Luca Arbore
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Luca Arbore or Arbure (
Old Cyrillic The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is a writing system that was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the late 9th century on the basis of the Greek alphabet for the Slavic people livin ...
: ;
Renaissance Latin Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Literary Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries, particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement. Ad fontes ''Ad fontes' ...
: ''Herborus''
Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (; sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. 17 January 1871 – 27 November 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, Albanologist, poet ...
, "Cronică", in ''Revista Istorică'', Issues 7–9/1934, p. 291
or ''Copacius''; died April 1523) was a
Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Centr ...
n
boyar A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the Feudalism, feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Kievan Rus', Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria, Russian nobility, Russia, Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia, Wallachia and ...
, diplomat, and statesman, several times commander of the country's military. He first rose to prominence in 1486, during the rule of Stephen III,
Prince of Moldavia This is a list of rulers of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862, when it united with Wallachia, the other Danubian Principality, to form the modern-day state of Ro ...
, to whom he was possibly related. He became the long-serving gatekeeper (or
castellan A castellan is the title used in Medieval Europe for an appointed official, a governor of a castle and its surrounding territory referred to as the castellany. The title of ''governor'' is retained in the English prison system, as a remnant o ...
) of
Suceava Suceava () is the largest urban settlement and the seat town ( ro, oraș reședință de județ) of Suceava County, situated in the historical region of Bukovina, northeastern Romania, and at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central and Eastern E ...
, bridging military defense and administrative functions with a diplomatic career. Arbore therefore organized the defense of Suceava during the
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
invasion of 1497, after which he was confirmed as one of Moldavia's leading courtiers. As a military commander, Arbore participated in Moldavian's occupation of
Pokuttya Pokuttia, also known as Pokuttya or Pokutia ( uk, Покуття, Pokuttya; pl, Pokucie; german: Pokutien; ro, Pocuția), is a historical area of East-Central Europe, situated between the Dniester and Cheremosh rivers and the Carpathian Mounta ...
in 1502. He is tentatively identified as "Luca the Vlach", who served Stephen on crucial diplomatic missions to Poland and the
Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
. Also a great landowner and patron of the arts, Arbore commissioned the painting of
Arbore Church The Arbore Church ( ro, Biserica Arbore) is a Romanian Orthodox monastery church in Arbore Commune, Suceava County, Romania. Built in 1502 by Luca Arbore, and dedicated to the Beheading of St. John the Baptist, it is one of eight buildings that mak ...
. The building is one of the eight Moldavian churches on the
UNESCO World Heritage list A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for h ...
. Gatekeeper Arbore was identified, possibly erroneously, as a pretender to the Moldavian throne in 1505. He still served Stephen's son
Bogdan III Bogdan III the One-Eyed ( ro, Bogdan al III-lea cel Chior) or Bogdan III the Blind () (March 18, 1479 – April 20, 1517) was Voivode of Moldavia from July 2, 1504, to 1517. Family Bogdan was born in Huşi as the son of Voivode Ştefan cel Mare ...
, who needed his services in particular during the Moldavian–Polish border clashes of that year. He maintained his position despite suffering defeat, and, possibly as a ''
hetman ( uk, гетьман, translit=het'man) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders. Used by the Czechs in Bohemia since the 15th century. It was the title of the second-highest military co ...
'', went on to serve as tutor of Bogdan's orphaned son, Stephen IV "Ștefăniță". As such, he aligned the country with Poland and waged war against the
Crimean Khanate The Crimean Khanate ( crh, , or ), officially the Great Horde and Desht-i Kipchak () and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary ( la, Tartaria Minor), was a Crimean Tatars, Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to ...
(a proxy for the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
), winning a major victory at Ștefănești in August 1518. In 1523, the prince accused the Arbore males of insubordination, and had most of them executed. Although the original accusation was probably spurious, the execution itself sparked an actual boyar revolt. The Arbore line was largely extinguished in 1523, but survived mainly through female descendants; the name was eventually reused by people who were distantly related to the original family, including, in the late 19th-century, the scholar-politician
Zamfir Arbore Zamfir Constantin Arbore (; born Zamfir Ralli, russian: Земфирий Константинович Арборе-Ралли, ''Zemfiriyi Konstantinovich Arborye-Ralli''; also known as Zamfir Arbure, Zamfir Rally, Zemphiri Ralli and Aivaza;Felea ...
. By then, the gatekeeper had also been recovered as a symbolic figure in the literature of authors such as
Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu ( 26 February 1838 – ) was a Romanian writer and philologist, who pioneered many branches of Romanian philology and history. Life He was born Tadeu Hâjdeu in Cristineștii Hotinului (now Kerstentsi in Chernivtsi ...
,
Mihai Eminescu Mihai Eminescu (; born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romanian Romantic poet from Moldavia, novelist, and journalist, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Eminescu was an active membe ...
, and
Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea ; pen name of Barbu Ștefan; April 11, 1858 in Bucharest – April 29, 1918 in Iași) was a Romanian writer and poet, considered one of the greatest figures in the National awakening of Romania. Early life and ...
.


