There are and have been throughout recorded history a great many monarchies in the world.

Tribal kingship A tribal chief or chieftain is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom. Tribe The concept of tribe is a broadly applied concept, based on tribal concepts of societies of western Afroeurasia. Tribal societies are sometimes categorized as ...

and Chiefdoms have been the most widespread form of social organisation from the Neolithic, and the predominance of monarchies has declined only with the rise of Republicanism in the modern era. A monarchical form of government can be combined with many different kinds of political and economic systems, from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy and from a

market economy A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand, where all suppliers and consumers ...

to a

planned economy A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized, part ...

. Some examples for certain forms of monarchy are: ''Extant monarchies are listed in bold type.''

Antiquity

* Trigarta (c. BC – c. 1946) * Egypt (c. 3500 BC – 30 BC) * Kingship of Tara (c. 3400 BC – 1022 AD) * Monarchy of China (c. 2852 BC – 1912 AD; ended by revolution) **

Chinese Empire The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding. Ancient historical texts such as the ''Book of Documents'' (early chapter ...

(221 BC – 1912 AD) * Minoan Crete (c. 2600 BC – 1200 BC) * Gojoseon (c. 2333 BC – 108 BC) * Akkadian Empire (c. 23rd century BC – c. 21st century BC) *

Babylon ''Bābili(m)'' * sux, 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 * arc, 𐡁𐡁𐡋 ''Bāḇel'' * syc, ܒܒܠ ''Bāḇel'' * grc-gre, Βαβυλών ''Babylṓn'' * he, בָּבֶל ''Bāvel'' * peo, 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢 ''Bābiru'' * elx, 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 ''Babi ...

(1959 BC – c. 6th century BC; absorbed by

Persian Empire The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire (; peo, wikt:𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶, 𐎧𐏁𐏂, , ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an History of Iran#Classical antiquity, ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. Bas ...

) *

Mycenaean Greece Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in ...

(c. 1600 BC – c. 1100 BC) * United Monarchy of Israel (c. 1050 BC- c. 930 BC); succeeded by the following two kingdoms: **

Kingdom of Israel The Kingdom of Israel may refer to any of the historical kingdoms of ancient Israel, including: Fully independent (c. 564 years) * Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) (1047–931 BCE), the legendary kingdom established by the Israelites and uniti ...

(c. 930 BC- 722 BC; conquered by Assyria) ** Kingdom of Judah (c. 930 BC– 586 BC; conquered by

) * Athens (c. 1000 BC – 683 BC) * Sparta (c. 1300 BC – 192 BC) * Macedon (808 BC – 148 BC) *

Roman Kingdom The Roman Kingdom (also referred to as the Roman monarchy, or the regal period of ancient Rome) was the earliest period of Roman history when the city and its territory were ruled by kings. According to oral accounts, the Roman Kingdom began wi ...

(753 BC – 509 BC) * Magadha (c. 600 BC – 26 BC) *

(c. 648 BC – 334 BC; became subnational monarchy of Kingdom of Macedon) * Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC – 428 AD) *

(323 BC – 1037 AD; became subnational monarchy of Sultanate of Seljuk) * Laigin, founded c. 300 BC – 1632. *

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom The Bactrian Kingdom, known to historians as the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom or simply Greco-Bactria, was a Hellenistic period, Hellenistic-era Hellenistic Greece, Greek state, and along with the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the easternmost part of the Helleni ...

(250 BC – 125 BC; became

Kushan Empire The Kushan Empire ( grc, Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν; xbc, Κυϸανο, ; sa, कुषाण वंश; Brahmi: , '; BHS: ; xpr, 𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓, ; zh, 貴霜 ) was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, i ...

) * Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – 10 AD) * Hasmoneans (140 BC – 37 BC; succeeded by

Herodian Dynasty The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom of Judea and later the Herodian Tetrarchy as a vassal state of the Roman Empire. The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the ...

) *

(37 BC – 92 AD) * Ulaid, c. 1st century BC – 1201 *

(105 BC – 270 AD; became

Kidarite Kingdom The Kidarites, or Kidara Huns, were a dynasty that ruled Bactria and adjoining parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the 4th and 5th centuries. The Kidarites belonged to a complex of peoples known collectively in India as the Huna people, Huna, ...

) * Silla (57 BC – 935 AD) * Goguryeo (37 BC – 668 AD) * Roman Empire (31 BC – 476 AD) * Baekje (c. 18 BC – 660 AD) *

Funan Funan (; km, ហ៊្វូណន, ; vi, Phù Nam, Chữ Hán: ) was the name given by Chinese cartographers, geographers and writers to an ancient Indianized state—or, rather a loose network of states ''(Mandala)''—located in mainla ...

