The Hornbostel-Sachs system of

musical instrument classification In organology, the study of musical instruments, many methods of classifying instruments exist. Most methods are specific to a particular cultural group and were developed to serve that culture's musical needs. Culture-based classification method ...

groups all instruments in which sound is produced primarily through a vibrating membrane. This includes all

drum The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a she ...

Membranophones (2)

Struck membranophones (21)

Struck drums - instruments which have a struck membrane. This includes most types of drum, such as the timpani and

snare drum The snare (or side drum) is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under tension against the lower skin. Snare drums are often used ...

Directly struck membranophones (211)

Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly, such as through bare hands, beaters or keyboards 211.1 Instruments in which the body of the drum is dish- or bowl-shaped ( kettle drums) 211.11 Single instruments *

Tamak' The ''tamak' '' is a stick-struck double-headed drum of the Santal people of India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous count ...

* Timpani 211.12 Sets of instruments * Tabla 211.2 Instruments in which the body is tubular (

tubular drum Tubular may refer to: *having the form of a hollow cylinder, or tube *having the form of a cylinder *''Tubular'', a television-related entertainment blog on the ''Houston Chronicle'' website *''Tubular'', a level in the video game ''Super Mario Wor ...

s) 211.21 Instruments in which the body has the same diameter at the middle and end (

cylindrical drum Cylindrical drums are a category of drum instruments that include a wide range of implementations, including the bass drum and the Iranian ''dohol''. Cylindrical drums are generally two-headed and straight-sided, and sometimes use a buzzing, perc ...

s) 211.211 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211.211.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open * Octoban 211.211.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211.212 Instruments which have two usable membranes * Tumdak' 211.212.1 Single instruments *

Bass drum The bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. The instrument is typically cylindrical, with the drum's diameter much greater than the drum's depth, with a struck head at both ends of the cylinder. Th ...

Dunun Dunun (; plural dunun) (also spelled dundun or doundoun) is the generic name for a family of West African drums that have developed alongside the ''djembe'' in the Mande drum ensemble. A dunun is a rope-tuned cylindrical drum with a rawhid ...

Snare drum The snare (or side drum) is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under tension against the lower skin. Snare drums are often used ...

* Tom-tom 211.212.2 Sets of instruments 211.22 Instruments in which the body is barrel-shaped (

barrel drum Barrel drums are a class of membranophone, or drum, characterized by a barrel-shape with a bulge in the middle. They are often one-headed and open at the bottom. Examples include the Vietnamese ''trong chau'' and the ''bendre'' of the Mossi of Bur ...

s) 211.221 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211.221.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open *

Conga The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba. Congas are staved like barrels and classified into three types: quinto (lead drum, highest), tres dos or tres golpes (middle), and tumba or salidor (lowest). ...

211.221.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211.222 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211.222.1 Single instruments * Taiko - this term refers to any of the various Japanese drums. ** Byō-uchi-daiko **

Shime-daiko The is a small Japanese drum. It has a short but wide body with animal skin drumheads on both its upper and bottom sides. The hide is first stretched on metal hops, then stretched over the body. Similar to the tsuzumi and to African talking d ...

** Okedō-daiko ** Gagakki *N-Odaiko - type of Taiko 211.222.2 Sets of instruments 211.23 Instruments in which the body is double-conical 211.231 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211.231.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211.231.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211.232 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211.232.1 Single instruments 211.232.2 Sets of instruments 211.24 Instruments in which the body is hourglass-shaped 211.241 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211.241.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211.241.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211.242 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211.242.1 Single instruments 211.242.2 Sets of instruments 211.25 Instruments in which the body is conical-shaped (

conical drum Conical drums are a class of membranophone, or drum, that is characterized by sloping sides. They are usually one-headed. An example is the timbal. The conical drum also has strings on the side to keep the object together. References

* Dir ...

s) 211.251 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211.251.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open *

Bongo drum Bongos ( es, bongó) are an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of small open bottomed hand drums of different sizes. They are struck with both hands, most commonly in an eight-stroke pattern called ''martillo'' (hammer). The ...

211.251.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211.252 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211.252.1 Single instruments 211.252.2 Sets of instruments 211.26 Instruments in which the body is goblet-shaped ( goblet drums) 211.261 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211.261.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open *

Djembe A djembe or jembe ( ; from Maninka language, Malinke ''jembe'' , N'Ko script, N'Ko: ) is a rope-tuned skin-covered goblet drum played with bare hands, originally from West Africa. According to the Bambara people in Mali, the name of the djembe ...

211.261.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed * Dabakan 211.262 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211.262.1 Single instruments 211.262.2 Sets of instruments 211.3 Instruments in which the body depth is not greater than the radius of the membrane ( frame drums) * Tambourine (the jingles also make this an idiophone) 211.31 Instruments which do not have a handle 211.311 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211.312 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211.32 Instruments which have a handle 211.321 Instruments which have only one usable membrane * Bodhrán 211.322 Instruments which have two usable membranes

Shaken membranophones (212)

Instruments which are shaken, the membrane being vibrated by objects inside the drum (

rattle drum Pellet drums, or rattle drums, are a class of membranophone, or drum, characterized by their construction and manner of playing. They have two heads (either a single double-headed drum or two hemispherical single-headed drums joined together with ...

Plucked membranophones (22)

Instruments with a string attached to the membrane, so that when the string is plucked, the membrane vibrates ( plucked drums) Some commentators believe that instruments in this class ought instead to be regarded as chordophones (see below).

