Littorinimorpha is a large
order of snails,
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
s, consisting primarily of sea snails (
marine species), but also including some freshwater snails (
aquatic species) and land snails (
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...
species).
[Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families''. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. . . 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278]
Previously, the
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
# The particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his ''Systema Naturae'' (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus t ...
used in the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Ponder & Lindberg (1997) ranked like this: subclass
Orthogastropoda
Orthogastropoda was a major taxonomic grouping of snails and slugs, an extremely large subclass within the huge class Gastropoda according to the older taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997).
This taxon is no longer used accordin ...
, superorder
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...
, order
Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.
The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.
Taxonomy
1 ...
, suborder
Hypsogastropoda, infraorder Littorinimorpha.
The order Littorinimorpha contains many gastropoda families that were formerly placed in the order Mesogastropoda, as introduced by
J. Thiele in his work from 1921. Evidence for this group being
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
is scanty. In 2003, E. E. Strong suggested using only
Neogastropoda
Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs.
Description
The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...
as a clade within the clade
Hypsogastropoda, and to include the unresolved superfamilies of the Hypsogastropoda within the Littorinimorpha.
Gofas, S. (2010). Littorinimorpha. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382213 on 2010-06-06
/ref>
Superfamilies and families
The superfamilies grouped in this clade include a few families that are well-known based on their shells:
(Extinct taxa indicated by a dagger
A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or popular-use de ...
, †.)
;Families brought into synonymy:
* Adeorbidae Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Tornidae
Tornidae is a family (biology), family of very small and minute sea snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. This family used to be known as the Vitrinellidae.Bouchet ...
Sacco, 1896 (1884)
* Paludestrinidae Newton, 1891 accepted as Hydrobiidae
Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small freshwater and brackish water snails with an operculum; they are in the order Littorinimorpha.
Distribution
Hydrobiidae are found in much of the world, ...
Stimpson, 1865
* Pyrgulidae Brusina, 1882 (1869) accepted as Hydrobiidae
Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small freshwater and brackish water snails with an operculum; they are in the order Littorinimorpha.
Distribution
Hydrobiidae are found in much of the world, ...
Stimpson, 1865
* Vitrinellidae Bush, 1897 accepted as Tornidae
Tornidae is a family (biology), family of very small and minute sea snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. This family used to be known as the Vitrinellidae.Bouchet ...
Sacco, 1896 (1884)
Image:Calyptraea chinensis fossil 01.JPG, '' Calyptraea chinensis'' ( Calyptraeidae)
Image:Cypraea tigris 01.JPG, ''Cypraea tigris
''Cypraea tigris'', commonly known as the tiger cowrie, is a species of cowry, a large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.
Taxonomy
The tiger cowry was one of the many species originally described b ...
'' (Cypraeidae
Cypraeidae, commonly named the cowries ( cowry), is a taxonomic family of small to large sea snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies.
Shell description
Cypraeidae have adult s ...
)
Image:Ovula ovum 01.JPG, ''Ovula ovum
''Ovula ovum'', common name the common egg cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.
Description
The shells of these quite common cowries reach on average ...
'' (Ovulidae
Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies. MolluscaBase eds. ...
)
Image:Ficus ficus 01.JPG , '' Ficus ficus'' ( Ficidae)
Image:Littorina littorea 02.JPG , ''Littorina littorea
The common periwinkle or winkle (''Littorina littorea'') is a species of small edible whelk or sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.Reid, David ...
'' (Littorinidae
The Littorinidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide.
Names
In ...
)
Image:Tectarius coronatus 01.JPG, ''Tectarius coronatus
''Tectarius coronatus'', common name beaded prickly winkle or coronate prickly-winkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. It is the type species of the genus ''Tectarius ...
'' (Littorinidae
The Littorinidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide.
Names
In ...
)
Image:Tudorella sulcata 01.JPG, ''Tudorella sulcata
''Tudorella sulcata'' is a species of land snail which has an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Pomatiidae.
Distribution
This species stricto sensu (''T. s. sulcata'') occurs in Algeria, France, Portugal and lato sens ...
'' (Pomatiidae
The family Pomatiidae is a taxonomic family of small operculate land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that can be found over the warmer parts of the Old World. In the older literature, this family is designated as Pomatiasidae.
This famil ...
)
Image:Natica vitellus 01.JPG, '' Natica vitellus'' (Naticidae
Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family are mostly globular in shape.
Nat ...
)
Image:Pterotracheidae.jpg, A Pterotracheidae
Pterotracheidae is a family of medium-sized to large floating sea snails, pelagic gastropod molluscs. They are in the superfamily Pterotracheoidea along with two other similar pelagic families, the Atlantidae and the Carinariidae.
These pelagic ...
)
Image:Barleeia unifasciata 01.jpg, ''Barleeia unifasciata
''Barleeia'', or the barleysnails, is a genus of very small sea snails. They are marine (ocean), marine gastropod micromollusks in the family Barleeiidae. These snails are usually only a couple of millimeters in length.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). M ...
