MT-LB
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The MT-LB (, literally "multi-purpose towing vehicle light armored") is a
Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
multi-purpose, fully amphibious, tracked armored fighting vehicle in use since the 1970s. It was also produced in
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, where (starting in the mid-1990s) its YaMZ engine was replaced by a Polish 6-cylinder SW 680 diesel engine.


Development

In the 1950s, the Soviet Central Auto and Tractor Directorate began a development program to replace the AT-P series of artillery tractors (which were based on the
ASU-57 The ASU-57 was a small, lightly constructed Soviet Union, Soviet assault gun specifically designed for use by Soviet Airborne Forces, Soviet airborne divisions. From 1960 onwards, it was gradually phased out in favour of the ASU-85. Development ...
airborne self-propelled gun) with a new generation of vehicles. The MT-L was developed to meet this requirement based on the PT-76 amphibious light tank chassis. The MT-LB is the armored variant of the MT-L. Entering production in the early 1970s, it was cheap to build, being based on many existing components, e.g. the engine, which was originally developed for trucks. It was built at the Kharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTZ) in
Soviet Ukraine The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. Under the Soviet one-party m ...
, and in
Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...
. Formerly, it was also manufactured under license in
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
by Huta Stalowa Wola


Description

The crew (a driver and a commander/gunner) sit in a compartment at the front of the vehicle, with the engine behind them. A compartment at the rear enables up to 11 infantry to be carried or a cargo of up to . A load of can be towed. The vehicle is fully amphibious, being propelled by its tracks in the water. A small turret at the front of the vehicle fits a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 360-degree manual traverse and an elevation of −5 to +30 degrees. The vehicle is lightly armored against small arms and shell splinters with a thickness of of steel with a maximum of for the turret front. Several weapon systems are based on this hull (for example Strela-10 or SNAR-10).


Variants


Former USSR

* MT-L ** MT-LB (izdeliye 6) – basic model, often used as simple APC but also as artillery tractor or ambulance. In the West, the term MT-LB Blade or MT-LB M1980 is used for vehicles that are fitted with a
hydraulic Hydraulics () is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concer ...
dozer blade.


Bulgaria

* Bulgaria has various models of the MT-LB in service, as of 2016. Along with the base model, between 1971 and 2012, Bulgaria manufactured the MT-LB VM variation with improved snow and swamp-going capabilities.


East Germany

* MT-LB (Pi) – combat engineer vehicle. * MT-LB (Pzj) – version for anti-tank units. * MT-LB (Pzj Fü) – command vehicle for anti-tank units. * MT-LB (BO) SFL – battery command vehicle in self-propelled artillery units. * San MT-LB – ambulance * MTP-LB – technical support vehicle.


Iraq

* MT-LB converted into a SPAAG by mounting a ZU-23-2 23×152mm twin anti-aircraft gun on the rear part of the vehicle. The gun had its wheels removed and as such cannot be easily dismounted and used separately. There were at least two variations of this conversion; one with the ZU-23-2 mounted in an open-topped turret, the other with the ZU-23-2 mounted on a platform extending beyond the hull of the MT-LB with a roof for the gun operators. The second version was most likely intended to be used in a fire support role, as the roof would hinder the gun's sights at high elevation.


