Littorinimorpha is a large
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
of snails,
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
s, consisting primarily of sea snails (
marine
Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean.
Marine or marines may refer to:
Ocean
* Maritime (disambiguation)
* Marine art
* Marine biology
* Marine debris
* Marine habitats
* Marine life
* Marine pollution
Military ...
species), but also including some freshwater snails (
aquatic species) and land snails (
terrestrial species).
[Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families''. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. . . 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278]
Previously, the
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
# The particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his ''Systema Naturae'' (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus t ...
used in the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Ponder & Lindberg (1997) ranked like this: subclass
Orthogastropoda
Orthogastropoda was a major taxonomic grouping of snails and slugs, an extremely large subclass within the huge class Gastropoda according to the older taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997).
This taxon is no longer used according ...
, superorder
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...
, order
Sorbeoconcha, suborder
Hypsogastropoda
Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=ta ...
, infraorder Littorinimorpha.
The order Littorinimorpha contains many gastropoda families that were formerly placed in the order Mesogastropoda, as introduced by
J. Thiele in his work from 1921. Evidence for this group being
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gr ...
is scanty. In 2003, E. E. Strong suggested using only
Neogastropoda
Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs.
Description
The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Cretace ...
as a clade within the clade
Hypsogastropoda
Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=ta ...
, and to include the unresolved superfamilies of the Hypsogastropoda within the Littorinimorpha.
Gofas, S. (2010). Littorinimorpha. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382213 on 2010-06-06
/ref>
Superfamilies and families
The superfamilies grouped in this clade include a few families that are well-known based on their shells:
(Extinct taxa indicated by a dagger
A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or popular-use def ...
, †.)
;Families brought into synonymy:
* Adeorbidae Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Tornidae
Tornidae is a family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. This family used to be known as the Vitrinellidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Tornidae Sacco, 1896 (1884). Ac ...
Sacco, 1896 (1884)
* Paludestrinidae Newton, 1891 accepted as Hydrobiidae Stimpson, 1865
* Pyrgulidae Brusina, 1882 (1869) accepted as Hydrobiidae Stimpson, 1865
* Vitrinellidae Bush, 1897 accepted as Tornidae
Tornidae is a family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. This family used to be known as the Vitrinellidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Tornidae Sacco, 1896 (1884). Ac ...
Sacco, 1896 (1884)
Image:Calyptraea chinensis fossil 01.JPG, '' Calyptraea chinensis'' (Calyptraeidae
The Calyptraeidae are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods. MolluscaBase. Calyptraeidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141 ...
)
Image:Cypraea tigris 01.JPG, ''Cypraea tigris
''Cypraea tigris'', commonly known as the tiger cowrie, is a species of cowry, a large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.
Taxonomy
The tiger cowry was one of the many species originally described ...
'' (Cypraeidae
Cypraeidae, commonly named the cowries ( cowry), is a taxonomic family of small to large sea snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies.
Shell description
Cypraeidae have adult s ...
)
Image:Ovula ovum 01.JPG, '' Ovula ovum'' ( Ovulidae)
Image:Ficus ficus 01.JPG , ''Ficus ficus
''Ficus ficus'' or the paper fig shell is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ficidae, the fig shells.
Distribution
''Ficus ficus'' is found in the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific.
Description
''Ficus ficus'' is ...
'' (Ficidae
Ficidae, common name the fig shells are a family of medium to large marine gastropods. It is the only family in the superfamily Ficoidea.
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Ficidae has no subfamilies. ...
)
Image:Littorina littorea 02.JPG , ''Littorina littorea
The common periwinkle or winkle (''Littorina littorea'') is a species of small edible whelk or sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.Reid, David ...
'' ( Littorinidae)
Image:Tectarius coronatus 01.JPG, '' Tectarius coronatus'' ( Littorinidae)
Image:Tudorella sulcata 01.JPG, '' Tudorella sulcata'' ( Pomatiidae)
Image:Natica vitellus 01.JPG, ''Natica vitellus
''Natica vittellus'' is a species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organ ...
'' ( Naticidae)
Image:Pterotracheidae.jpg, A Pterotracheidae)
Image:Barleeia unifasciata 01.jpg, '' Barleeia unifasciata'' (Barleeiidae
Barleeiidae (often also spelled Barleeidae) is a family of minute sea snails, micromollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas S. (1995). A remarkable species richness of the Barleeidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea) in the Eastern Atlantic. The Nautil ...
