitting of the barony of Dungannon. Lough Neagh runs along its eastern boundary, and it is bordered by four other baronies: Dungannon Middle to ...

, Tyrone) Note: Tulaigh na croise means "Hill of the cross". *1611 Grant to Owen McCowell (McCawell), Bovidie (Boith Mhéabha meaning Maeve's hut/

monastic cell A cell is a small room used by a hermit, monk, nun or anchorite to live and as a devotional space. Cells are often part of larger cenobitic monastic communities such as Catholic and Orthodox monasteries and Buddhist vihara, but may also form sta ...

) in the

barony of Coleraine Coleraine (named after Coleraine town) is a Barony (Ireland), barony in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It connects to the north-Londonderry coastline, and is bordered by five other baronies: Keenaght (barony), Keenaght to the west; Loughi ...

. Bovevagh now listed in

Keenaght (barony) Keenaght () is a barony in the mid-northerly third of County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It connects to the north-Londonderry coastline, and is bordered by four other baronies: Coleraine to the east; Loughinsholin to the south-east; Tirkeeran ...

; Owen was one of 13 native Irish given

freehold Freehold may refer to: In real estate *Freehold (law), the tenure of property in fee simple * Customary freehold, a form of feudal tenure of land in England * Parson's freehold, where a Church of England rector or vicar of holds title to benefice ...

title of some of the confiscated land of Donnell Ballagh O'Cahan who was then in the tower of London. *1609–1614 Pardons: Pardon was granted among others to Edmond Duffe Mc Cawell (Black Edmond), James Rowe Mc Cawell (Red James), Edmond Brier Mc Cawell (Fair-haired Edmond). In 1610 to Patrick Oge Mc Cawell (young Patrick). In 1612 to Tirlagh Grome Mac Cawell (Blue/Green Tirlagh),

yeoman Yeoman is a noun originally referring either to one who owns and cultivates land or to the middle ranks of servants in an English royal or noble household. The term was first documented in mid-14th-century England. The 14th century also witn ...

kern KERN (1180 AM broadcasting, AM) is a commercial radio, commercial radio station city of license, licensed to Wasco, California, Wasco-Greenacres, California, and serving the Bakersfield metropolitan area. The station is owned by American General ...

(yellow Tirlagh), Brien Glasse McOwen McCawell (Green Brien, son of Owen Mc Cawell). In 1613 to Brien Daire Mc Cawell, Donnell Carragh Mc Cawell, yeomen (

) of Tyrone county. In 1614 pardon among others to Tirlagh Mc Manus Boy Mc Cawell (Turlough, son of Yellow/Bui Manus Mc Cawell), of Killetragh, Tyrone county. From the Pardon lists, English

Patent Rolls The patent rolls (Latin: ''Rotuli litterarum patentium'') are a series of administrative records compiled in the English, British and United Kingdom Chancery, running from 1201 to the present day. Description The patent rolls comprise a register ...

James I James I may refer to: People *James I of Aragon (1208–1276) *James I of Sicily or James II of Aragon (1267–1327) *James I, Count of La Marche (1319–1362), Count of Ponthieu *James I, Count of Urgell (1321–1347) *James I of Cyprus (1334–13 ...

. Note: McCawells named Turlough where possibly named after The O’Neill Mor

Turlough Luineach O'Neill Sir Turlough Lynagh O'Neill (Irish: ''Sir Toirdhealbhach Luineach mac Néill Chonnalaigh Ó Néill''; 1532 – September, 1595) was an Irish Gaelic lord of Tír Eoghain in early modern Ireland. He was inaugurated upon Shane O’Neill’s death, ...

(1532–1595). *1631 Tyrone Tenant Lists: Patricke McCawell houldeth Aghnegarry (in Barony of Omagh), being 1 balliboe. Listed in Inquisition held at

Dungannon Dungannon () is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the second-largest town in the county (after Omagh) and had a population of 14,340 at the 2011 Census. The Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council had its headquarters in t ...

, 1 May 1631. Hugh McCawell, 60 acres to Hugh McCawell, gent. in County of Tyrone: Precinct of Donganon Note: A balliboe, meaning cow-land was a Gaelic division of land, the common English translation for a variety of small local land units that varied in name and meaning throughout Ireland. Roughly synonymous with ‘Townland’. *1631 The Inquisitions on

Attainder In English criminal law, attainder or attinctura was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditar ...

(Lands Seized By The King 1631): The said Richard Cooper (1500 acres graunted to him by Ires patents) contrary to the intent and effect of the said Ires, hath sett severall balliboes within the said proportion unto the meer Irish viz; "Torlogh Groome McCawell held the balliboe called Roveagh(Raveagh) and Graghrafynn. Bryen McCawell did hould the towne and balliboe of land called Lysnely (Lisanely Irish Lios an Ailigh 'ringfort of the stony place'), and Bryen O'Neel and Gilgroome O'Connogher held the balliboes called Lysraneese(Raneese), Derrywarde(Derrybard from Doire Barda'oakwood of the guard' or Ir. Doire Baird 'oakwood of the poet'), and Garvallagh. All the said severall balliboes and peells of lands become forfeitt. Conogher Mc'Ghir being a meer Irishman doth plough, pasture, and graise, upon the balliboe of land called Ballyorran (Baile Uaráin‘ meaning townland of the spring or fountain’) within the proportion of Bally ---barony of Clogher, and therefore the rents and profits of said balliboe are become forfeited to the King"

Charles I of England Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after ...