Biography


Early life

Born at an unknown date, Luca was the son of Cârstea Arbore, who served as '' pârcălab'' of
Neamț Citadel Neamț Citadel ( ro, Cetatea Neamț or Cetatea Neamțului, ) is a medieval fortress located in north-eastern part of Romania, near Târgu Neamț, Neamț County. It was built in 14th century Moldavia during Petru I of Moldavia's reign and expanded ...
in the 1470s, and his wife Nastasia. Various researchers argue that Cârstea, possibly known as Ioachim in some sources, was brothers with Stephen III—making Luca eligible for the princely throne. Luca also had a brother, the ''
Pitar ''Pitar'' is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the subfamily Callocardiinae of the family Veneridae, the Venus clams. The genus contains over 60 species. Species * '' Pitar aequinoctialis'' Fischer-Piette, 1969 * '' P ...
'' Ion, and a sister, Anușca. Anușca went on to marry the boyar Crasnăș. The latter's father, also named Crasnăș, was famous as a dissenting boyar, having reportedly deserted Stephen III during the
Battle of Baia The Battle of Baia ( ro, Bătălia de la Baia; hu, moldvabányai csata) was fought on December 15, 1467, between Moldavian prince Stephen the Great and the Hungarian king, Matthias Corvinus. The battle was the last Hungarian attempt to subdue ...
. Cârstea himself remained loyal to the prince down to his death. He was killed by the invading
Ottoman army The military of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. Army The military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the ...
during the invasion of 1476, either at Vaslui or in front of Neamț Citadel. Luca's main office was gatekeeper of
Suceava Suceava () is the largest urban settlement and the seat town ( ro, oraș reședință de județ) of Suceava County, situated in the historical region of Bukovina, northeastern Romania, and at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central and Eastern E ...
from September 14 (New Style: September 24), 1486. The attributes of this office were greatly expanded by Stephen: it implied command offices in the
Moldavian military forces Moldavia had a military force for much of its history as an independent and, later, autonomous principality subject to the Ottoman Empire (14th century-1859). Army Middle Ages Under the reign of Stephen the Great, all farmers and villagers had ...
and diplomatic functions, obliging Arbore to become a polyglot. By 1500, he was fluent in
Church Slavonic Church Slavonic (, , literally "Church-Slavonic language"), also known as Church Slavic, New Church Slavonic or New Church Slavic, is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzeg ...
,
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
, and Latin. From 1486, Stephen granted his gatekeeper half of Țăpești village, on the Lozova River (the other half was awarded to Duma Burdur in 1499). In parallel, Arbore was the squire of an eponymous estate in
Bukovina Bukovinagerman: Bukowina or ; hu, Bukovina; pl, Bukowina; ro, Bucovina; uk, Буковина, ; see also other languages. is a historical region, variously described as part of either Central or Eastern Europe (or both).Klaus Peter BergerT ...
, and of
Șipote Șipote is a commune in Iași County, Western Moldavia, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hunga ...
, in
Iași County Iași County () is a county (județ) of Romania, in Western Moldavia, with the administrative seat at Iași. It is the most populous county in Romania, after the Municipality of Bucharest (which has the same administrative level as that of a coun ...
. He became ''
ktitor ''Ktetor'' ( el, κτήτωρ) or ''ktitor'' (; ka, ქტიტორი ''kt’it’ori''; ro, ctitor), meaning "founder", is a title given in the Middle Ages to the provider of funds for construction or reconstruction of an Eastern Orthodox ch ...
'' of churches, dedicated to Moldavian Orthodoxy, in both localities. He purchased Arbore, including the present-day city of
Solca Solca (german: Solka; pl, Solka; hu, Szolka) is a town in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. Solca is the smallest town in the county and the third smallest town in Romania, with a populat ...
and communes of Botoșana and Iaslovăț, in March 1502, developing it into his main ''
demesne A demesne ( ) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. The concept or ...
''—favored, with Șipote, because it was closest to Stephen's preferred courts (Suceava and