)
Image:Rissoa decorata 01.jpg, '' Rissoa decorata'' (Rissoidae
Rissoidae is a large family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rissooidea and the order Littorinimorpha.
Distribution and habitat
This family of snails is found worldwide. They l ...
)
Image:Rissoina tornatilis 01.jpg, '' Rissoina tornatilis'' (Rissoinidae
Rissoinidae is a large family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks, in the clade Littorinimorpha. Several genera that were previously part of Rissoinidae have been assigned to the Zebinidae family.Cri ...
)
Image:Aporrhais pesgallinae 01.JPG, ''Aporrhais pesgallinae
''Aporrhais pesgallinae'' is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Aporrhaidae
Aporrhaidae is a family of sea snails commonly called the "pelican's foot snails." The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouc ...
'' ( Aporrhaidae)
Image:Rostellariella delicatula 01.JPG, '' Rostellariella delicatula'' (Rostellariidae
Rostellariidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P. (2010). Rostellariidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Regist ...
)
Image:Sinustrombus sinuatus, Bohol, Philippines.jpg, '' Sinustrombus sinuatus'' ( Strombidae)
Image:Tutufa bubo 01.JPG, '' Tutufa bubo'' (Bursidae
The Bursidae, common name "frog snails" or "frog shells", are a rather small taxonomic family of large sea snails, marine gastropod predatory snails in the clade Littorinimorpha. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Bursidae Thiele, 1925. Ac ...
)
Image:Cypraecassis rufa 01.JPG, ''Cypraecassis rufa
''Cypraecassis rufa'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cassidae. It is commonly known as the bullmouth shell or red helmet shell, and also as the cameo shell.
Distribution
This species is found off t ...
'' (Cassidae
The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tonnoidea and the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, ...
)
Image:Distorsio kurzi 01.JPG , '' Distorsio kurzi'' ( Personidae)
Image:Monoplex nicobaricus 01.JPG, '' Monoplex nicobaricus'' ( Ranellidae)
Image:Tonna galea 01.jpg, ''Tonna galea
''Tonna galea'', commonly known as the giant tun, is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Tonnidae (also known as the tun shells). This very large sea snail or tun snail is found in the North Atlantic Ocean as far as the coast of ...
'' (Tonnidae
The Tonnidae are a family of medium-sized to very large sea snails, known as the tun shells. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The name ''tun'' refers to the snails' shell shape, which resembles wine casks known a ...
)
Image:Pisinna glabrata 01.jpg , '' Pisinna glabrata'' (Anabathridae
Anabathridae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha.
Genera
* Genus '' Afriscrobs'' W.F. Ponder, 1983
**'' Afriscrobs adjacens'' ( E. A. Smith, 1910)
**'' Afriscrobs africanus'' (Bartsch, 1915)
**'' ...
)
Image:Bithynia tentaculata 01.JPG , ''Bithynia tentaculata
''Bithynia tentaculata'', common names the mud bithynia or common bithynia, or faucet snailKipp R. M. & Benson A. (2008). ''Bithynia tentaculata''. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/Fa ...
'' (Bithyniidae
Bithyniidae is a family of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Bithyniidae Gray, 1857. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...
)
Image:Caecum glabrum.jpg , '' Caecum glabrum'' ( Caecidae)
Image:Emericia patula1 A MRKVICKA.JPG , '' Emericia patula'' ( Emmericiidae)
Image:Liroceratia sulcata 01.jpg , '' Liroceratia sulcata'' ( Iravadiidae)
Image:Thyca ectoconcha sur face orale de L. multifora.jpg , '' Thyca ectoconcha'' (Eulimidae
Eulimidae is a family of very small parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Vanikoroidea.
Description
These small parasitic snails live on (or in some cases in) the bodies of echinoderms such as sea cucumbers, s ...
) parasiting a sea star
Image:Trivia monacha 01.JPG, '' Trivia monacha'' ( Triviidae)
Image:Thylacodes arenarius 01.JPG, '' Thylacodes arenarius'' ( Vermetidae)
Image:Xenophora pallidula 01.jpg , ''Xenophora pallidula
''Xenophora pallidula'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Xenophoridae, the carrier shells.
Description
Xenophora pallidula, also known as the Pallid Carrier Shells, are relatively small, averaging about ...
'' (Xenophoridae
Xenophoridae, commonly called carrier shells, is a family of medium-sized to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Xenophor ...
)
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1187122