, for being rented to meer Irish. *1639 Tyrone Tenant Lists: Inquisition held at Koragh, (

Sixmilecross Sixmilecross is a townland and small village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The original Irish name for Sixmilecross is Na Corracha Mora, this refers to marshy ground, probably the ground that runs along the Glusha river at the back of the ...

), in 1614 Teige m'Caell (born at Killanele bar Dung.) in Derrybroghes, 1616 (for 1? year) Pattric' m'Cawell (born in town of Wexford) in Branar, 1614 for 1 year Tirlagh Oge m'Cawell (born at Clane in said co.) in Doogerry, Neale Garave m'Cowell (born at Ballentacken) in Tiremany are listed as tenants(among others) of Earl and Countess of Castlehaven. * 1641 Rebellion/War: Torlogh Grome McCawell and his sons Donnell & Bryen McCawell, Clogher. Planter John Kairnes said that he had been robbed and had stolen from by the Shane Oge O'Neell, Bryen McShane Oge O'Neell, Torlogh Grome McCawell and Shane McCawell of Fenaghdrome, (Fernaghandrum, Clogher, Tyrone) among others. Examination of Henry McCawell – 1653/6/9 (regarding 1641) " ...his brother Patrick McCawell agreed (as this examinant was informed) with Capten Morris and his brother Thomas Morris to carry them by water along Logh Neagh to some place... but by reason of a Storme that was then on the Logh, were forced to retorne with this examinant and his brother Patrick to

Mountjoy Castle Mountjoy Castle is situated near the village of Brockagh, in Magheralamfield townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, on a hill overlooking Lough Neagh. The Castle is a State Care Historic Monument in the townland of Magheralamfield, in Du ...

...where they both remayned prisoners for one night and then set them both at liberty and being asked if he sawe or heard of any of Capten Morrisse his company murdered..." Examination of John Morris "...Aforesaid Patrick Mccawell with us; but he most Earnestly Crying to Mr Hastings for Gods sake to put him Ashoare, least (said he) that Thorlacgh G Quin, who then was Governor of Mountioy Castle, should kill his father,..." Note: The 1641 Depositions are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. The testimonies document the loss of goods, military activity, and the alleged crimes committed by the Irish insurgents. * Yoemen/

Kern KERN (1180 AM broadcasting, AM) is a commercial radio, commercial radio station city of license, licensed to Wasco, California, Wasco-Greenacres, California, and serving the Bakersfield metropolitan area. The station is owned by American General ...

during 1641 Rebellion: Agholy McCawell, Fergus McCawell of Down and Murtagh McCowell, of Ballinlogh, Down. Note: The name Agholy comes from the Irish Eachmhílidh 'horse-soldier', and has strong Co. Down associations. *1642 Father Henry Caghwell, Professor of

Philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...

, Studied Humanities at

Louvain Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic c ...

and Philosophy at

Douai Douai (, , ,; pcd, Doï; nl, Dowaai; formerly spelled Douay or Doway in English) is a city in the Nord département in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. Located on the river Scarpe some from Lille and from Arras, Dou ...

. Confined to his bed due to sickness, he was dragged from his house in Dublin by soldiers, scourged and

cudgel A club (also known as a cudgel, baton, bludgeon, truncheon, cosh, nightstick, or impact weapon) is a short staff or stick, usually made of wood, wielded as a weapon since prehistoric times. There are several examples of blunt-force trauma caused ...

ed in the public square and left dying. He was then thrown in

prison A prison, also known as a jail, gaol (dated, standard English, Australian, and historically in Canada), penitentiary (American English and Canadian English), detention center (or detention centre outside the US), correction center, corre ...

and later shipped in a dying condition to France with 20 other priests, where he made an unexpected recovery with "great care" from the Rector of the Jesuit College in Rochelle. He later returned to Ireland where he died a few days later attending the sick. It was actions like these that drove many, such as Irish

philosopher and theologian John Punch towards revolutionary thought and a reassessment of

Scotist Scotism is the philosophical school and theological system named after John Duns Scotus, a 13th-century Scottish philosopher-theologian. The word comes from the name of its originator, whose ''Opus Oxoniense'' was one of the most important ...

philosophy arguing that "the Stuarts had lost the right to rule Ireland for natural reasons, not supernatural ones; because the

Stuarts The House of Stuart, originally spelt Stewart, was a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland and later Great Britain. The family name comes from the office of High Steward of Scotland, which had been held by the family progenitor Walter ...

were tyrants, not because they were

Protestants Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

." *1648 Naoisie McCamell, Captain in the Ulster Army, lead an assault on Carradrumruiske (

Carrick-on-Shannon Carrick-on-Shannon () is the county town of County Leitrim in Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is the largest town in the county of Leitrim. A smaller part of the town lies in County Roscommon. The population of the town was 4,062 in 2016. It is ...