(c. 1st century AD – c. 7th century; absorbed into Khmer Empire) * Gangga Negara (c. 1st century – 1026) * Indo-Parthian Kingdom (c. 1st century – c. 106) * Västergötland (c. 1st century – c. 6th to 12th century; absorbed by

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

) * Aidhne (pre-1st century – 1543) * Sri Ksetra (c. 1st century – 656) * Cóiced Ol nEchmacht – pre 2nd century AD to c. 600. * Chera Kingdom (c. 3rd century BC – 1102 AD; became Kingdom of Venad) * Chola Kingdom (c. 3rd century BC – 1279 AD; absorbed into Pandyan Kingdom) *

Srivijaya Srivijaya ( id, Sriwijaya) was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th t ...

(c. 3rd century AD – c. 1400; became Sultanate of Malacca) *

Sassanid Empire The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named ...

(226 – 651; a period of

) * Gupta Empire (240–550) * Wa (Japan) (3rd to 5th century – 12th century) * Byzantine Empire (324–1453; absorbed into Ottoman Empire) *

Uí Maine U or u, is the twenty-first and sixth-to-last letter and fifth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''u'' (pro ...

, Ireland, c. 357 – c. 1611. * Kingdom of Osraige, c. 4th century – c. 1556. * Kingdom of Uí Failghe, at least 4th century – 16th century. *

Kedah Kingdom By around 788 BCE, a large settlement had been established on the northern bank of the Merbok River. The settlement was one of several in the Bujang Valley, covering the Merbok and Muda Rivers, about 1000 square miles. The Merbok settlement was ...

(630–1136; became

Kedah Sultanate The Kedah Sultanate (كسلطانن قدح) is a Muslim dynasty located in the Malay Peninsula. It was originally an independent state, but became a British protectorate in 1909. Its monarchy was abolished after it was added to the Malayan Unio ...

) *

(c. 4th century – c. 5th century) * Kingdom of Powys (c. 4th century – 1284; absorbed into England) * Pictland (c. 4th century – 843; merged with Dál Riata to form Scotland) * Kingdom of Gwynedd (c. 5th century – 1209; absorbed into Wales) * Connacht (4th/5th century – 1478) * Máenmaige (pre 581 – 8th/9th century) *

Suebi The Suebi (or Suebians, also spelled Suevi, Suavi) were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic. In the early Roman era they included many peoples with their own names ...

(410–584) *

Tethbae Tethbae (; also spelled ''Tethba'', often anglicised ''Teffia'') was a confederation of túatha in central Ireland in the Middle Ages. It was divided into two distinct kingdoms, north Tethba, ruled by the Cenél Coirpri, and south Tethba, ruled ...

(pre 5th – 11th century) * Merovingians (410–751) * Rheged (~420-638; annexed by Northumbria) * Ailech (5th-century – 1185) * Visigothic Kingdom (475–718) * Ostrogothic Kingdom (489–553; absorbed into Byzantine Empire) * Kingdom of Terengganu (c. 6th century – c. 15th century; became subnational monarchy of

Malacca Malacca ( ms, Melaka) is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca. Its capital is Malacca City, dubbed the Historic City, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site si ...

) * Dál Riata (pre 6th century – 839; merged with Pictland to form Scotland) * Pattani Kingdom (c. 500 – c. 11th century; became subnational monarchy of

) * Frankish Empire (509 – 843; became Holy Roman Empire) * Kingdom of Mide (c. 530's – 1173) * Chenla (550 – c. 715) * Mercia (585 – 918; absorbed into England) *

Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe The Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe were a branch of the Uí Fiachrach dynasty of the Connachta in medieval Ireland. They were centred on the Moy River valley of modern-day County Mayo, Republic of Ireland. At its largest extent, their territory, Tír Fhía ...

(c. 600 – c.1603) * Frisian kingdom (around 600 – 734; destroyed by the Franks.) *

Brega Brega , also known as ''Mersa Brega'' or ''Marsa al-Brega'' ( ar, مرسى البريقة , i.e. "Brega Seaport"), is a complex of several smaller towns, industry installations and education establishments situated in Libya on the Gulf of Sidra, ...

(pre-604 – 1171) * Cnogba (Knowth) (pre 634 – 10th century) *

Conaille Muirtheimne Conaille Muirthemne was a Cruithin kingdom located in County Louth, Ireland, from before 688 to after 1107 approximately. Overview The Ulaid according to historian Francis John Byrne 'possibly still ruled directly in Louth as far as the Boyne in ...

(pre 668 – after 1081) * Kingdom of Breifne (6th century – 1605) * Northumbria (654–954) *

Champa Champa (Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ; km, ចាម្ប៉ា; vi, Chiêm Thành or ) were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is contemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd cen ...

(c. 7th century – 1832) *

First Bulgarian Empire The First Bulgarian Empire ( cu, блъгарьско цѣсарьствиѥ, blagarysko tsesarystviye; bg, Първо българско царство) was a medieval Bulgar- Slavic and later Bulgarian state that existed in Southeastern Europ ...

