Magoua (), which may derive from a word in

Atikamekw The Atikamekw are the Indigenous inhabitants of the subnational country or territory they call ('Our Land'), in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec (about north of Montreal), Canada. Their current population is around 8,000. One ...

: ''Makwa'' french: huard) which means ''loon'' (gavia immer), is a particular

dialect The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena: One usage refers to a variety of a language that is ...

of basilectal

Quebec French Quebec French (french: français québécois ), also known as Québécois French, is the predominant variety of the French language spoken in Canada. It is the dominant language of the province of Quebec, used in everyday communication, in educ ...

spoken in the

Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières (, – 'Three Rivers') is a city in the Mauricie administrative region of Quebec, Canada, at the confluence of the Saint-Maurice and Saint Lawrence rivers, on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River across from the city of ...

area, between Trois-Rivières and Maskinongé. Long before a military fort was constructed there, Trois-Rivières became in 1615 the first stronghold of the coureurs des bois outside the city of

Québec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirte ...

. ''Magoua'' is the

ethnonym An ethnonym () is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and us ...

applied to their descendants in the area. Magoua is the most conservative of all Quebec French varieties, including

Joual ''Joual'' () is an accepted name for the linguistic features of Quebec French that are associated with the French-speaking working class in Montreal which has become a symbol of national identity for some. ''Joual'' is stigmatized by some and ...

. It preserves the ''sontaient'' ("étaient") characteristic of Métis French and Cajun French, has a creole-like past tense particle ''tà'' and has old present-tense contraction of a former verb "to be" that behave in the same manner as subject

clitic In morphology and syntax, a clitic (, backformed from Greek "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. ''A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics''. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a ...

Morphology and vocabulary

Bibliography

*Demharter, Cheryl A. 1980. «Les diphtongues du français canadien de la Mauricie.» ''The French Review'' 53.848-864. *Demharter, Cheryl A. 1981. ''Une Étude phonologique du français parlé à Sainte-Flore, Province de Québec''. Tulane University, New Orleans: Ph.D. dissertatio

*Deshaies, Denise. 1974. ''A socio-phonetic study of a Quebec French community: Trois-Rivières''. University College of London: Doctoral thesis, 390

*Deshaies, Denise. 1982. "Le français parlé à Trois-Rivières et le français parlé dans la ville de Québec". ''Langue et Société au Québec'', Québec, 11-13 novembre 1982 (Atelier 215). *Deshaies, Denise. 1984. "Deux analyses sociolinguistiques: Trois-Rivières et Québec". In Michel Amyot & Gilles Bibeau (linguiste), Gilles Bibeau (ed.), ''Le statut culturel du français au Québec''. Québec: Éditeur officiel du Québec, vol. 2,

*Hardy, René. 2015. «Magouas et fiers de l’être.» ''La Gazette de la Mauricie'', 9 janvie

*Michaud, Émmanuel. 2014. ''Ni Amérindiens ni Eurocanadiens: une approche néomoderne du culturalisme métis au Canada''. Thèse Ph.D., Université Laval, Québe

*Wittmann, Henri, 1976. «Contraintes linguistiques et sociales dans la troncation du /l/ à Trois-Rivières.» Cahiers de linguistique de l'Université du Québec 6.13-2

* * *Wittmann, Henri, 1998. Les créolismes syntaxiques du français magoua parlé aux Trois-Rivières." ''Français d'Amérique: variation, créolisation, normalisation'' ('Actes du colloque, Université d'Avignon, 8-11 oct. 1996'), dir. Patrice Brasseur, 229-48. Avignon: Université d'Avignon, Centre d'études canadienne

*Wittmann, Henri, 1999. "Les équivalents non existentiels du verbe ''être'' dans les langues de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, en créole haïtien et en français magoua." Communication, 9e Congrès international des études créoles, Aix-en-Provence, 24-29 juin 1999. English abstract: "Non-existential analogues of the verb ''to be'' in West African Languages, in Haitian Creole and in Magoua French

*Wittmann, Henri, 2001. "Les Magouas aux Trois-Rivières." Conférence, Premier Séminaire annuel du Centre d'analyse des langues et littératures francophones d'Amérique, Carleton University, Ottawa, mars 2001.

Morphology and vocabulary

Bibliography

See also