), a main fording point of the Shannon, during the

Irish Confederate Wars The Irish Confederate Wars, also called the Eleven Years' War (from ga, Cogadh na hAon-déag mBliana), took place in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. It was the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of civil wars in the kin ...

. Colonel Rory (Roger) Maguire, former MP of Fermanagh lead 5 or 6

regiment A regiment is a military unit. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, service and/or a specialisation. In Medieval Europe, the term "regiment" denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscript ...

s of soldiers, and more reinforcements (regiments of Ulick Burke) from Teige O'Ruarike at

Jamestown, County Leitrim Jamestown () is a village on the banks of the River Shannon in the south of County Leitrim, Ireland. It lies some 5 km east-south-east of the county town, Carrick-on-Shannon. It was named after King James VI & I. Jamestown was built as a w ...

, lay

siege A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characteriz ...

to the fort and ordered a sconce

ditch A ditch is a small to moderate divot created to channel water. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. Ditches ar ...

to be filled with "1500 or 2000 bundles of

faggot Faggot, faggots, or faggoting may refer to: Arts and crafts * Faggoting (metalworking), forge welding a bundle of bars of iron and steel * Faggoting (knitting), variation of lace knitting in which every stitch is a yarn over or a decrease * ...

" or sticks for the assault. He gave Captain Noisie his own "

armour Armour (British English) or armor (American English; see spelling differences) is a covering used to protect an object, individual, or vehicle from physical injury or damage, especially direct contact weapons or projectiles during combat, or f ...

proof Proof most often refers to: * Proof (truth), argument or sufficient evidence for the truth of a proposition * Alcohol proof, a measure of an alcoholic drink's strength Proof may also refer to: Mathematics and formal logic * Formal proof, a c ...

" but unfortunately was found shot dead (likely by a

matchlock A matchlock or firelock is a historical type of firearm wherein the gunpowder is ignited by a burning piece of rope that is touched to the gunpowder by a mechanism that the musketeer activates by pulling a lever or trigger with his finger. Befor ...

musket A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket gradually di ...

) after the fort was taken, much to the grief of his men, "All their victory and triumph was turned to moane and lamentations..." Note: Rory Maguire was brother of Connor Maguire, 2nd Baron of Enniskillen. Ulick Burke would have his land confiscated under Cromwell with the 1652 Act of Settlement but gain it back in the 1662

Act of Settlement The Act of Settlement is an Act of the Parliament of England that settled the succession to the English and Irish crowns to only Protestants, which passed in 1701. More specifically, anyone who became a Roman Catholic, or who married one, bec ...

. *1659 Petty's Survey: 12 McCawell households are listed (out of 255 Irish households) in the Barony of

Oneilland Oneilland () is the name of a former barony in County Armagh, present-day Northern Ireland. It covers the northern area of the county bordering the south-eastern shoreline of Lough Neagh. At some stage the barony was divided into Oneilland Ea ...

in north

. Note: The Pender/Petty Survey along with the

Down Survey The Down Survey was a cadastral survey of Ireland, carried out by English scientist, William Petty, in 1655 and 1656. The survey was apparently called the "Down Survey" by Petty, either because the results were set down in maps or because the s ...

of 1655–56 was "clearly part of the preparatory work for the mass confiscations that took place under the Cromwellian Commonwealth Dictatorship" and for tax levying purposes. *1663 Armagh

Hearth Tax A hearth tax was a property tax in certain countries during the medieval and early modern period, levied on each hearth, thus by proxy on wealth. It was calculated based on the number of hearths, or fireplaces, within a municipal area and is c ...

Rolls: Torlogh McCawell (1 Fire hearth), Collowe McCawell of Ballyreagh (1 Fire hearth). Cormock McCawell & Patrick Modder McCawell of Corcloghan (1 Fire hearth). Donnell McCawell of Tolly (1 Fire hearth). 2 shillings where due on each heart. Phellem (

Féilim Féilim (also written Felim, Féidhlim or Fedlimid, often without the síneadh fada) is an Irish language name for men, which means "beauty, ever good, constant." The name is derived from the older version ''Feidlimid''. The 'í/idh' at the end of ...

) McCawell, Kiltibritt Note: Collowe is the 17th century version of heroic name Cú Uladh ‘hound of Ulster' and Modder/Madra is Irish for dog. *1666 Tyrone

Rolls: Donachy McCawell, Patrick Cawell Shanlus (Shanliss, Clonoe Parish, Barony of Dungannon), Ferragh McCawell Claoge (Cloghog, Clonoe Parish, Barony of Dungannon on Banks of

Lough Neagh Lough Neagh ( ) is a freshwater lake in Northern Ireland and is the largest lake in the island of Ireland, the United Kingdom and the British Isles. It has a surface area of and supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water. Its main inflows come ...