(681 – 1018; absorbed into Byzantine Empire) *

Airgíalla Airgíalla (Modern Irish: Oirialla, English: Oriel, Latin: ''Ergallia'') was a medieval Irish over-kingdom and the collective name for the confederation of tribes that formed it. The confederation consisted of nine minor kingdoms, all independe ...

(pre-697 AD – 1590) * Deis Mumhain (pre 697 – c. 1244) * Balhae Empire (698–926)

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Loch Gabhair Loch Gabhair (Lagore), meaning "Lake of the Goats", is an area in the barony of Ratoath, County Meath, Ireland. It is located between the villages of Ratoath and Dunshaughlin and is the namesake of the townlands of Lagore Big (Loch Gabhar Mór) an ...

(8th–11th centuries) * Al-Andalus (711–1492; absorbed by Kingdom of Spain) *

Kingdom of Denmark The Danish Realm ( da, Danmarks Rige; fo, Danmarkar Ríki; kl, Danmarkip Naalagaaffik), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (; ; ), is a sovereign state located in Northern Europe and Northern North America. It consists of Denmark, metropolitan ...

(pre 714–1848; became constitutional monarchy) * Kingdom of Asturias (718–924; absorbed by Kingdom of León) * Maigh Seóla (pre-752 AD. – 1051) * Umaill (pre-773 AD – c. 1603) * Sultanate of Morocco (789–1957; became constitutional monarchy) * Khmer Empire (802–1431; became Khmer Kingdom) * Kingdom of Axum (400 BC – 500 BC) * High Kings of Ireland (c. 800 – 1198) *

Kingdom of Ireland The Kingdom of Ireland ( ga, label=Classical Irish, an Ríoghacht Éireann; ga, label=Modern Irish, an Ríocht Éireann, ) was a monarchy on the island of Ireland that was a client state of England and then of Great Britain. It existed from ...

(1542–1800, United with the Kingdom of Great Britain to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) *

Kingdom of Navarre The Kingdom of Navarre (; , , , ), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona (), was a Basque kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean between present-day Spain and France. The medieval state took ...

(824–1512; absorbed into Kingdom of Spain) * Murcia (825–1243; became subnational monarchy of the Kingdom of Castile) * Holy Roman Empire (843–1806; dissolved after defeat by

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

) * Kingdom of France (843–1791; became constitutional monarchy) * Unification of Japan (16th century) * Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707; united with Kingdom of England to become Kingdom of Great Britain) * Bagan Kingdom (849 AD – 1364 AD) * Kingdom of Dublin (853–1171) * Kingdom of Norway (872–1814; became constitutional monarchy with the Swedish Sovereign as King) * Kievan Rus' (882–1240; became

Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , conventional_long_name = Principality of Galicia–VolhyniaKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , common_name = Galicia–Volhynia , status = Vassal state of the Golden Horde (from 1246) , era = Middle Ages , year_start = 1199 , year_end = 1349 , ...

) *

Kingdom of León The Kingdom of León; es, Reino de León; gl, Reino de León; pt, Reino de Leão; la, Regnum Legionense; mwl, Reino de Lhion was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in 910 when t ...

(913 – c. 13th century; absorbed into

Crown of Castile The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accessi ...

) *

Goryeo Dynasty Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificati ...

(918–1392; became Joseon Dynasty) *

Kingdom of Aragon The Kingdom of Aragon ( an, Reino d'Aragón, ca, Regne d'Aragó, la, Regnum Aragoniae, es, Reino de Aragón) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, ...

(925–1162; became Crown of Aragon) *

Kingdom of Croatia (medieval) Kingdom of Croatia may refer to: * Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102), an independent medieval kingdom * Croatia in personal union with Hungary (1102–1526), a kingdom in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary * Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (152 ...

(925–1102) * Kingdom of England (927–1707; united with Kingdom of Scotland to become Kingdom of Great Britain) * Magh Luirg (c. 956 – c. 1585) * Kingdom of Sweden (970–1866; became constitutional monarchy) * Ma-i (Before AD 971-1339) * Sultanate of Egypt (972–1517; became subnational monarchy of the Ottoman Empire) * Kingdom of Castile (1037–1230; became

) * Sultanate of Seljuk (A dynasty established in Iran 1037–1307) *

Kingdom of Nri The Kingdom of Nri () was a medieval polity located in what is now Nigeria. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over a third of Igboland, and was administered by a priest-king called an ''Eze Nri''. The ''Eze Nri ...

(1043—1911) * Síol Anmchadha (pre 1066 – after 1567) * Kingdom of Venad (1102 – c. 1750) * Thomond (1118–1543) * Kingdom of Desmond (1118–1596) *

Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdom of Portugal ( la, Regnum Portugalliae, pt, Reino de Portugal) was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also kno ...

(1139–1910; ended by revolution) * Crown of Aragon (1162–1479; became Kingdom of Spain) * Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy (1168–1362; became Principality of Muscovy) *

Second Bulgarian Empire The Second Bulgarian Empire (; ) was a medieval Bulgarians, Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and 1396. A successor to the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Tsars Kaloyan of Bulgaria, Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II ...