'' ( Barleeiidae)
Image:Rissoa decorata 01.jpg, '' Rissoa decorata'' (Rissoidae
Rissoidae is a large family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rissooidea and the order Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting pr ...
)
Image:Rissoina tornatilis 01.jpg, ''Rissoina tornatilis
''Rissoina'' is a large genus of minute sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks, in the family (biology), family Rissoinidae.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) the following species ...
'' ( Rissoinidae)
Image:Aporrhais pesgallinae 01.JPG, ''Aporrhais pesgallinae
''Aporrhais pesgallinae'' is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Aporrhaidae
Aporrhaidae is a family of sea snails commonly called the "pelican's foot snails." The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by B ...
'' (Aporrhaidae
Aporrhaidae is a family of sea snails commonly called the "pelican's foot snails." The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classif ...
)
Image:Rostellariella delicatula 01.JPG, '' Rostellariella delicatula'' ( Rostellariidae)
Image:Sinustrombus sinuatus, Bohol, Philippines.jpg, '' Sinustrombus sinuatus'' (Strombidae
Strombidae, commonly known as the true conchs, is a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large sea snails in the superfamily Stromboidea, and the Epifamily Neostromboidae. The term true conchs, being a common name, does not have an exact me ...
)
Image:Tutufa bubo 01.JPG, '' Tutufa bubo'' (Bursidae
The Bursidae, common name "frog snails" or "frog shells", are a rather small taxonomic family of large sea snails, marine gastropod predatory snails in the clade Littorinimorpha. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Bursidae Thiele, 1925. A ...
)
Image:Cypraecassis rufa 01.JPG, ''Cypraecassis rufa
''Cypraecassis rufa'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cassidae. It is commonly known as the bullmouth shell or red helmet shell, and also as the cameo shell.
Distribution
This species is found of ...
'' (Cassidae
The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tonnoidea and the clade Littorinimorpha.Go ...
)
Image:Distorsio kurzi 01.JPG , '' Distorsio kurzi'' (Personidae
The Personidae are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including some freshwater s ...
)
Image:Monoplex nicobaricus 01.JPG, ''Monoplex nicobaricus
''Monoplex nicobaricus'', known as the Nicobar hairy triton or goldmouth triton, is a species of medium-sized predatory sea snail, a tropical marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cymatiidae.
Distribution
This species of marine snail has a w ...
'' (Ranellidae
The Ranellidae, common name the triton shells or tritons, are a taxonomic family of small to very large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Littorinimorpha.
Subfamilies
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by B ...
)
Image:Tonna galea 01.jpg, '' Tonna galea'' (Tonnidae
The Tonnidae are a family (biology), family of medium-sized to very large sea snails, known as the tun shells. These are marine invertebrates, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The name ''tun'' refers to the snails' shell sh ...
)
Image:Pisinna glabrata 01.jpg , '' Pisinna glabrata'' ( Anabathridae)
Image:Bithynia tentaculata 01.JPG , '' Bithynia tentaculata'' (Bithyniidae
Bithyniidae is a family of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Bithyniidae Gray, 1857. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...
)
Image:Caecum glabrum.jpg , ''Caecum glabrum
''Caecum glabrum'' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or ...
'' (Caecidae
Caecidae is a taxonomic family of very small and minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013). Caecidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http ...
)
Image:Emericia patula1 A MRKVICKA.JPG , ''Emericia patula
''Vallaris'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1768. It is native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia.
;Species
* ''Vallaris glabra'' (L.) Kuntze – bread flower, ''kesidang'' (Malay ...
'' ( Emmericiidae)
Image:Liroceratia sulcata 01.jpg , ''Liroceratia sulcata
''Liroceratia'' is a genus of very small, somewhat amphibious land snails that have a gill and an operculum, semi-terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusk in the family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either ...
'' (Iravadiidae
Iravadiidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine sp ...
)
Image:Thyca ectoconcha sur face orale de L. multifora.jpg , '' Thyca ectoconcha'' (Eulimidae
Eulimidae is a family of very small parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Vanikoroidea.
Description
These small parasitic snails live on (or in some cases in) the bodies of echinoderms such as sea cucumbers ...
) parasiting a sea star
Image:Trivia monacha 01.JPG, ''Trivia monacha
''Trivia monacha'', also known as the European cowrie or spotted cowrie, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Triviidae, the trivias.
The name ''Trivia'' means "common" and the word ''monacha'' means "solita ...
'' (Triviidae
Triviidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea of the order Littorinimorpha. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Triviidae Troschel, 1863. Accessed through: World Register of ...
)
Image:Thylacodes arenarius 01.JPG, '' Thylacodes arenarius'' (Vermetidae
The Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of species in the family Vermetidae are extremely irregular, and do ...
)
Image:Xenophora pallidula 01.jpg , ''Xenophora pallidula
''Xenophora pallidula'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Xenophoridae, the carrier shells.
Description
Xenophora pallidula, also known as the Pallid Carrier Shells, are relatively small, averaging abou ...
'' (Xenophoridae
Xenophoridae, commonly called carrier shells, is a family of medium-sized to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Xenophor ...
)
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1187122