MDA-19 (also known as BZO-HEXOXIZID) is a drug that acts as a potent and selective
agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to modify what it is currently doing. In contrast, an antagonist blocks the action of the ago ...
for the
cannabinoid receptor
Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. As is typical of G protein-coupled receptors, the cannabinoid recepto ...
CB2, with reasonable selectivity over the psychoactive CB
1 receptor, though with some variation between species. In animal studies it was effective for the treatment of
neuropathic pain
Neuropathic pain is pain caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory system. Neuropathic pain may be associated with abnormal sensations called dysesthesia or pain from normally non-painful stimuli (allodynia). It may have continuous ...
, but did not effect rat locomotor activity in that specific study. The pharmacology of MDA-19 in rat cannabinoid receptors have been demonstrated to function differently than human cannabinoid receptors with MDA-19 binding to human CB1 receptors 6.9x higher than rat CB1 receptors.
Discovery
MDA-19 was first synthesized and studied in the late 2000s by researchers at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.
Pharmacology
MDA-19 binds to human CB2 receptors at Ki = 43.3 +/- 10.3 nM and human CB1 receptors at Ki = 162.4 +/- 7.6 nM and functions as an agonist in human cannabinoid receptors but functions differently in rat cannabinoid receptors binding to rat cannabinoid CB2 receptors at Ki = 16.3 +/- 2.1 and CB1 receptors at Ki = 1130 +/- 574 nM binding to rat CB1 recptors 6.9x weaker than human CB1 receptors but increased binding for CB2. MDA-19 is an agonist at human CB1 and CB2 receptors as well as rat CB1 receptors but functions as an inverse agonist in rat CB2 receptors.
Society and Culture
MDA-19 along with its shortened Pentyl tailchain analog (MDA-19-Pentyl / 5Carbon-MDA-19/ BZO-POXIZID)
and its 5-Fluoro Pentyl analog (5F-MDA-19 /5F-BZO-POXIZID)
and its Cyclohexylmethyl analog (CHM-MDA-19 / BZO-CHMOXIZID)
was identified in synthetic smoke blends seized in the United States as early as September 2021.
United States Border Protection Officers identified BZO-4en-POXIZID (also known as 4en-pentyl-MDA-19) as early as February, 2022 The Center for Forensic Science Research & Education (CFSRE) analyzed 11 samples of suspected synthetic smoke blends between May and September 2022 within the Philadelphia area and found the pentyl analog of MDA-19 in 5 out of 11 samples. Despite their reported lower CB1 binding affinity, other low CB1 binding synthetic cannabinoids such as UR-144 (Ki = 150nM CB1 and Ki = 1.8nM CB2) and XLR-11 (EC50 values of 98nM CB1 and 83nM CB2) have been previously identified in smoke blends in 2012.
As of November 2022 MDA-19 is legal in the United States but may be considered illegal if intended for human consumption under the federal analog act.
In China, the May 2021 ban on specific synthetic cannabinoid core classes does not include the class of cannabinoids MDA-19 belongs to.
See also
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BZO-CHMOXIZID
BZO-CHMOXIZID (CHM-MDA-19) is a synthetic cannabinoid compound first reported in 2008 in the same series as the better known derivative MDA-19
MDA-19 (also known as BZO-HEXOXIZID) is a drug that acts as a potent and selective agonist for the c ...
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JWH-007
JWH-007 is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family, which acts as a cannabinoid agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. It was first reported in 1994 by a group including the noted cannabinoid chemist John W. Huffman. It was th ...
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JWH-116
JWH-116 is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor ligand from the naphthoylindole family. It is the indole 2-ethyl derivative of related compound JWH-018. The binding affinity of JWH-116 for the CB1 receptor is reported as Ki = 52 ± 5 nM.
In the Unit ...
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JWH-196
JWH-196 is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor ligand from the naphthylmethylindole family. It is the indole 2-methyl derivative of related compound JWH-175, and the carbonyl reduced analog of JWH-007. The binding affinity of JWH-196 for the CB1 r ...
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AM-1221
AM-1221 is a drug that acts as a potent and selective agonist for the cannabinoid receptor CB2, with a ''K''i of 0.28 nM at CB2 and 52.3 nM at the CB1 receptor, giving it around 180 times selectivity for CB2. The 2- methyl and 6-nit ...
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JWH-015
JWH-015 is a chemical from the naphthoylindole family that acts as a subtype-selective cannabinoid agonist. Its affinity for CB2 receptors is 13.8 nM, while its affinity for CB1 is 383 nM, meaning that it binds almost 28 times more strongly to ...
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JWH-047
JWH-047 is a selective cannabinoid ligand that binds to both CB1 and CB2. It has a bindining affinity of Ki = 0.9 nM for the CB2 subtype, and more than 65 times selectivity over the CB1.
In the United States, all CB1 receptor agonists of the ...
*
JWH-167
JWH-167 (1-pentyl-3-(phenylacetyl)indole) is a synthetic cannabinoid from the phenylacetylindole family, which acts as a cannabinoid agonist with about 1.75 times selectivity for CB1 with a Ki of 90 nM ± 17 and 159 nM ± 14 at CB2. ...
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JTE 7-31
JTE 7-31 is a selective cannabinoid receptor agonist invented by Japan Tobacco. It is a reasonably highly selective CB2 agonist, but still retains appreciable affinity at CB1, with a Ki of 0.088nM at CB2 vs 11nM at CB1.
Legality
JTE 7-31 is il ...
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UR-144
UR-144 (TMCP-018, KM-X1, MN-001, YX-17) is a drug invented by Abbott Laboratories, that acts as a selective full agonist of the peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2, but with much lower affinity for the psychoactive CB1 receptor.
Pharmacology
U ...
*
XLR-11
XLR-11 (5"-fluoro-UR-144 or 5F-UR-144) is a drug that acts as a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 with EC50 values of 98 nM and 83 nM, respectively. It is a 3-(tetramethylcyclopropylmethanoyl)indole derivative related t ...
References
Cannabinoids
{{cannabinoid-stub