(1185–1396; absorbed into Ottoman Empire) * Shōgun (c. 12th century – 19th century; rule on behalf of the imperial court) * Unification of Japan (c. 16th century) * Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1806; with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire absorbed into Austrian Empire) *

(1199–1349; absorbed into Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania) * Kingdom of Poland (1025–1031; 1076–1079; 1295–1296; 1300–1305; 1320–1795) * Latin Empire (1204-1261; absorbed into Byzantine Empire) *

Despotate of Epirus The Despotate of Epirus ( gkm, Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claim ...

(1204–1479; absorbed into Ottoman Empire) * Kingdom of Thessalonica (1204-1224; absorbed into

) *

Empire of Nicaea The Empire of Nicaea or the Nicene Empire is the conventional historiographic name for the largest of the three Byzantine Greek''A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964'' by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse ...

(1204–1265; absorbed into Byzantine Empire) *

Empire of Trebizond The Empire of Trebizond, or Trapezuntine Empire, was a monarchy and one of three successor rump states of the Byzantine Empire, along with the Despotate of the Morea and the Principality of Theodoro, that flourished during the 13th through to t ...

(1204–1461) *

Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...

(1206–1368) * Principality of Wales (1208–1283; absorbed by England) * Serb Kingdom (1217–1395; regal title not succeeded) *

(1230–1479; became Kingdom of Spain) *

Aztec Empire The Aztec Empire or the Triple Alliance ( nci, Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, Help:IPA/Nahuatl, �jéːʃkaːn̥ t͡ɬaʔtoːˈlóːjaːn̥ was an alliance of three Nahua peoples, Nahua altepetl, city-states: , , and . These three city-states ruled ...

(known to exist before 1233 Conquered by Spain 1521; Puppet monarchy through 1565) *

Sukhothai Kingdom The Sukhothai Kingdom ( th, สุโขทัย, , IAST: , ) was a post-classical Thai kingdom (mandala) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand. The kingdom was fo ...

(1238–1438; absorbed into

Ayutthaya Kingdom The Ayutthaya Kingdom (; th, อยุธยา, , IAST: or , ) was a Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. The Ayutthaya Kingdom is conside ...

) * Lanna (1259–1939) * Principality of Andorra (1278–1993; became constitutional monarchy) * Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) * Ajuran Empire (13th-17th) * Serbian Empire (1345–1371; dynasty extinct) *

(1350–1767; became

Kingdom of Siam Kingdom of Siam may refer to: * Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1351) * Ayutthaya Kingdom The Ayutthaya Kingdom (; th, อยุธยา, , IAST: or , ) was a Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the ...

) * Kingdom of Vidin (1356–1396; absorbed into the Ottoman Empire) *

Principality of Muscovy The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...

(1362–1576; became Tsardom of Russia) *

Sultanate of Brunei This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continui ...

(c. 1363 century – 1959; became absolute monarchy with a constitution) * 1st Kingdom of Ava (1364–1527) *

Kingdom of Bosnia The Kingdom of Bosnia ( sh, Kraljevina Bosna / Краљевина Босна), or Bosnian Kingdom (''Bosansko kraljevstvo'' / Босанско краљевство), was a medieval kingdom that lasted for nearly a century, from 1377 to 1463, and ...

(1377–1463) * Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897; became

Korean Empire The Korean Empire () was a Korean monarchical state proclaimed in October 1897 by Emperor Gojong of the Joseon dynasty. The empire stood until Japan's annexation of Korea in August 1910. During the Korean Empire, Emperor Gojong oversaw the Gwa ...

1897–1910, then Japanese occupation) * Ashanti (c. 1400 – 1900; became subnational monarchy of Gold Coast) * Sultanate of Malacca (1400–1511; ended with Portuguese occupation) * Kelantan (1411–1499; became subnational monarchy of

) * Sultanate of Sulu (1412–1915; ceded temporal powers to the United States; became subnational monarchy of the Philippine Islands) * Ryūkyū Kingdom (1429–1879; annexed to Japan) * Khmer Kingdom (1431–1954; became Kingdom of Cambodia) * Kingdom of Spain (1479–1812; became constitutional monarchy) * Persia (1500–1935; became Kingdom of Iran) * Sultanate of Maguindanao (1505 – 19th century; occupied by Spain) * Bunyoro (c. 1520 – 1899; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom) * Pegu Kingdom (1527–1531) * Sultanate of Johor (1528–1946; became subnational monarchy of

Malayan Union The Malayan Union was a union of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca. It was the successor to British Malaya and was conceived to unify the Malay Peninsula under a single government to simplify administratio ...

) * Sultanate of Perak (1528–1874; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom) *

Maguindanao Sultanate The Sultanate of Maguindanao ( Maguindanaon: ''Kasultanan nu Magindanaw''; Old Maguindanaon: كاسولتانن نو ماڬينداناو; Jawi: کسلطانن ماڬيندناو; Iranun: ''Kesultanan a Magindanao''; ms, Kesultanan Magindana ...