Friction membranophones (23)

Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction. With

friction drum A friction drum is a musical instrument found in various forms in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. In Europe it emerged in the 16th century and was associated with specific religious and ceremonial occasions. Construction A friction d ...

s, the sound is produced rubbing, rather than striking.

Friction drums with stick (231)

Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated from a stick that is rubbed or used to rub the membrane 231.1 Instruments in which the stick is inserted in a hole in the membrane 231.11 Instruments in which the stick can not be moved and is subject to rubbing, causing friction on the membrane * Cuíca *

Rommelpot A friction drum is a musical instrument found in various forms in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. In Europe it emerged in the 16th century and was associated with specific religious and ceremonial occasions. Construction A fricti ...

231.12 Instruments in which the stick is semi-movable, and can be used to rub the membrane 231.13 Instruments in which the stick is freely movable, and is used to rub the membrane 231.2 Instruments in which the stick is tied upright to the membrane

Friction drum with cord (232)

Instruments in which a cord, attached to the membrane, is rubbed 232.1 Instruments in which the drum is held stationary while playing 232.11 Instruments which have only one usable membrane *

Buhay The buhay ( uk, бугай) (also known as a bugai, buhai, berebenytsia, bika, buga, bochka) is a musical instrument that is used in Ukraine and is classified as a friction drum. ''Buhay'' is the Ukrainian word for great bittern (Botaurus ste ...

232.12 Instruments which have two usable membranes 232.2 Instruments in which the drum is twirled by a cord, which rubs in a notch on the stick held by the player

Hand friction drums (233)

Instruments in which the membrane is rubbed by hand

Singing membranes (kazoos) (24)

This group includes kazoos, instruments which do not produce sound of their own, but modify other sounds by way of a vibrating membrane.

Free kazoos (241)

Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated by an unbroken column of wind, without a chamber

Tube or vessel kazoos (242)

Instruments in which the membrane is placed in a box, tube or other container *

Kazoos The kazoo is an American musical instrument that adds a "buzzing" timbral quality to a player's voice when the player vocalizes into it. It is a type of '' mirliton'' (which itself is a membranophone), one of a class of instruments which modifie ...

* Eunuch flute

Unclassified membranophones (25)

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, depending on how the membrane is attached to the body: *6: Membrane glued to the body *7: Membrane nailed to the body *8: Membrane laced to the body **81: Lacing is cord- or ribbon-bracing, in which the cords stretch between membranes or in the form of a net ***811: Lacing does not use a special device to stretch the cords ***812: The middle of the lacing has ribbons or cords tied crossways to increase the tension of the lacing ( tension ligature) ***813: The lacing is zigzag, with every pair of strings attached to a ring or hoop ( tension loop) ***814: Wedges, placed between the body and the lacing, can be used to alter the tension by adjusting the positioning of the wedges **82: The lacing at the lower end is attached to a non-sonorous hide ***821: Lacing does not use a special device to stretch the cords ***822: The middle of the lacing has ribbons or cords tied crossways to increase the tension of the lacing ( tension ligature) ***823: The lacing is zigzag, with every pair of strings attached to a ring or hoop ( tension loop) ***824: Wedges, placed between the body and the lacing, can be used to alter the tension by adjusting the positioning of the wedges **83: The lacing at the lower end is attached to an auxiliary board ***831: Lacing does not use a special device to stretch the cords ***832: The middle of the lacing has ribbons or cords tied crossways to increase the tension of the lacing ( tension ligature) ***833: The lacing is zigzag, with every pair of strings attached to a ring or hoop ( tension loop) ***834: Wedges, placed between the body and the lacing, can be used to alter the tension by adjusting the positioning of the wedges **84: The lacing at the lower end is attached to flange, carved from a solid block ***841: Lacing does not use a special device to stretch the cords ***842: The middle of the lacing has ribbons or cords tied crossways to increase the tension of the lacing ( tension ligature) ***843: The lacing is zigzag, with every pair of strings attached to a ring or hoop ( tension loop) ***844: Wedges, placed between the body and the lacing, can be used to alter the tension by adjusting the positioning of the wedges **85: The lacing at the lower end is attached to a belt ***851: Lacing does not use a special device to stretch the cords ***852: The middle of the lacing has ribbons or cords tied crossways to increase the tension of the lacing ( tension ligature) ***853: The lacing is zigzag, with every pair of strings attached to a ring or hoop ( tension loop) ***854: Wedges, placed between the body and the lacing, can be used to alter the tension by adjusting the positioning of the wedges **86: The lacing at the lower end is attached to pegs inserted in the body of the drum ***861: Lacing does not use a special device to stretch the cords ***862: The middle of the lacing has ribbons or cords tied crossways to increase the tension of the lacing ( tension ligature) ***863: The lacing is zigzag, with every pair of strings attached to a ring or hoop ( tension loop) ***864: Wedges, placed between the body and the lacing, can be used to alter the tension by adjusting the positioning of the wedges *9: Membrane is bound to the body with a ring slipped on top of it **91: Membrane is attached by a ring made of cord **92: Membrane is attached by a ring made of a hoop ***921: Drum has no mechanism ***922: Drum has mechanism ****9221: Drum has no pedals ****9222: Drum has pedals {{DEFAULTSORT:Membranophones Lists of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number Lists of percussion instruments