Hârlău Hârlău (also spelled ''Hîrlău'', ; he, חרלאו; hu, Harló) is a town in Iași County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It was one of the princely court cities of Moldavia, in the 15th century. One village, Pârcovaci, is administered by the to ...
). Folklore records that Arbore used Polish and Ottoman prisoners of war as his laborers, forcing them to quarry stone from Solca River. From his mother Nastasia, the gatekeeper also inherited the
Bessarabia Bessarabia (; Gagauz: ''Besarabiya''; Romanian: ''Basarabia''; Ukrainian: ''Бессара́бія'') is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Be ...
n village of Hilăuți. Tradition further attributes him ownership of Hrițeni, in northern Bessarabia. Arbore married a lady Iuliana. One account suggests that she was the daughter of '' comis'' Petru Ezăreanul of
Tutova County Tutova County is one of the historic counties of Moldavia, Romania with the city of Bârlad as capital. Geography Tutova County covered 2,498 km2 and was located in the central-eastern part of Greater Romania, in the south-eastern part of Mol ...
, also killed in the war of 1475; this remains disputed. They had at least four male children: Toader, Nichita, and Gliga, and Ioan, the latter of whom did not survive into adulthood. Some records attest a fifth son, Rubeo Arbore. Of his seven daughters, Ana married the great ''comis'' Pintilie Plaxa. Another daughter, Marica, was the mother of Marica Solomon, wife of the ''vistier'' Solomon. Finally, a daughter Sofiica was traditionally believed the wife of a great '' vistier'', Gavril Totrușan (or Trotușan). Later researchers asserted that her husband was another ''vistier'', Gavril Misici. However, according to scholar Adrian Vătămanu, she may have been Totrușan's second wife, and Totrușan himself may have been a Misici. Arbore also had a nephew, Dragoș, whom he groomed for the office of Suceava gatekeeper and to whom he donated an estate in Țăpești. As a diplomat, Arbore carried out several diplomatic missions in Poland and the
Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
. Historian Valentina Eșanu believes that Arbore is ''Luka voloshanin'' or ''Luca walachus'' ("Luca the Vlach"), mentioned by several sources as leading Stephen's embassies to these two countries. This would mean that in 1496–1497 he accompanied the Muscovite envoy Ivan Oscherin, who was traveling back and forth between Moscow and Moldavia. This mission was part of a series of high-level contacts between Moldavia, Moscow, and
Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...
, persuading Alexander Jagiellon, who was only
Grand Duke of Lithuania The monarchy of Lithuania concerned the monarchical head of state of Lithuania, which was established as an absolute and hereditary monarchy. Throughout Lithuania's history there were three ducal dynasties that managed to stay in power—House ...
at the time, to withdraw from an alliance with Poland. In 1497, as Poland invaded Moldavia and besieged Suceava, Arbore reportedly organized a "heroic defense" of the capital. The events at the brought Arbore into direct contact with the
Polish king Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16t ...
,
John I Albert John I Albert ( pl, Jan I Olbracht; 27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501) was King of Poland from 1492 until his death in 1501 and Duke of Głogów (Glogau) from 1491 to 1498. He was the fourth Polish sovereign from the Jagiellonian dynasty, the s ...
, as mentioned years later by Albert's brother,
Alexander Jagiellon Alexander Jagiellon ( pl, Aleksander Jagiellończyk, lt, Aleksandras Jogailaitis; 5 August 1461 – 19 August 1506) of the House of Jagiellon was the Grand Duke of Lithuania and later also King of Poland. He was the fourth son of Casimir IV Jagi ...
. Alexander's letter also confirms that Albert viewed Arbore as a possible contender for the Moldavian throne; in a different chronicle, the defenders are said to given the following reply to Albert: "Know that we will not betray our lord and his castles to you, for our lord, Prince Stephen, is in the field with his army; if you so desire, go and defeat him, and then his castles and the entire country will be yours." The same chronicle describes a meeting between Albert and Arbore outside the castle walls, a few days into the siege. Albert, thinking that Arbore might have princely aspirations, proposed to the gatekeeper that he handle him Suceava and receive support for obtaining the throne. Arbore refused; Albert then tried to capture Arbore, but the latter managed to retreat into the citadel.