(1205 – 19th century; annexed by Spain) * Taungoo Kingdom (1531 – c. 1610) * Tsardom of Russia (1576–1721; became Russian Empire) * 2nd Kingdom of Ava (1613–1752)

Enlightenment and later

Constitutional monarchies

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchical government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state.

Unitary constitutional monarchies

Unitary constitutional monarchies are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. * Kingdom of England (c. 1630 – 1707; merged with Kingdom of Scotland to become Kingdom of Great Britain) * Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918) * Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800, became United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) * Kingdom of France (1791–1792; Became republic in French Revolution) * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1800–1921; became United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) * Kingdom of Bohemia (1806–1918; dissolved after World War I) * Kingdom of Hungary (1806–1867; became part of

Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

) * Kingdom of Spain (1812–1873; First Spanish Republic, 1873–1874;

Restoration Restoration is the act of restoring something to its original state and may refer to: * Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage ** Audio restoration ** Film restoration ** Image restoration ** Textile restoration * Restoration ecology ...

, 1874–1931; Second Spanish Republic, 1931–1939; Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939; dictatorship under Franco, 1939–1976; constitutional monarchy restored 1976–present) * Kingdom of Norway (1814–present, Swedish Sovereign as King 1814–1905, independent in 1905) * Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–present) * Kingdom of France (1814–1848; Became republic) * First Mexican Empire (1821–1823); ended by forced abdication,

Second Mexican Empire The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...

(1864–1867); ended by execution *

(1822–1910; ended by coup) * Empire of Brazil (1822–1889; ended by coup) *

Kingdom of Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the ...

(1830–1980; became

federal Federal or foederal (archaic) may refer to: Politics General *Federal monarchy, a federation of monarchies *Federation, or ''Federal state'' (federal system), a type of government characterized by both a central (federal) government and states or ...

constitutional monarchy) *

Kingdom of Hawaii The Hawaiian Kingdom, or Kingdom of Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian: ''Ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina''), was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands. The country was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great, of the independent island ...

(1840–1894; ended by coup) * Kingdom of Greece (1843–1924; republican interregnum; 1935–1974; ended by plebiscite) *

(1848–present) *

French Empire French Empire (french: Empire Français, link=no) may refer to: * First French Empire, ruled by Napoleon I from 1804 to 1814 and in 1815 and by Napoleon II in 1815, the French state from 1804 to 1814 and in 1815 * Second French Empire, led by Nap ...

(1852–1870; became republic) * Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946; ended by referendum) *

Principality of Liechtenstein Liechtenstein (), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (german: link=no, Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a German-speaking microstate located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland. Liechtenstein is a semi-constitutional monarch ...

(1862–present) * Kingdom of Sweden (1866–present) * Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1867–present) *

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

(660 BC–present) * Principality of Romania (1859–1881; transformed into a Kingdom) * Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947; ended by forced abdication) * Principality of Serbia (1817–1882; transformed into a Kingdom) *

Kingdom of Serbia The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Princi ...

(1882–1918; merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) * Principality of Frickgau (1802–1803; 364 Days under French, merged with Switzerland) *

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

(1907–1949) * New Zealand (1907–present) * Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946; ended by referendum) * Union of South Africa (1910–1961; ended by referendum) *

Princedom of Montenegro The Principality of Montenegro ( sr, Књажевина Црна Горa, Knjaževina Crna Gora) was a principality in Southeastern Europe that existed from 13 March 1852 to 28 August 1910. It was then proclaimed a kingdom by Nikola I, who then ...

(1852–1910); transformed into a Kingdom * Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918; merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) * Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929, transformed into Yugoslavia) * Kingdom of Finland (1918; ended by parliamentary vote after The Apparent abdicated willingly before entering on the throne) * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1921–present) * Kingdom of Jordan (1921–present) * Irish Free State (1922–1937) * Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953; ended by military coup) * Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1941; transformed into a Communist state in 1945) *

Kingdom of Iraq The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq ( ar, المملكة العراقية الهاشمية, translit=al-Mamlakah al-ʿIrāqiyyah ʾal-Hāshimyyah) was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958. It was founded on 23 August 1921 as the Kingdo ...

(1932–1958; Ended by coup) * Kingdom of Thailand (1932–present) *

Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

(1948–1972) *

Kingdom of Laos The Kingdom of Laos was a landlocked country in Southeast Asia at the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula. It was bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, North Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...

(1949-1975, became socialist republic after the

Laotian Civil War The Laotian Civil War (1959–1975) was a civil war in Laos which was waged between the Communist Pathet Lao and the Royal Lao Government from 23 May 1959 to 2 December 1975. It is associated with the Cambodian Civil War and the Vietnam War ...

) * Kingdom of Tunisia (1956-1957; became republic) * Ghana (1957–1960) * Nigeria (1960–1963) *

Tanganyika Tanganyika may refer to: Places * Tanganyika Territory (1916–1961), a former British territory which preceded the sovereign state * Tanganyika (1961–1964), a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania * Tanzania Main ...