, now

Dungannon Middle Dungannon Middle (named after Dungannon town) is a barony in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It was created in 1851 with the splitting of the barony of Dungannon. It is bordered by Lough Neagh to the east and six other baronies: Dungannon Upper ...

) *1666, Charles (alias Cahel) McCawell, declared a rebel on June 25th 1666. After supporting the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy of Charles II (1660–1685) in 1660 there was an expectation by Catholic Irish that they would have some of their own land restored. After the disappointment of the 1662 and 1665 Acts of Settlement many turned to open revolt and looked to other means of survival. Note: This may be the same Charles who in 1701 couldn't afford the sublease under John O'Hanlon a tenant of Lucas Pointz, if so his life may have been similar to other tóraidhe or

rapparee Rapparees or raparees (from the Irish ''ropairí'', plural of ''ropaire'', whose primary meaning is "thruster, stabber," and by extension a wielder of the half-pike or pike), were Irish guerrilla fighters who operated on the Jacobite side du ...

"outlaw" Irish such as

Redmond O'Hanlon Redmond O'Hanlon, FRGS, FRSL (born 5 June 1947) is an English writer and scholar. Life O'Hanlon was born in 1947 in Dorset, England. He was educated at Marlborough College and then Oxford University. After taking his M.Phil. in nineteenth-c ...

who resisted

colonial rule Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colony, colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose the ...

. *1668 Rebellion: Carragh McCawell late of the parish of Donagh Cavagh (

Donacavey Donacavey (), sometimes spelt Donaghcavey, is a townland, civil parish and ecclesiastical parish in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The civil parish is split between the historic baronies of Clogher and Omagh East, with the townland in the C ...

, Tyrone), and others declared "Rebels and traitors" in June 1668, Proclamation of the

Lord Deputy The Lord Deputy was the representative of the monarch and head of the Irish executive under English rule, during the Lordship of Ireland and then the Kingdom of Ireland. He deputised prior to 1523 for the Viceroy of Ireland. The plural form is ' ...

and Council for being in arms against the Kings authority in Tyrone, Monaghan, Antrim and Down. Pursued by the Kings good subjects they escaped in the woods and mountains. The reward set on the head of each rebel is £10. Note: £10 was about the yearly wage of a day Labourer, so perhaps about £20,000 in today's money. Proclamation of the

Lord Lieutenant A lord-lieutenant ( ) is the British monarch's personal representative in each lieutenancy area of the United Kingdom. Historically, each lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia. In 1871, the lieutenant's responsibilit ...

and Council (April 23, 1669), states that "Carragh McCawell is since killed" and regarding other rebels "all who comfort, relieve or abet them, will be considered traitors in the like degree" Note: The name Carragh is likely Gaelic for a stone pillar (a standing stone).

Jacobites and Republicans

With the defeat of James II in 1690, most native Irish were reduced to the role of a servant class within their own country. In this era, Catholics are not permitted to vote, join the armed forces, bare arms, even for protection, or be educated as Catholics abroad. They made up 70% of the population of around 2 million, yet own only 5% of the land. While the hope that the

Jacobites Jacobite means follower of Jacob or James. Jacobite may refer to: Religion * Jacobites, followers of Saint Jacob Baradaeus (died 578). Churches in the Jacobite tradition and sometimes called Jacobite include: ** Syriac Orthodox Church, sometimes ...

would regain their power diminished, new hope arose from abroad with the revolutions and new republics in USA and France. *1701 Charles McCawell (alias Cahir) sub leaser in Aghantaraghan (just below

Poyntzpass Poyntzpass ( Irish: ''Pas Phoyntz'' or ''Pas an Phointe'') is a small village on the border between southern County Armagh and County Down in Northern Ireland. It is situated in the civil parish of Ballymore and the historic barony of Orior Low ...

Orior Lower Orior Lower (from ga, Airthir, the name of an ancient Gaelic territory) is a barony in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It lies in the east of the county and borders County Down with its eastern boundary. It is bordered by seven other baron ...

, Co. Armagh: "Defendant Edward Courtney replies, 6 Nov., 1701, that the said John O'Hanlon had a lease of said lands from Francis Lucas, Esq., who was guardian to Lucas Pointz, a minor, grandson and

heir Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Offic ...

Sir ''Sir'' is a formal honorific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages. Both are derived from the old French "Sieur" (Lord), brought to England by the French-speaking Normans, and which now exist in French only as ...

Toby Pointz, deceased, and the said lease commenced in or about Nov., 1694. Cahir McCawell, finding himself not able to pay the rent of the townland of Aghentaragh, applied to Edward Courtney, he then living near and having a considerable stock; and requested said Courtney to take said lease from him (McCaul), alleging that the lands were very convenient for his (Courtney's) stock. Courtney agreed to do so, provided Loghlin Donnelly made over his right and title thereto, which was so done. Donnelly the 2nd husband of Jane O'Hanlon soon afterward died without taking out probate of John O'Hanlon's will. Said Joane married a third time with Plt. Bryan Mullane, who in right of his wife came administrator of said John O'Hanlon, and has taken out

probate Probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of intestacy in the st ...

of his will, and has become entitled to said lease, which he and his wife now demand from Edward Courtney..." Note: Sir Toby Pointz received a grant of 500 acres for his military service which was part of the forfeited lands of the O'Hanlons and built a fortress or

bawn A bawn is the defensive wall surrounding an Irish tower house. It is the anglicised version of the Irish word ''bábhún'' (sometimes spelt ''badhún''), possibly meaning "cattle-stronghold" or "cattle-enclosure".See alternative traditional sp ...