Prominence

In late 1497, the itinerant Oscherin and ''Luka voloshanin'' were robbed in
Terebovlia Terebovlia ( uk, Теребовля, pl, Trembowla, yi, טרעבעוולע, Trembovla) is a small city in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is an ancient settlement that traces its roots to the settlement of Tere ...
by a band of Crimeans and
Cossacks The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
, allegedly led by Prince Yapancha. The incident prompted Stephen to demand reparations from
Meñli I Giray Meñli I Giray ( crh3, I Meñli Geray, ۱منكلى كراى) (1445–1515), also spelled as Mengli I Giray, was a '' khan'' of the Crimean Khanate (1466, 1469–1475, 1478–1515) and the sixth son of Hacı I Giray. Biography Struggle f ...
, but these were never fully returned. In 1501, as tensions between Poland and Moldavia were being reignited, Arbore traveled to
Halych Halych ( uk, Га́лич ; ro, Halici; pl, Halicz; russian: Га́лич, Galich; german: Halytsch, ''Halitsch'' or ''Galitsch''; yi, העליטש) is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The city gave its name to the P ...
and informed the local ''
starosta The starosta or starost (Cyrillic: ''старост/а'', Latin: ''capitaneus'', german: link=no, Starost, Hauptmann) is a term of Slavic origin denoting a community elder whose role was to administer the assets of a clan or family estates. Th ...
'' that Moldavia intended to annex that city, and possibly other parts of the
Ruthenian Voivodeship The Ruthenian Voivodeship (Latin: ''Palatinatus russiae'', Polish: ''Województwo ruskie'', Ukrainian: ''Руське воєводство'', romanized: ''Ruske voievodstvo''), also called Rus’ voivodeship, was a voivodeship of the Crown of ...
as well. It is however not known if the visit was an official diplomatic mission or Arbore's own initiative. That year, a number of Muscovite envoys were detained in Moldavia by Stephen, who wanted safety guarantees for his daughter Olena, imprisoned alongside his grandson
Dmitry Dmitri (russian: Дми́трий); Church Slavic form: Dimitry or Dimitri (); ancient Russian forms: D'mitriy or Dmitr ( or ) is a male given name common in Orthodoxy, Orthodox Christian culture, the Russian version of Greek language, Greek De ...
. The diplomats were released in June 1502, and accompanied back to Moscow by the Moldavians ''Doma'' and ''Ulyuka''—according to Eșanu, these may be boyars Duma Burdur, or Duma Vlaiculovici, and Arbore. In the fall of 1502, although Alexander Jagiellon had taken the Polish throne from his brother, Poland and Moldavia were again at odds with each other. In that context, Arbore had a prominent role in the occupation of Polish region of
Pokuttya Pokuttia, also known as Pokuttya or Pokutia ( uk, Покуття, Pokuttya; pl, Pokucie; german: Pokutien; ro, Pocuția), is a historical area of East-Central Europe, situated between the Dniester and Cheremosh rivers and the Carpathian Mounta ...
. He ordered his own tombstone at around the same time, possibly as a precaution. During the campaign, Arbore again met the ''starosta'' of Halych, who asked him about the destruction of a castle by the Moldavians. Arbore gave a firm reply, meant to be heard by Alexander Jagiellon—it suggested that his lord, Stephen III, did not wish to have any castles near his border, save the castle of Halych. If the identification of ''Luca walachus'' is correct, in November 1503 Arbore also led a Moldavian delegation to
Lublin Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of t ...
, trying to reach an understanding over Stephen's annexation of Pokuttya. Arbore was also integrated on the Boyar Council in 1486, but only returned there in 1498, possibly because he was too often absent from the country on diplomatic assignments. According to historian Virgil Pâslariuc, he was co-opted there because he supported Stephen's co-ruler and designated successor,
Bogdan III Bogdan III the One-Eyed ( ro, Bogdan al III-lea cel Chior) or Bogdan III the Blind () (March 18, 1479 – April 20, 1517) was Voivode of Moldavia from July 2, 1504, to 1517. Family Bogdan was born in Huşi as the son of Voivode Ştefan cel Mare ...
, whose claim to the throne was contested by his brothers; and also because he was a distinguished warrior. During the final years of Stephen III's reign, Arbore and Ioan Tăutu became increasingly influential, taking on more and more attributes; by 1503, Arbore had also risen through the Boyar Council, being listed there as the eighth most important boyar. For a while, he was the country's ''
spatharios The ''spatharii'' or ''spatharioi'' (singular: la, spatharius; el, σπαθάριος, literally "spatha-bearer") were a class of Late Roman imperial bodyguards in the court in Constantinople in the 5th–6th centuries, later becoming a purely ho ...
'', or military commander. In 1504, with Stephen III dead, Arbore was allegedly a pretender to the throne, although he continued to serve as courtier of the recognized successor, Bogdan. This account, contested by several historians, is based on Alexander Jagiellon's letter, which also claims that Arbore narrowly escaped an assassination attempt. According to
Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (; sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. 17 January 1871 – 27 November 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, Albanologist, poet ...
, the whole episode, as narrated by the source, is "hard to believe" and "confusing". In 2013, Liviu Pilat argued that the whole controversy about Arbore's claim to the throne stems from a misreading of Alexander's letter, which refers only to the events of 1497. Pâslariuc proposes that Bogdan used Arbore, his loyalist and mentor, to solidify his legitimacy. He also notes that Bogdan punished his nephew Dragoș, who had "ruined a very expensive cannon", by confiscating one of his estates. This was an example of the prince "confronting the great families", with which he was otherwise at peace. Arbore led troops in combat during the new Moldavian–Polish clashes of 1505, prompted by the failed marriage arrangements between Bogdan and Elizabeth Jagiellon. Reportedly, he was present at the Moldavian sieges of
Kamianets The word Kamenets (or its variants Kamenec, Kamieniec, Kamyanets or Kamianets) is a common Slavic toponym with the root ''kamen'' meaning "stone" and the suffix '' -ets''. It usually denotes a rocky mountain or stony embankment of a river or stream. ...
and
Lviv Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
.
Ion Nistor Ion I. Nistor (August 16, 1876 – November 11, 1962) was a Romanian historian and politician. He was a titular member of the Romanian Academy from 1915 and a professor at the universities of Cernăuți and Bucharest, while also serving as Minis ...
, "La mormântul lui Luca Arbore", in ''Cultura Poporului'', August 24, 1924, p. 3
The Poles responded twice, anticipating Arbore's counterattacks and defeating the Moldavian troops on both occasions, which prompted Bogdan to sue for peace. Some of Arbore's other work concentrated on erecting the church of Arbore, which was finished in 1502, and to which he donated an ''
Acts of the Apostles The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its messag ...
'' in 1507. The frescoes, completed in 1504, are a synthesis of
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...
and
Byzantine art Byzantine art comprises the body of Christian Greek artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from the decline of Rome and lasted ...
, noted for the usage of
Gnostic Gnosticism (from grc, γνωστικός, gnōstikós, , 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems which coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects. These various groups emphasized pe ...
and
Bogomil Bogomilism ( Bulgarian and Macedonian: ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", bogumilstvo, богумилство) was a Christian neo-Gnostic or dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Pe ...
symbols in an otherwise Orthodox context. Church historian Mircea Pahomi advances the hypothesis that Arbore used Italian stonemasons and painters for at least some of this work. His and his wife's coats of arms, displayed on the central shrine, are among the very few examples of classical Moldavian heraldry.