(1961–1962) * Sierra Leone (1961–1971) * Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1976) * Uganda (1962–1963) *

Kingdom of Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...

(1962–present) * Jamaica (1962–present) * Kenya (1963–1964) * Malawi (1964–1966) * Malta (1964–1974) * The Gambia (1965–1970) *

Rhodesia Rhodesia (, ), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognised state in Southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was the ''de facto'' successor state to the British colony of S ...

(1965–1970) *

Guyana Guyana ( or ), officially the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the ...

(1966–1970) * Barbados (1966–2021) *

Kingdom of Lesotho Lesotho ( ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked as an enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the highest mountains in Southern Africa. It has an area of over and has a populatio ...

(1966–present) * Mauritius (1968–1992) *

Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...

(1970–1987) * The Bahamas (1973–present) * Kingdom of Bahrain (1971–1975; constitution abrogated; 2002–present) *

Grenada Grenada ( ; Grenadian Creole French: ) is an island country in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself, two smaller islands, Carriacou and Pe ...

(1974–present) * Papua New Guinea (1975–present) * Solomon Islands (1978–present) * Tuvalu (1978–present) *

Saint Lucia Saint Lucia ( acf, Sent Lisi, french: Sainte-Lucie) is an island country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean. The island was previously called Iouanalao and later Hewanorra, names given by the native Arawaks and Caribs, two Amerindian ...

(1979–present) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present) *

Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda (, ) is a sovereign country in the West Indies. It lies at the juncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, at 17°N latitude. The country consists of two maj ...

(1981–present) * Belize (1981–present) * Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present) * Kingdom of Nepal (1990–2008; transformed into a republic) * Principality of Andorra (1993–present) * Kingdom of Cambodia (1993–present) *

Kingdom of Bhutan Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountainous ...

(2008–present; unitary absolute monarchy from 1907 and transformed to constitutional monarchy in 2008)

Federal constitutional monarchies

Federal constitutional monarchies are federal states in which a number of federated entities are unified under a

federal government A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government (federalism). In a federation, the self-governin ...

and a single monarch, who acts as ceremonial head of state. * United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) * Canada (1867–present) *

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

(1871–1918; dissolved after World War I and became the Weimar Republic) * Commonwealth of Australia (1901–present) * Pakistan (1947–1956) * India (1947–1950) *

Federation of Malaya The Federation of Malaya ( ms, Persekutuan Tanah Melayu; Jawi script, Jawi: ) was a federation of what previously had been British Malaya comprising eleven states (nine Malay states and two of the British Empire, British Straits Settlements, P ...

(1957–1963; became Malaysia) * Malaysia (1963–present) * United Arab Emirates (1971–present) *

(1980–present) * Saint Christopher ('Kitts') and Nevis (1983–present)

Elective constitutional monarchies

Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan (, Negeri Sembilan Malay: ''Nogoghi Sombilan'', ''Nismilan'') is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It borders Selangor on the north, Pahang in the east, and Malacca and Johor to the s ...

(since 1873; within the British Empire (until 1957), the

(1957–1963), and Malaysia (1963–present) *

(1957–1963, became Malaysia) * Malaysia (1963–present) *

Independent State of Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands ( Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands ( Manono and Apolima); a ...

(1962–present) * United Arab Emirates (1971–present)

Absolute monarchies

An absolute monarchy is a monarchical

form of government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...

where the ruler has the power to rule his or her land or country and its citizens freely, with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force.

Unitary absolute monarchies

Unitary absolute monarchies are unitary states which are governed as one single unit by a single hereditary or elected leader. Some had or have a single legislature, which may or may not be constitutionally created. * Oman (751–present) *

Busoga Busoga ( Lusoga: Obwakyabazinga bwa Busoga) is a kingdom and one of four constitutional monarchies in present-day Uganda. The kingdom is a cultural institution which promotes popular participation and unity among the people of the region throu ...

(c. prior to 18th century – 1961; became subnational monarchy of Uganda) * Wogodogo Monarchy (c. 1690 – 1896; became subnational monarchy of France) * Emirate of Abu Dhabi (c. 18th century – 1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates) *

Buganda Buganda is a Bantu peoples, Bantu kingdom within Uganda. The kingdom of the Baganda, Baganda people, Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day East Africa, consisting of Buganda's Districts of Uganda, Central Region, inclu ...