Acton, County Armagh Acton is a hamlet (place), hamlet and townland of 22 acres in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, about a half mile north of Poyntzpass. It is situated in the Civil parishes in Ireland, civil parish of Ballymore, County Armagh, Ballymore and the his ...

, half a mile above Poyntzpass with a

colony In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state' ...

of 24 cottages for English settlers. * Diocese of Derry, Index of wills: Owen McCawell of Drumragh (ridge of the ringfort), (

Omagh East Omagh East (named after Omagh town) is a barony in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is bordered by nine other baronies: Omagh West and Lurg to the west; Strabane Lower and Strabane Upper to the north; Dungannon Middle and Dungannon Upper ...

, Tyrone), A.D. 1718. Thomas McCawell of Drumragh, 1723. Robert McCawell Drumragh, 1734. Hugh McCawell, 1737, to be buried in the churchyard of Clogher. * Clogher Diocese District, Index of wills, Registry

: Rev. Fergus McCawell, Cornamuck (Hill of the Pig), (

, Tyrone), 1758. Patrick McCawell, Bolies (Buaile ‘summer milking place’), Co. Tyrone, A.D, 1790. Hugh McCawell, Aughanameena (fine/small field), Co. Monaghan, 1802. Owen McCawell, Cavan (Chabháin meaning Valley or Hollow), (

, Tyrone), 1806. Bernard McCawell, Scotstown, Co. Monaghan, 1809. *1700s

Penal transportation Penal transportation or transportation was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became thei ...

: Micheal McCowell, Co. Tyrone, in March, 1741, was convicted of being a vagabond with hundreds of other native Irish and ordered deported (usually to North America before 1776). Note: A vagabond is defined has someone without a home and/or a job. Charles and Edmund McCowell, Co. Tyrone, in April 1742, both convicted of sheep stealing and ordered deported. Pat Campbell, otherwise McCavill, Co. Armagh in 1742 was convicted of being a Vagabond and ordered deported. Examined by Deputy Clk. Edward Fleming. Note: "Sometimes Deportation ships were converted from slave-trading ships, the 100-plus transport vessels carried up to 300 convicts, in appalling conditions. Convicts who survived the horrendous passage were cleaned. Then they were advertised in newspapers and sold into

indentured servitude Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract, called an " indenture", may be entered "voluntarily" for purported eventual compensation or debt repayme ...

, with men priced at up to 20 pounds and women up to 9 pounds. The human cargo trade made fortunes for those involved on both sides of the Atlantic" and encouraged a vicious cycle of colonial oppression and a corrupt justice system. *1758 James McCawell and Janet Martian christening of

Dorothea Dorothea (also spelled Dorothée, Dorotea or other variants) is a female given name from Greek (Dōrothéa) meaning "God's Gift". It may refer to: People * Dorothea Binz (1920–1947), German concentration camp officer executed for war cr ...

McCawell on 01 Feb, in Irvine, Ayr, Scotland. *1766 Roger McCamel, George McCamel and Charles McCamel listed as " Papists" in Magherafelt in the Dioceses of Armagh in the barony of Loughenshollen, County Londonderry during the Religious census of Magherafelt County Londonderry, 28th day of March 1766. *1766

Robert The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of ''Hrōþ, Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory ...

McCawell. Fr. Robert McCawell is listed as being the parish priest of Camus, Tyrone. *1769 Muntgear McCawell, shop and Innkeeper on Short St,

Charlestown, Boston Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States. Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett tribe, it is located on a peninsula north of the Charles River, across from downtown Boston, and also adjoins t ...

*1780 Thomas McCawell. Father Thomas McCawell

vicar A vicar (; Latin: '' vicarius'') is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, ''vicar'' is cognate with the English pre ...

general replaced Bishop Philip McDevitt as pastor of Urney, Tyrone when McDevitt is said to have removed his see from Urney to Derry about 1780. McCawell was a graduate of the

Sorbonne Sorbonne may refer to: * Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities. *the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970) *one of its components or linked institution, ...

in Paris. *1796

Spinning Wheel A spinning wheel is a device for spinning thread or yarn from fibres. It was fundamental to the cotton textile industry prior to the Industrial Revolution. It laid the foundations for later machinery such as the spinning jenny and spinnin ...