Regency and downfall

Bogdan was an ailing prince, incapable of fulfilling his duties toward the end of his life; alongside Totrușan, Arbore again took hold of the actual government. The throne went to Stephen IV, a minor (11-years-old at the time). Arbore became the ruler's tutor and, as such, the country's ''
éminence grise An ''éminence grise'' () or grey eminence is a powerful decision-maker or adviser who operates "behind the scenes", or in a non-public or unofficial capacity. This phrase originally referred to François Leclerc du Tremblay, the right-hand man ...
''. His estate increased in 1516 with the purchase of Soloneț from the boyars Hanco, eventually comprising 39 separate domains, including Mount Giumalău. Arbore held the office of gatekeeper to March 15 (March 25), 1523; he is also listed as a ''
hetman ( uk, гетьман, translit=het'man) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders. Used by the Czechs in Bohemia since the 15th century. It was the title of the second-highest military co ...
'' by the chronicler Macarie, but, Eșanu writes, this office had not yet been introduced at the Moldavian court. Similarly, Pahomi notes that the title of ''hetman'' is "wrongly applied" to Arbore, who never held it. During this interlude, Moldavia's foreign policy shifted, and Stephen signed an alliance with the new Polish monarch, Sigismund I. Arbore, identified by medievalist Ilie Grămadă as the leader of a Polonophile party, negotiated advantageous terms: until Polish troops had entered her territory and provided for her security, Moldavia was not required to either assist Poland or cease paying her debts to the Ottoman Empire. Overall, his policy on the Ottoman issue is described by Pahomi as "active neutrality". Nonetheless, the policy change, which opened the way for Moldavia's participation in a planned crusade organized jointly by the
Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
and the
Kingdom of France The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. ...
, upset Moldavia's relations with the Ottomans and the Crimeans. In August 1518,
Mehmed I Giray Mehmed I Giray (1465–1523, reigned 1515–1523) was khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was preceded by his father Meñli I Giray (r. 1478–1515) and followed by his son Ğazı I Giray (1523–1524). He gained control of the steppe nomads, put his ...
sent Crimean troops into Moldavia. These were met outside Ștefănești by a well-prepared Moldavian force, led by Arbore; there, Mehmed suffered a massive defeat, with many of his troops drowning in the
Prut River The Prut (also spelled in English as Pruth; , uk, Прут) is a long river in Eastern Europe. It is a left tributary of the Danube. In part of its course it forms Romania's border with Moldova and Ukraine. Characteristics The Prut originates ...
. Military historian Mihai Adauge describes Arbore as a "great strategist" and "fearless patriot", on par with Stephen III. Nevertheless, by 1523 the Arbore males had encountered his prince's wrath, being formally charged with ''hiclenie'' (treason). The parish chronicle of Solca noted in the 1880s that "no Moldavian chronicle" specified what crime Arbore had actually committed. As read by Pahomi, the prince's decision reflected cleavages within the Council, inherently linked with the Polish–Ottoman issue. The "old boyars" fell out of favor; a ''
postelnic ''Postelnic'' (, plural: ''postelnici,'' from the Slavic ''postel'', "bed"; cf. Russian '' postelnichy'') was a historical rank traditionally held by boyars in Moldavia and Wallachia, roughly corresponding to the position of ''chamberlain''. It ...
'' Cozma Șarpe Gănescu, confronted with similar charges, escaped to Poland. According to Vătămanu, Stephen IV was angered that Sigismund's court still hosted pretenders to the Moldavian crown. Although Arbore may have agreed with the prince on this point, and also favored a disengagement from the Polish alliance, "it appears that the Polish emissaries would not let him." Luca was decapitated in April at the princely court in
Hârlău Hârlău (also spelled ''Hîrlău'', ; he, חרלאו; hu, Harló) is a town in Iași County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It was one of the princely court cities of Moldavia, in the 15th century. One village, Pârcovaci, is administered by the to ...
. Toader and Nichita Arbore were reportedly put to death, by strangling or decapitation, during the following month. According to one tradition, one of them may have actually been dead by that time, accidentally killed during a hunting trip.
Eugen Lovinescu Eugen Lovinescu (; 31 October 1881 – 16 July 1943) was a Romanian modernist literary historian, literary critic, academic, and novelist, who in 1919 established the ''Sburătorul'' literary club. He was the father of Monica Lovinescu, and the u ...
, ''Istoria literaturii române contemporane'', p. 301. Chișinău: Editura Litera, 1998.
The family residence at Arbore–Solca was confiscated by the ruler, and became state land. Arbore's grave remains undiscovered, but one theory is that his body was stolen by his partisans and secretly buried at Solca. The execution episode is credited with sparking a boyar revolt, which happened in September 1523. Grămadă also notes that Arbore's death signaled another foreign policy change, with Poland fearing a Moldavian–Ottoman
rapprochement In international relations, a rapprochement, which comes from the French word ''rapprocher'' ("to bring together"), is a re-establishment of cordial relations between two countries. This may be done due to a mutual enemy, as was the case with Germ ...
—despite the Moldavian–Ottoman clash at Tărăsăuți. The prince, who maintained hold of the country while at war with Polish-aligned boyars and
Wallachia Wallachia or Walachia (; ro, Țara Românească, lit=The Romanian Land' or 'The Romanian Country, ; archaic: ', Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and so ...
, appointed a new administration, comprising Totrușan, and, as the new gatekeeper of Suceava, the boyar Petrică. Totrușan is nevertheless listed among the boyars who took up arms, supporting the pretender Alexandru Cornea. The movement was finally repressed in blood. Much of the old elite was forced into exile, with some captives executed by the prince at his residence in
Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...
. Luca's wife Iuliana had probably died before 1523. Rubeo Arbore, allegedly one of her two surviving sons, took hold of two Moldavian bombards and surrendered with them to the
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
; his sister Sofiica and her husband Gavril also left the country, settling in Poland. Gliga Arbore disappeared from records at a later date. According to various researchers, he fled into Lithuania, possibly as late as 1545. Genealogist Octav-George Lecca argues that the fugitive was another Gliga Arbore, collaterally related to Luca, and describes the flight as an eloping to Poland with two nuns. The Arbore family survived through Luca's female descendants and, according to Lecca, also other close relatives. Daughter Ana Plaxa recovered possession of the Arbore manor in circa 1541, when
Petru Rareș Petru Rareș (), sometimes known as Petryła or Peter IV (Petru IV; c. 1483 – 3 September 1546), was twice voivode of Moldavia: 20 January 1527 to 18 September 1538 and 19 February 1541 to 3 September 1546. He was an illegitimate child born (pr ...
had taken the Moldavian throne. She commissioned master Dragosin Coman to repaint the manorial church, which had been damaged by an Ottoman invasion in 1538, and, dying childless, bequeathed the place to her niece Parasca Udrea. A granddaughter, Anghelina, married a diplomat of Princes Rareș and
Iacob Heraclid Iacob Heraclid (or Eraclid; el, Ἰάκωβος Ἡρακλείδης; 1527 – November 5, 1563), born Basilicò and also known as Iacobus Heraclides, Heraclid Despotul, or Despot Vodă ("Despot the Voivode"), was a Greek Maltese soldier, adv ...
, Avram Banilovschi. A Mihu Arbore was recorded as ''hetman'' during the reign of Rareș; in 1538, he changed sides and offered his support to Stephen V "Locust", only to take part in a conspiracy against the latter that ended with the prince being assassinated in Suceava.