(c. 18th century – 1961; became subnational monarchy of Uganda) * Emirate of Dubai (c. 18th century – 1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates) *

(c. 18th century – 1873; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom) * Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah (c. 18th century – 1972; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates) * Russian Empire (1721–1917; ended by revolution) * Sultanate of Terengganu (1724 – c. 19th century; became subnational monarchy of Siam) * Emirate of Sharjah (c. 1727 – 1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates) * 3rd Burmese Empire (c. 1760 – 1885) *

(1768–1932; became constitutional monarchy, Kingdom of Thailand) * Grand Principality of Finland (1772–1809; became subnational monarchy of the Russian Empire) * Emirate of Umm al-Quwain (1775–1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates) * Kingdom of Nepal (1775–1990; became constitutional monarchy) * Kingdom of Bahrain (1783–1971; became constitutional monarchy; 1975–2002; became constitutional monarchy) *

Ankole Ankole (Nkore language, Runyankore: ''Nkore''), was a traditional Bantu peoples, Bantu kingdom in Uganda and lasted from the 15th century until 1967. The kingdom was located in south-western Uganda, east of Lake Edward. History Ankole Realm, K ...

(c. 1800 – 1901; became subnational monarchy of Uganda) *

(1804–1814; became constitutional monarchy; brief restoration in 1815) * Austrian Empire (1804–1867; became Austro-Hungarian Empire) * Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810; within France; became constitutional monarchy) * Kingdom of Hungary (1806–1867; became Austro-Hungarian Empire) *

(1806–1862; became constitutional monarchy) *

(1810–1840; became constitutional monarchy) * Kingdom of Poland (1815–1865; within Russian Empire; absorbed by Russian Empire) *

Kingdom of Brazil The Kingdom of Brazil ( pt, Reino do Brasil) was a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Creation The legal entity of the Kingdom of Brazil was created by a law issued by Prince Regent John of Portu ...

(1816–1822; became constitutional monarchy) *

(1818–1868; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom) * Emirate of Ajmān (1820–1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates) * Qatar (1825–present) * Kingdom of Greece (1832–1843; became constitutional monarchy) *

(1867–1918; dissolved after World War I) *

(1907–2008; absolute power voluntarily rescinded by king in 1969; became constitutional monarchy in 2008) *

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the Ara ...

(1932–present) *

Kingdom of Iran The Pahlavi dynasty ( fa, دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty, ruling for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Mazanderani soldier in modern times, who ...

(1935–1979; ended by revolution) * Kingdom of Cambodia (1954–1970; Ended by military coup; kingdom restored as constitutional monarchy in 1993) *

(1959–present; constitution creates Sultan as absolute ruler) *

Kingdom of Swaziland Eswatini ( ; ss, eSwatini ), officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and formerly named Swaziland ( ; officially renamed in 2018), is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South Africa to its no ...

(1968–present) * Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973; became the Republic of Afghanistan after a non-violent coup) * Central African Empire (1976–1979; restated as a Republic after a non-violent coup with French aid) * Holy See ( Vatican City) (c. 756 AD, Pepin, father of Charlemagne granted the Pope control of area which became the Papal States – present; absolute monarchy)

Subnational monarchies

A subnational monarchy is a territory governed by a hereditary leader, but which is subordinate to a higher national government, either monarchical or republican in form. *

Sultanate of Kelantan The Sultan of Kelantan () is the constitutional head of Kelantan state in Malaysia. The executive power of the state is vested in him as the monarch of the state. The current sultan, Muhammad V of Kelantan, Muhammad V, is the 29th Sultan of Kel ...

(c. 2nd century – present; within

, Khmer Empire,

, Siam, British Empire,

, and Malaysia) *

Sultanate of Kedah The Kedah Sultanate (كسلطانن قدح) is a Muslim dynasty located in the Malay Peninsula. It was originally an independent state, but became a British protectorate in 1909. Its monarchy was abolished after it was added to the Malayan Uni ...

(c. 7th century – present; within

, Siam, British Empire,

, and Malaysia) *

Sultanate of Pahang The Pahang Sultanate (Malay: ''Kesultanan Pahang'', Jawi: كسلطانن ڤهڠ ) also referred as the Old Pahang Sultanate, as opposed to the Modern Pahang Sultanate, was a Malay Muslim state established in the eastern Malay peninsula in 15 ...

(c. 8th century – present; within

, Siam, Sultanate of Malacca,

Aceh Aceh ( ), officially the Aceh Province ( ace, Nanggroë Acèh; id, Provinsi Aceh) is the westernmost province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city. Granted a s ...

, Johor, the British Empire, the

Federated Malay States )Under God's Protection , capital = Kuala Lumpur1 , religion = Islam , legislature = Federal Legislative Council , type_house1 = State level , common_languages = , title_leader = Monarch , leader1 ...

, the

, and Malaysia) * Principality of Perlis (c. 8th century – present; within Kedah, Siam, the British Empire, the

, and Malaysia) * Kingdom of Bohemia (c. 9th century – 1806; within Holy Roman Empire; became constitutional monarchy) * Kingdom of Germany (c. 11th century – 1806; within Holy Roman Empire; became Austrian Empire) * Luxembourg (963 – 1867; within the Holy Roman Empire,

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...