Poland

Polish HSW S.A. (Huta Stalowa Wola S.A.) license produced MT-LB since 1976, and it also developed a modified chassis SPG-2, with better floating capabilities.Jerzy Kajetanowicz, ''Prace nad rozwojem sprzętu pancernego w Polsce – przegląd lat 1955–1990'' in: Poligon nr.5/2010, pp.12–18 (in Polish) * MT-LB-2AP – APC variant with a turret from SKOT-2AP, armed with high elevation 14.5mm KPVT MG and 7.62mm PKT CMG. Prototype only. * WEM Lotos – medical evacuation vehicle with four stretchers. * WPT Mors – armored recovery and repair vehicle, produced from 1983. * R-137T (''radiostacja ruchoma UKF'') – signals vehicle with VHF radio set R-137. Entered service in 1987 and has a range of 70 to 150 km. ** ZWD-1 "Irys" (''zautomatyzowany wóz dowodzenia'') – command vehicle, belongs to the automated command set "Irys". * MT-LB-23M "Krak" – APC variant with a 23 mm gun in an unmanned turret. Prototype only. * Promet – self-propelled AA gun with twin 23 mm guns, from 1979. Four prototypes only. * "Przebiśnieg" – electronic warfare system, consists of three different vehicles: ** SZ or MT-LB Z (''stacja zakłóceń'') – EW/Jamming vehicle; ** SR or MT-LB R (''stacja rozpoznania'') – Comint/Sigint vehicle; ** WD krel – command post vehicle (''wóz dowodzenia kompanii radioelektronicznej''). * SPG-2 – much-modified base vehicle, with reworked nose section and hydro jets for better floating: ** TRI Hors – engineering reconnaissance vehicle, built in series from 1983, armed with 12.7mm NSVT AAMG mounted on a turret; ** WPT Mors-II – armored recovery and repair vehicle, produced from 1986, armed with 12.7mm NSVT AAMG mounted on a turret; ** Opal-I and Opal-II – artillery command vehicles, with a turret with NSWT-12.7 Utios: Opal-I with a 245 hp (180 kW) turbocharged diesel engine SW680/167/1, Opal-II with a 300 hp (220 kW) engine SW680T (YaMZ-238N) and a longer chassis with 7 road wheels on each side. Prototypes only ** BWO-40 – infantry fighting vehicle with 40 mm Bofors gun. A similar turret was mounted on the BWP-40 (
BMP-1 The BMP-1 is a Soviet Union, Soviet Amphibious vehicle, amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle that has been in service from 1966 to the present. BMP stands for ''Boyevaya Mashina Pyekhoty 1'' (), meaning "infantry fighting vehicle, 1st ...
upgrade). Prototype only.


Russia


Vehicle in service

* MT-LB * MT-LBV - entering service in 1972, introduced new roadwheel swing arms, fenders and mudguards to accommodate a wider set of tracks. A modification with wider tracks (670mm instead of 350mm) for lower ground pressure for snow/swamp operations. * MT-LBVM - equipped with the NSVT 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun mount instead of the TKB-01-1 turret. * MT-LBVMK – a modification of MT-LBVM with a 12.7mm Kord instead of a 12.7mm NSVT machine gun. Engine: YaMZ-238VM with rated power of 240 hp. * MT-LBVM1K - mountain modification, equipped with the new YaMZ-238BL-1 engine with rated power of 300 hp, new on-board radio station and new heater. *
MT-LBu The MT-LBu is a Soviet Union, Soviet multi-purpose fully amphibious vehicle, amphibious armoured carrier which was developed under the factory index Ob'yekt 10 in the late 1960s, based on the MT-LB. It has a more powerful engine, a 40 cm high ...
– a bigger, unarmed version that is used as the basis for many specialised vehicles. It has a more powerful engine, a 40 cm higher hull and a longer chassis with 7 road wheels on each side, instead of 6. * MT-LBM 6MB - 30mm autocannon turret mounted above the main compartment.


Prototypes

* MT-LB 6MB3 - Modification from Muromteplovoz with AG-17 grenade launcher, 12.7mm Kord and a GSh-23-2. Possibly only one made. * MT-LB 6MA - Modification using BPU-1 turret mounted above main compartment. Hybrid vehicles: * MT-LB with ZU-23 AA gun * MT-LB With 14.5mm BPU-1 Turret * MT-LB with 14.5mm 2M-7 naval gun mount * MT-LB with AZP S-60 AA gun * MT-LB with 100mm MT-12 anti-tank gun * MT-LB with 82 mm automatic mortar 2B9 Vasilek * MT-LB with 25mm 2M-3 naval gun * MT-LB with 140mm Ogon-18 MLRS


Vehicle not in service

* Toros –
Arctic The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...
adapted vehicle developed by Muromteplovoz, armed with a 30mm autocannon 2A42, PKMT 7.62mm machine gun, and 30mm AGS-17D grenade launcher, and equipped with a
snowplow A snowplow (also snow plow, snowplough or snow plough) is a device intended for mounting on a vehicle, used for removing snow and ice from outdoor surfaces, typically those serving transportation purposes. Although this term is often used to ref ...
.