List: John McCawel cCaul awarded 2 spinning wheels. Hugh McAwel cCaul awarded 1 spinning wheel. (

Flax Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a flowering plant, ''Linum usitatissimum'', in the family Linaceae. It is cultivated as a food and fiber crop in regions of the world with temperate climates. Textiles made from flax are known in ...

seed Premiums) Drumragh Parish, Omagh, Tyrone. * The Defenders: Robert Caulfield tried in Dublin City in 1795, for being part of "The Defenders" an agrarian secret society and was sentenced to 7 years in penal servitude in Australia. Deported on the Britannia I in 1797, he "received 200

lashes Flagellation (Latin , 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc. Typically, flogging has been imposed on a ...

for planning ship

mutiny Mutiny is a revolt among a group of people (typically of a military, of a crew or of a crew of pirates) to oppose, change, or overthrow an organization to which they were previously loyal. The term is commonly used for a rebellion among memb ...

& allowing Miles Mulhalls irons to be cut" Note: Miles Mulhalls, originally a soldier in 55th Regiment, was tried for stealing

spur A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of riding boots for the purpose of directing a horse or other animal to move forward or laterally while riding. It is usually used to refine the riding aids (commands) and to ba ...

s and sentenced to 7 years. He "escaped in

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...

". 21 died on ship, including 6 defenders (

political prisoners A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity. The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention. There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although nu ...

) died after receiving over 300 lashes, 2 women died, one who commit suicide by jumping overboard and another who tried the same outside Rio. About 40 Defenders (most were given Life sentences at trial) and one Orangeman were given 300 lashes for planning a mutiny and others given lashes for taking the defenders oath. An enquiry into the conduct of Captain Dennott (Demmett) was held in Sydney on his "callous and brutal" treatment of the convicts produced little consequence. *James Caulfield, Catholic Bishop of Ferns,

Wexford Wexford () is the county town of County Wexford, Ireland. Wexford lies on the south side of Wexford Harbour, the estuary of the River Slaney near the southeastern corner of the island of Ireland. The town is linked to Dublin by the M11/N11 ...

from 1786 to 1814. During the

1798 Rebellion The Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( ga, Éirí Amach 1798; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ''The Hurries'') was a major uprising against British rule in Ireland. The main organising force was the Society of United Irishmen, a Irish republicanism, ...

, Bishop Caulfield like the other Irish Catholic bishops supported the government line. He was regarded as a collaborator (or mediator) with the British and he ordered all Catholics to surrender their arms and be loyal to "the good gracious

King George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great B ...

". He denounced

Father Murphy ''Father Murphy'' is an American western drama television series that aired on the NBC network from November 3, 1981, to September 18, 1983. Michael Landon created the series, was the executive producer, and directed the show in partnership wit ...

and the other priests who took part in the Wexford Rising. (see poem by

Seamus Heaney Seamus Justin Heaney (; 13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013) was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature.

and song by

Patrick Joseph McCall Patrick Joseph McCall (6 March 1861 – 8 March 1919) was an Irish songwriter and poet, known mostly as the author of lyrics for popular ballads. He was assisted in putting the Wexford ballads, dealing with the 1798 Rising, to music by Arthur ...

written 189
Boulavogue
Note: With the promise of

Catholic Emancipation Catholic emancipation or Catholic relief was a process in the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, and later the combined United Kingdom in the late 18th century and early 19th century, that involved reducing and removing many of the restricti ...

in the late 1700s and the setup of Maynooth seminary in 1795 they probably considered it ill-advised to rock the boat. However many reformers despaired of peaceful change, particularly in the lack of

Tithe A tithe (; from Old English: ''teogoþa'' "tenth") is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government. Today, tithes are normally voluntary and paid in cash or cheques or more ...

reform. *Cemetery headstone: IHS./ James McCawell died / May ye 5th, 1812. Aged 50 yrs./ Also his wife Eleanor / Martin died February 1, 1795 / Aged 55 yrs. Lord / Have Mercy on their souls. An inscriptions from Donaghcavey Cemetery (or Findonagh) Note: LATIN- in hoc signo spes mea (I.H.S.) – In this sign (the cross of Christ) is my hope.

Famine and emigration

In 1801 the Act of Union was passed by the

Parliament of Ireland The Parliament of Ireland ( ga, Parlaimint na hÉireann) was the legislature of the Lordship of Ireland, and later the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1297 until 1800. It was modelled on the Parliament of England and from 1537 comprised two ch ...

abolishing itself in reaction to the

Rebellion of 1798 The Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( ga, Éirí Amach 1798; Ulster-Scots: ''The Hurries'') was a major uprising against British rule in Ireland. The main organising force was the Society of United Irishmen, a republican revolutionary group influenced ...

. The second

United Irishmen The Society of United Irishmen was a sworn association in the Kingdom of Ireland formed in the wake of the French Revolution to secure "an equal representation of all the people" in a national government. Despairing of constitutional reform, ...

Rebellion failed in 1802 and

Catholic emancipation Catholic emancipation or Catholic relief was a process in the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, and later the combined United Kingdom in the late 18th century and early 19th century, that involved reducing and removing many of the restricti ...

didn't happen until 1829, but without Tithe reform so the Tithe war followed from 1831 to 1836. Poverty, lack of opportunity, high rents and discrimination forced thousands to leave for North America, the largest exodus happening during the

Great Irish Famine The Great Famine ( ga, an Gorta Mór ), also known within Ireland as the Great Hunger or simply the Famine and outside Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a h ...