Legacy


Arbore survivals

The Udreas, acting as Arbore successors, obtained other parts of the Solca estate in 1555. However, the then-ruler of Moldavia,
Alexandru Lăpușneanu Alexandru IV Lăpușneanu (1499 – 5 May 1568) was Ruler of Moldavia between September 1552 and 18 November 1561 and then between October 1564 and 5 May 1568. His wife and consort was Doamna Ruxanda Lăpușneanu, the daughter of Peter IV Rare ...
, staged another clampdown against the high-ranking boyars, and Plaxa possibly died during the events. Marica Solomon was still alive in 1583, when she had withdrawn to a convent; she and Grigore Udrea fought over various family assets, with Udrea formally accused of forgery. Ana Plaxa, also a nun, was cared for by the Udrea family. By 1598, the dispute had been settled in favor of the Udreas, who then sold their land in Solca to the
Movilești The House of Movileşti, also Movilă or Moghilă ( pl, Mohyła, Cyrillic: Могила), was a family of boyars in the principality of Moldavia, which became related through marriage with the Muşatin family – the traditional House of Moldavi ...
family, which transferred it to
Sucevița Monastery Sucevița Monastery is an Eastern Orthodox convent situated in the Northeastern part of Romania. It is situated near the Suceviţa River, in the village Sucevița, 18 km away from the city of Rădăuţi, Suceava County. It is located in the ...
. The Solomons received as compensation the fief of
Stănilești Stănilești is a commune in Vaslui County, Western Moldavia, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It bor ...
. At least from 1606, the Ponici family of Bessarabia was also registered as descending from one of Luca Arbore's daughters, Stanca. This branch intermarried with the descendants of gatekeeper Petrică, which included Prince
Ștefan Petriceicu Ștefan Petriceicu (Romanian: ''Ștefan al XI-lea Petriceicu'', died 1690) was three times Voivode of Moldavia (August 1672 – November 1673, December 1673 – February 1674, December 1683 – March 1684). Reign The son of a boyar, Chancellor ...
. The Udrea inheritance went to a Toader Murguleț, who supported dowager princess
Elisabeta Movilă Doamna Elisabeta Movilă ( fl. 1620) was a Princess consort of Moldavia by marriage to Ieremia Movilă. She was regent in Moldavia in 1607–1611 on the behalf of her son Constantin I Movilă and her son Alexandru Movilă in 1615–1616. She was ...
in her war with
Ștefan Tomșa Ștefan Tomșa or Ștefan VII ( pl, Stefan VII Tomża) (died 5 May 1564 in Lwów) was the ruler of Moldavia in 1563 and 1564. Career Tomșa served as hatman and came to power as leader of a boyar revolt against the Lutheran Ioan Iacob Heraclid ...
. When the latter took the throne, he confiscated Solca and donated it to the eponymous monastery. In 1620 Luca's reported heirs included his daughter Marica's daughters (or granddaughters), Tofana and Zamfira, and Anghelina's daughter, Nastasia. They tried but failed to secure ownership of Solca, which had remained in the care of Solca Monastery. By 1644, another one of Luca's great-granddaughters, Magda, was married to Onciu Vrânceanu, the ''vistier'' of Prince
Vasile Lupu Lupu Coci, known as Vasile Lupu (; 1595–1661), was a List of Moldavian rulers, Voivode of Moldavia of Albanians, Albanian origin between 1634 and 1653. Lupu had secured the Moldavian throne in 1634 after a series of complicated intrigues and man ...
. The core estates of Arbore and Solca were reportedly first devastated by various raids in the 17th century, in particular by Tomșa's civil war and the Polish expedition of 1683. As "Bukovina", the area fell under the
Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy (german: Habsburgermonarchie, ), also known as the Danubian monarchy (german: Donaumonarchie, ), or Habsburg Empire (german: Habsburgerreich, ), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities ...
, and then the
Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...
. This new administration passed the core Solca estate into a church land fund, then rented it, cementing its designation as Arbore (also Arbure or Arbura). The locality became a target for German immigration from
Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...
. By 1860, the manor had been looted and vandalized, with some of its discarded masonry used for a belfry (a feature not present in the original building); the
coat of arms of Moldavia A coat typically is an outer garment for the upper body as worn by either gender for warmth or fashion. Coats typically have long sleeves and are open down the front and closing by means of buttons, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners, toggles, a ...
, displayed on its walls, was covered with mortar. The cellar and tunnel still survived, and were used as a hideout by the ''
haiduc A hajduk ( hu, hajdúk, plural of ) is a type of irregular infantry found in Central and parts of Southeast Europe from the late 16th to mid 19th centuries. They have reputations ranging from bandits to freedom fighters depending on time, p ...
'' Darie Pomohaci. An incomplete inscription suggests that some Arbores had by then settled in Poland, and were serving in the Commonwealth Army early in the 18th century. Historian Alexandru Furtună also proposes that, by 1746, some Arbores had merged with a branch of the
Cantacuzino family The House of Cantacuzino (french: Cantacuzène) is a Romanian aristocratic family of Greek origin. The family gave a number of princes to Wallachia and Moldavia, and it claimed descent from a branch of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family, specifica ...
and with the boyar clans of Bantăș and Prăjescu. That year, the other three families divided Hilăuți into respective fiefs. As Lecca notes, those who still bore the Arbore surname descended the social ladder, becoming free peasants or burghers by 1700—although, a century later, a Dumitru Arbore was attested with the rank of ''
paharnic The ''Paharnic'' (plural: ''Paharnici''; also known as ''Păharnic'', ''Paharnec'', or ''Păharnec''; Moldavian dialect: ''ceașnic'', el, παχαρνίκοσ, ''pakharnikos'', russian: пахарник, ''paharnik'') was a historical Romanian ...
''. His two daughters married respectively into the
Kogălniceanu family The House of Kogălniceanu, Kogălniceanul or Cogâlniceanu (; ro, Familia Kogălniceanu, ''Kogălniceni'' or ''Kogălnicenii''; Francized ''de Kogalnitchan'') was one of the major political, intellectual and aristocratic families in Moldavia, ...
and the Ralli clan. The scholar and revolutionary Zamfir Ralli inherited the surname ''Arbore'' from a relative that had been adopted by that family, and which may descend from the 16th-century gatekeeper. Pâslariuc noted, in 1997, that "the name of the Arbure family lives on to this day."