Sweden

* Pbv 401 (''pansarbandvagn'') – a modified former East-German vehicle with 7.62 mm machine guns Ksp 95 and Ksp 58.


Ukraine

* MT-LBMSh – announced in 2017, and built for Myanmar by the Kharkiv Tractor Plant. Equipped with a KBA-105 "Shkval" combat module with a 30 mm autocannon, KT-7,62 machine gun, KBA-117 30 mm grenade launcher, six smoke grenade launchers 902B Tucha, and Barrier ATGM system. The vehicle also has reinforced armor and a new YaMZ-238B engine with 330 horsepower. * MT-LB-12 – A 2022 modification in which an MT-12 Rapira 100 mm anti-tank gun was mounted on top of the vehicle with an open-topped superstructure for cover. Seen in use with the
Kraken Regiment The Kraken Regiment () is a Ukrainian military volunteer unit, part of the spetsnaz units of the Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine), Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine (HUR) formed in 2022 as a response to the Russian invasion ...
, the 59th Mechanized Brigade, and Territorial Defence Forces. In late September 2022, the Ukrainian gas company Ukrtransgaz presented a version with range increased by and improved protection. During the
Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...
, Ukraine also deployed improvised chop-jobs combining the hulls of the MT-LB with the 85 mm divisional gun D-44. * BMP-1LB − Infantry fighting vehicle equipped with slat armor, and a BM-7 Parus remote-controlled weapon station featuring a 30 mm autocannon, twin machine guns, and an automatic grenade launcher. Early models suffered from slow speed and weak engines.


Operators


Current operators

* * – 336 * – 31 * – 134 * – 100 MT-LB in service as of 2024.
International Institute for Strategic Studies The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is an international research institute or think tank focusing on defence and security issues. Since 1997, its headquarters have been at Arundel House in London. It has offices on four co ...
: The Military Balance 2024
* – 70 * – 6 * – 10 * – 320 MT-LBu/MT-LBV in service as of 2024. * – 66 in Service * – About 400 in Service. * – 150 * – 60 * – 26+ of MT-LBMSh * – 67 * – unknown number of HT-16PGJ based on Strela-10 * – 10 MT-LB in service as of 2024. * People's Defense Units (YPG) * – 3,300 in active service before the start of
Russo-Ukrainian War The Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014 and is ongoing. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia Russian occupation of Crimea, occupied and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, annexed Crimea from Ukraine. It then ...
. As of May 9th 2025, Russia has lost 1710 MT-LBs of various variants in the Russo-Ukrainian War. * *
Transnistria Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and locally as Pridnestrovie, is a Landlocked country, landlocked Transnistria conflict#International recognition of Transnistria, breakaway state internationally recogn ...
* – 2,090. In 2018 nine MT-LBs received from Poland (those vehicles were previously in Polish service). **As of May 9th 2025, Ukraine has lost 156 MT-LBs of various variants during Russia's invasion. * – 5 * – Used by opposing force units for training purposes.


Former operators

* − Seized by Azerbaijan after the
2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh Between 19 and 20 September 2023, Azerbaijan launched a large-scale military offensive against the political status of Nagorno-Karabakh, self-declared breakaway state of Republic of Artsakh, Artsakh, a move seen as a violation of the 2020 Nago ...
* – 6 SNAR-10 stored, for scrap. *
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...
– Passed on to the Czech Republic. * – 721 Bulgarian-made MT-LBs, 32 SNAR-10 and 36 Strela-10M. Unified with West Germany. * – taken from GDR's army, all scrapped or sold to other countries. * – Strela-10 and SNAR-10 * * – 10 retired. * – 15 retired * – Passed on to successor states. * – 460 (Locally designated Pbv 401, former East German, bought in 1993, then decommissioned gradually until the last 147 examples were sold to
Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...
in 2011) *


See also

* * * * * * – a similar vehicle based on PT-76 light tank * List of AFVs


Notes


References

* * * *


External links

*
Huta Stalowa Wola – producer of MT-LB

Russia upgrades firepower for MT-LB
Jane's, 26 September 2006



{{ModernUKRAFVsNav Armoured personnel carriers of the Soviet Union Armoured personnel carriers of the Cold War Amphibious armoured personnel carriers Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s