(1845–49) leading to an estimated 1 million deaths and emigration of a further 1 million people. However many emigrated before this time, and for some

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

was the first stop in the New World, where "McCaul Island", near

Cape Breton Cape Breton Island (french: link=no, île du Cap-Breton, formerly '; gd, Ceap Breatainn or '; mic, Unamaꞌki) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America and part of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The island accounts for 18. ...

, would bear testament to some family members new home. Many new branches of the family formed abroad including the "Caul" in Canada who many have gotten the "Mc" dropped in their name perhaps due to being orphaned as a result of the famine. Others came from better circumstances but still chose to emigrate. Still Catholics, faced much of the same institutionalized discrimination in the new world. *Thomas McCawell (or Campbell), Parish of

Fintona Fintona (; ), is a village and townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Its population at the 2011 Census was 1,164. Name and etymology Fintona is derived phonetically from the Irish name of the area, ''Fionntamhnach''; this is often t ...

, Co. Tyrone. Listed in 1837 as being in the Ribbonmen, a popular movement active against landlords and their agents. *1847 Great Famine: John & Helen McCawell famine immigrants to Canada, died on route or on

Grosse Isle Grosse Isle (french: Grosse Île, "big island") is an island located in the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada. It is one of the islands of the 21-island Isle-aux-Grues archipelago. It is part of the municipality of Saint-Antoine-de-l'Isle- ...

, Quebec, Canada. Two of the (mostly Irish) 7553 buried there. The island was the site of an immigration depot which predominantly housed Irish immigrants coming to Canada, many on

coffin ship A coffin ship () was any of the ships that carried Irish immigrants escaping the Great Irish Famine and Highlanders displaced by the Highland Clearances. Coffin ships carrying emigrants, crowded and disease-ridden, with poor access to food ...

s, to escape the Great Famine, 1845–1849. During the Famine period, an estimated half-million Irish were evicted from their cottages. Many unscrupulous landlords simply paid to send their penniless tenant families overseas to British North America. *1847 Emigrants: Orphans. August 16, John Caul, age 4, in good health. Richard Caul, 3, sick. Aug 22nd, James Caul, 10, healthy, came on Marchioness of Abercorn. Oct 2, Elizabeth Caul, 6, well. Listed as Adopted: Mary Caul, age 14, adopted by Mr. John Brooman. Taken from "Semi-monthly Return of RC Orphan Children in charge of the

Archbishop of Quebec The archbishop of Quebec is the head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec, who is responsible for looking after its spiritual and administrative needs. As the archdiocese is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province encompassin ...

and principality... 12th July 1847". Also North American Passenger Lists 1847–1849, 19 May 1847, Derry to Philadelphia: John Caul 26

tailor A tailor is a person who makes or alters clothing, particularly in men's clothing. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the term to the thirteenth century. History Although clothing construction goes back to prehistory, there is evidence of ...

and Margaret 21

spinster ''Spinster'' is a term referring to an unmarried woman who is older than what is perceived as the prime age range during which women usually marry. It can also indicate that a woman is considered unlikely to ever marry. The term originally den ...

. The

barque A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen (the aftmost mast) rigged fore and aft. Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, b ...

is listed as 'owned by F. S. Means and others of Boston' with F. S. Means as master. * John McCaul (1807–1887), Irish-born musician, Canadian educator, theologian, and the second president of the

University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution ...

from 1848 to 1853. * Alexander McCaul (1799–1863), an Irish

Hebraist A Hebraist is a specialist in Jewish, Hebrew and Hebraic studies. Specifically, British and German scholars of the 18th and 19th centuries who were involved in the study of Hebrew language and literature were commonly known by this designation, a ...

and missionary to the Jews. *Charles McCaul (1839–1900), Carpenter, Builder and Contractor in Philadelphia, PA in the late 1800s. He emigrated from Derry on board the Caledonia on 13 May 1867. Described as one of the most prominent builders in the US at the time of his death, he was "engaged in the building line from the earliest boyhood" in Derry. He built school houses, institutions, banks, factories, breweries, prisons, residences, powerhouses & car barns, store & office buildings, an early skyscraper, and hotels throughout the Philadelphia area.

People

There was a late-nineteenth-century national revival of interest in the

Irish language Irish (Standard Irish: ), also known as Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, which is a part of the Indo-European language family. Irish is indigenous to the island of Ireland and was ...

and Irish Gaelic culture (including folklore, sports, music and arts). Irish had diminished as a spoken tongue, partially as a result of the famine and poverty, remaining the main daily language only in isolated rural areas. Some of these figures were part of that revival. *

(1861–1919), Irish songwriter and poet, known mostly for popular ballads: " Follow me up to Carlow", " The Boys of Wexford", "

Boolavogue Boolavogue, also spelt Boolavoge or Boleyvogue (), is a village 12 km northeast of Enniscorthy in County Wexford, Ireland. It is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns. It has given its name to " Boolavogue", an Irish ballad commemorating ...

and "

Kelly the Boy from Killanne Kelly may refer to: Art and entertainment * Kelly (Kelly Price album) * Kelly (Andrea Faustini album) * ''Kelly'' (musical), a 1965 musical by Mark Charlap * "Kelly" (song), a 2018 single by Kelly Rowland * ''Kelly'' (film), a 1981 Canadia ...