In culture

Various posthumous sources maintained a respectful image of the alleged rebel. The Polish chronicler
Bernard Wapowski Bernard Wapowski (1475-1535) was one of the earliest Polish cartographers and is credited for making the first detailed map of Poland in 1526. Wapowski is considered to be the "Father of Polish Cartography". Wapowski served as the secretary of Kin ...
described him as a "strong and great man". According to art historian Emil Dragnev, the Suceava Church of Saint George, painted during the rule of Stephen's half-brother and successor Petru Rareș, may give clues that Arbore's execution was already seen as a serious transgression. The frescoes give a usually prominent role to
Naboth Naboth ( he, נבות) was a citizen of Jezreel. According to the Book of Kings in the Hebrew Bible, he was executed by Queen Jezebel so that her husband Ahab could possess his vineyard. Narrative 1 Kings 21:1-16 states that Naboth owned a vine ...
, falsely accused and murdered by the unjust
Ahab Ahab (; akk, 𒀀𒄩𒀊𒁍 ''Aḫâbbu'' 'a-ḫa-ab-bu'' grc-koi, Ἀχαάβ ''Achaáb''; la, Achab) was the seventh king of Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), Israel, the son and successor of King Omri and the husband of Jezebel of Sidon, ...
. Of the Moldavian chroniclers which covered the event, Macarie, an official historian, was blunt in "never giving hint that there was something unjust about rbore's execution; writing much later, the Polonophile boyar
Grigore Ureche Grigore Ureche (; 1590–1647) was a Moldavian chronicler who wrote on Moldavian history in his ''Letopisețul Țării Moldovei'' ('' Chronicles of the Land of Moldavia''), covering the period from 1359 to 1594. Biography Grigore Ureche was th ...
hinted that the prince had been flattered and misled by Arbore's personal enemies. Ureche also argues that Luca was not put on trial for the accusations made against him, nor were any of the claims proven, although, according to Dragnev, Ureche's own claim is not necessarily backed by evidence. In 19th-century Moldavia and the successor
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
, Arbore was also recovered by literature, appearing early on as an heroic figure in Constantin Stamati's poem, ''Santinela'', and being portrayed in prose works by
Constantin Negruzzi Constantin Negruzzi (; first name often Costache ; 1808–24 August 1868) was a Romanian poet, novelist, translator, playwright, and politician. Born in Trifești, Iași, Trifeștii Vechi, Moldavia, he studied at home with a Greek teacher. He ad ...
. In the 1860s, the Bessarabian
Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu ( 26 February 1838 – ) was a Romanian writer and philologist, who pioneered many branches of Romanian philology and history. Life He was born Tadeu Hâjdeu in Cristineștii Hotinului (now Kerstentsi in Chernivtsi ...
made him a key figure in the novella ''Ursita'', loosely based on the conflict between Stephen IV and Șarpe Gănescu. Here, Arbore is shown advising Șarpe to flee the country, and is then imprisoned as revenge. Another episode shows Arbore and Stephen III chatting about
Renaissance magic Renaissance magic was a resurgence in Hermeticism and Neo-Platonic varieties of the Magic (supernatural), magical arts which arose along with Renaissance humanism in the 15th and 16th centuries CE. These magical arts (called ''#Artes magicae, art ...
. Hasdeu also began writing a novel ''Arbore'', which he never finished. During that period,
Mihai Eminescu Mihai Eminescu (; born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romanian Romantic poet from Moldavia, novelist, and journalist, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Eminescu was an active membe ...
sketched the novel ''Mira'', named after a fictional daughter of the gatekeeper. Arbore himself is present in the work, standing for the "glorious past" of Stephen III's reign, against the decadence of Stephen IV. Stephen IV falls in love with Mira, but eventually kills her father. Published a generation later, the play ''
Apus de soare Apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. It represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means "without feet" in Greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. First depicted on a celestial globe by Petrus ...
'', by
Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea ; pen name of Barbu Ștefan; April 11, 1858 in Bucharest – April 29, 1918 in Iași) was a Romanian writer and poet, considered one of the greatest figures in the National awakening of Romania. Early life and ...
, also has Arbore for a main protagonist. In Delavrancea's subsequent work, '' Viforul'', Arbore is again the central figure—although, according to critic
Eugen Lovinescu Eugen Lovinescu (; 31 October 1881 – 16 July 1943) was a Romanian modernist literary historian, literary critic, academic, and novelist, who in 1919 established the ''Sburătorul'' literary club. He was the father of Monica Lovinescu, and the u ...
, his presence is superfluous, epic rather than dramatic. Arbore's alleged scheme is taken for granted by the dramatist, and depicted as a grave error of judgement. The hunting trip episode is depicted as an early stage in the conflict between the prince and the gatekeeper, leading to the deliberate murder of Arbore junior, here named Cătălin. The Ureche account was repeated by the Bukovina Minister
Ion Nistor Ion I. Nistor (August 16, 1876 – November 11, 1962) was a Romanian historian and politician. He was a titular member of the Romanian Academy from 1915 and a professor at the universities of Cernăuți and Bucharest, while also serving as Minis ...
during the 1924 commemoration of Arbore's death—six years after Bukovina's integration into
Greater Romania The term Greater Romania ( ro, România Mare) usually refers to the borders of the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period, achieved after the Great Union. It also refers to a pan-nationalist idea. As a concept, its main goal is the creation ...
. Nistor added that Arbore was a "clean soul" and "true martyr" of the
Romanian Orthodox Church The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; ro, Biserica Ortodoxă Română, ), or Patriarchate of Romania, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, Christian churches, and one of ...
, before whom Moldavians knelt. As argued in 2001 by scholar
Lucian Boia Lucian Boia (born 1 February 1944 in Bucharest) is a Romanian historian. He is mostly known for his debunking of historical myths about Romania, for purging mainstream Romanian history from the deformations due to ideological propaganda. I.e. as ...
, Arbore's treatment in Romanian historiography went through two distinct phases. Before the onset of Romanian communism, historians generally described as his execution as "unjustified", and listed it as one of Stephen IV's shortcomings. During communism, the prince was lauded for his dealing with "the betrayers of the country". Restored at later intervals, the Arbore church is, as of 2014, one of eight Moldavian churches on the
UNESCO World Heritage list A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for h ...
.''Periodic Report, Second Cycle. Section II - Churches of Moldavia''
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...
, October 13, 2014


Notes


References

*Mihai Adauge, "Invazia tătarilor în vara anului 1518 și lupta de la Ștefănești. Reconstituire", in ''Studii de Securitate și Apărare'', Issue 2/2012, pp. 70–87. *Cristian Nicolae Apetrei, ''Reședințele boierești din Țara Românească și Moldova în secolele XIV–XVI''. Brăila: Editura Istros, 2009. *
Lucian Boia Lucian Boia (born 1 February 1944 in Bucharest) is a Romanian historian. He is mostly known for his debunking of historical myths about Romania, for purging mainstream Romanian history from the deformations due to ideological propaganda. I.e. as ...
, ''History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness''. Budapest & New York:
Central European University Press Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center (disambiguation), center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa ...
, 2001. *Cătălina Chelcu, Marius Chelcu, "«...din uricul pe care strămoșii lor l-au avut de la bătrânul Ștefan voievod». Întregiri documentare", in Petronel Zahariuc, Silviu Văcaru (eds.), ''Ștefan cel Mare la cinci secole de la moartea sa'', pp. 108–163. Iași: Editura Alfa, 2003. *Ion C. Chițimia, "B. P. Hasdeu", in Alexandru Dima, Ion C. Chițimia, Paul Cornea, Eugen Todoran (eds.), ''Istoria literaturii române. II: De la Școala Ardeleană la Junimea'', pp. 664–705. Bucharest:
Editura Academiei The Romanian Academy ( ro, Academia Română ) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 active members who are elected for life. According to its byl ...
, 1968. *Emil Dragnev, "Registrele profeților și apostolilor din tamburul turlei bisericii Sf. Gheorghe din Suceava și contextul artei post-bizantine", in ''Tyragetia'', Vol. IX, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 51–78. *Valentina Eșanu, "Luca Arbore în misiuni diplomatice ale lui Ștefan cel Mare", in ''Akademos'', Issue 4/201, pp. 136–141. *Alexandru Furtună, "File din istoria satului Hiliuți, raionul Râșcani", in ''Enciclopedica. Revistă de Istorie a Științei și Studii Enciclopedice'', Issues 1–2/2014, pp. 168–171. *Ilie Grămadă, "Aspects des relations moldavo-polonaises dans les trois premières décennies du XVI siècle", in ''Rocznik Lubelski'', Vol. 19, 1976, pp. 39–46. * Octav-George Lecca, ''Familii de boieri mari și mici din Moldova''. Bucharest: Editura Paideia, 2015. *Lucian-Valeriu Lefter, "Obârșia și continuitatea familiei Ponici", in Ovidiu Cristea, Petronel Zahariuc, Gheorghe Lazăr (eds.), ''Viam inveniam aut faciam. In honorem Ștefan Andreescu'', pp. 289–306. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, 2012. *Mircea Pahomi, "Biserica Arbore — județul Suceava", in ''Analele Bucovinei'', Vol. VIII, Issue 1, 2001, pp. 83–150. *Virgil Pâslariuc, "Marea boierime moldoveană și raporturile ei cu Bogdan al III-lea (1504–1517)", in ''Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei'', Vol. II–III, 1996–1997, pp. 1–18. *Liviu Pilat, "'Pretendența' lui Luca Arbore la tronul Moldovei", ''Analele Putnei'', Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 43–50. *Vasile I. Schipor, "Cronici parohiale din Bucovina (I)", in ''Analele Bucovinei'', Vol. XIV, Issue 1, 2007, pp. 207–251. *
Valentin Silvestru Valentin is a male given name meaning "strong, healthy, power, rule, terco". It comes from the Latin name ''Valentinus'', as in Saint Valentin. Commonly found in Spain, Romania, Bulgaria, France, Italy, Russia, Ukraine, Scandinavia, Latin America ...
, "Trecutul și prezentul dramei istorice românești", in ''Teatrul'', Issue 8/1966, pp. 4–12. *N. Stoicescu, ''Dicționar al marilor dregători din Țara Românească și Moldova. Sec. XIV–XVII''. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1971. *Adrian Vătămanu, "Logofătul Gavril Trotușan", in ''Carpica'', Vol. X, 1978, pp. 303–322. {{DEFAULTSORT:Arbore, Luca 15th-century births 1523 deaths 15th-century Romanian people 16th-century Romanian people 15th-century diplomats 16th-century diplomats 15th-century soldiers 16th-century soldiers Stephen the Great Spatharii of Moldavia Hetmans of Moldavia Castellans Regents Romanian art patrons People from Suceava Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania 16th-century executions People executed by Moldavia by decapitation People executed for treason against Moldavia