" * Seosamh Mac Cathmhaoil, (1879–1944), Irish poet and lyricist, remembered best for words he supplied to traditional airs, such as

My Lagan Love "My Lagan Love" is a song to a traditional Irish air collected in 1903 in northern Donegal. The English lyrics have been credited to Joseph Campbell (1879–1944, also known as Seosamh MacCathmhaoil and Joseph McCahill, among others).''Songs of ...

* Seaghan Mac Cathmhaoil (1883–1962), (brother of poet Seosamh), illustrator; author of engravings in

Ethna Carbery Ethna Carbery, born Anna Bella Johnston, (3 December 1864 – 2 April 1902) was an Irish journalist, writer and poet. She is best known for the ballad '' Roddy McCorley'' and the ''Song of Ciabhán''; the latter was set to music by Ivor Gurney. I ...

, Winds of Eirinn (1906) and

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...

illustrations for Mary Hutton's translation of the

Táin Bó Cúailnge (Modern ; "the driving-off of the cows of Cooley"), commonly known as ''The Táin'' or less commonly as ''The Cattle Raid of Cooley'', is an epic from Irish mythology. It is often called "The Irish Iliad", although like most other early Iri ...

(1924 ed.), and other works including designs for the 1913 "Irish Historic Pageant", held at the

69th Regiment Armory __NOTOC__ The 69th Regiment Armory is a historic National Guard armory building located at 68 Lexington Avenue between East 25th and 26th Streets in the Rose Hill section of Manhattan, New York City. The building began construction in 1904 an ...

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

, United States * Joseph John Campbell (1904–1987), Irish American

mythologist Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or origin myths. Since "myth" is widely used to imply that a story is not objectively true, the identification of a narrati ...

, philosopher, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative

mythology Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or origin myths. Since "myth" is widely used to imply that a story is not objectively true, the identification of a narra ...

, religion and many aspects of the human experience * Brad McCaul, US Surfing Champion 1971, Psychology PhD, appeared in surfing documentary '' Pacific Vibrations''(1970)https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2394729/bio IMDb Biography of Brad McCaul * Damien McCaul, Tyrone Gaelic footballer *

Gerry McCaul Gerry McCaul is a former Gaelic football manager and player who spent time in both roles with the senior Dublin county team. Before being appointed as manager of Dublin, McCaul had been the player-manager of Dublin club Ballymun Kickhams. He i ...

, former Dublin Gaelic football player and manager. *

Michael McCaul Michael Thomas McCaul Sr. (born January 14, 1962) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2005. A member of the Republican Party, he chaired the House Committee on Homeland Security during the 113 ...

, American lawyer and politician, Republican U.S. Representative for Texas's 10th congressional district *

Simon Cowell Simon Phillip Cowell (; born 7 October 1959) is an English television personality, entrepreneur and record executive. He is the creator of '' The X Factor'' and ''Got Talent'' franchises which have been sold around the world. He has judged on ...

(born 1959), English A&R executive, television producer, entrepreneur, and television personality *

Donna and Joseph McCaul Donna and Joseph McCaul (born 30 May 1984 and 1989, respectively), also known as The McCauls, are a brother and sister musical duo who represented Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 in Ukraine. They were not pre-qualified for the fina ...

, represented Ireland in the

Eurovision Song Contest The Eurovision Song Contest (), sometimes abbreviated to ESC and often known simply as Eurovision, is an international songwriting competition organised annually by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), featuring participants representing pr ...

2005

References

External links

*Resources
Cenél Fearadhaigh, of the Cenél EóghainPrincipal Families of Ulster: In Tirowen
*Ancient Documents
The Annals of the Four Masters
*Pronunciation and anglicization confusion
CaulfieldExplanation of variation.
*Biography: A Short Biographical Notice of Clan Cathmhaoil or Caulfield Family by Bernard Connor, Esq. 1808
Wicklow and Kildare bramch from 1600's
*Book: The Mac Cathmhaoils of Clogher by Seosamh Ó Dufaigh, 1957, (Register to read book online) *Book
Language and Tradition in Ireland: Continuities and Displacements, By American Conference for Irish Studies
*The MacCathmhaoil Campbells
Scots Campbells and Ulster McCathmhaoils
*Poets & Music
Seosamh Mac Cathmhaoil: The Ninepenny Fidil (Song) & PoemsPeter McCaul (Irist Tenor)
*McCaul/MacCathmhaoil
McCaul Ancestry.com message boardIrish Names and SurnamesMacCawell
*Other Cenél Fearadhaigh Clans
Bradley
*DNA
Insights Into the O’Neills (& Uí Néill Dynasty) of Ireland from DNA Testing
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mccaul Surnames of Irish origin Irish families Anglicised Irish-language surnames