, the Netherlands, Austria, France and Belgium; became constitutional monarchy) * Kingdom of Pattani (c. 11th century – 1909; within

, Kingdom of Ayutthaya, Siam, dissolved between Thailand and Malaysia) * Murcia (1243–1304; within the Kingdom of Castile,

; absorbed into Castile) * Vaduz (1342 – 1806; within the Holy Roman Empire; became absolute monarchy of Liechtenstein) *

Sultanate of Selangor Sultan of Selangor (سلطان سلاڠور) is the title of the constitutional ruler of Selangor, Malaysia who is the head of state and head of the Islamic religion in Selangor. The current monarch, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah ascended the t ...

(1740–present; within the Netherlands, the British Empire,

, the

, and Malaysia) *

Sultanate of Yogyakarta The Sultanate of Yogyakarta ( jv, ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat ; ) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic o ...

(1755–present; within

Netherlands Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...

Japanese Empire The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent forma ...

, United States of Indonesia (1945–1951), and

Republic of Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Ind ...

* Sultanate of Terengganu (c. 15th century – present; within

, Siam, the British Empire,

, and Malaysia) * Sultanate of Sulu (1405–present; within Philippines) * Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1918; within Russian Empire; ended when The Grand Princely Throne became vacant at the Russian Revolution; became constitutional monarchy, Kingdom of Finland) * Barotseland (1845–present); within Zambia * Māori Kingship (1865–present; within

Dominion of New Zealand The Dominion of New Zealand was the historical successor to the Colony of New Zealand. It was a constitutional monarchy with a high level of self-government within the British Empire. New Zealand became a separate British Crown colony in 184 ...

) *

(1868–1966); within the British Empire; became an independent constitutional monarchy) * Machame (late 17th century-present;within Machame) * Kingdom of Bavaria (1871–1918); held a privileged status (''Reservatrechte'') within the

(1873–present; within the British Empire, the

, and Malaysia) * Sultanates of Lanao (c. 16th century – present; within Philippines) * Sultanate of Perak (1511-present; within the British Empire,

, and Malaysia) *

Principality of Bulgaria The Principality of Bulgaria ( bg, Княжество България, Knyazhestvo Balgariya) was a vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. It was established by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. After the Russo-Turkish War ende ...

(1879–1908; within the Ottoman Empire; became constitutional monarchy) * Wogodogo Monarchy (1896–present; within France and Burkina Faso) * Bunyoro (1899–1966; within the British Empire, and Uganda; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda) * Ashanti (1900–present; within Ghana) *

(1901–1966; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda) * Kingdom of Egypt (1917–1922; within the British Empire, became constitutional monarchy) * Sultanate of Johor (1946–present; within the

, the

, Malaysia) *

(1961–1966; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda) *

(1961–1966; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda) * Emirate of Abu Dhabi (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates) * Emirate of Ajmān (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates) * Emirate of Dubai (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates) * Emirate of Fujairah (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates) * Emirate of Sharjah (1971–present; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates) * Emirate of Umm al-Quwain (1981–present; within the United Arab Emirates) * Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah (1973–present; within the United Arab Emirates)

Shared monarchies

A monarch may reign over multiple kingdoms, dominions or realms in various forms of political, dynastic, personal union or association. * Between 925 and 1035 the

shared a monarchy with the

. * From 1150 to 1319, the

and the County of Barcelona (actually the

Principality of Catalonia The Principality of Catalonia ( ca, Principat de Catalunya, la, Principatus Cathaloniæ, oc, Principat de Catalonha, es, Principado de Cataluña) was a Middle Ages, medieval and early modern state (polity), state in the northeastern Iberian P ...

) formed a dynastical union named Crown of Aragon; from 1319 to 1479, the Crown was a federation of these two countries and the

Kingdom of Valencia Kingdom commonly refers to: * A monarchy ruled by a king or queen * Kingdom (biology), a category in biological taxonomy Kingdom may also refer to: Arts and media Television * ''Kingdom'' (British TV series), a 2007 British television drama s ...

. * The Kingdoms of León and Castile were united three times under the same monarch, first between 1037 and 1078, again from 1072 to 1157, and finally between 1230 and sometime in the 16th century. * Between 1072 and 1095 León, Castile, and Galicia were united under a common monarch, whereafter Portugal separated under a different dynasty, and the others were absorbed by Spain. * The

Kalmar Union The Kalmar Union (Danish language, Danish, Norwegian language, Norwegian, and sv, Kalmarunionen; fi, Kalmarin unioni; la, Unio Calmariensis) was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden, that from 1397 to 1523 joined under ...

was a period between 1397 and 1536 in which Denmark, Norway and

shared the same monarch as three independent countries. Norway and Denmark continued to share a monarchy from 1536 to 1814. Norway was then united under a common monarchy with Sweden from 1814 to 1905. * From 1490 to c. 1740 Hungary and

(part of the Holy Roman Empire) shared a monarchy. These kingdoms shared a monarch from the

Habsburgs The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

who were Archdukes of Austria and Holy Roman Emperors. Briefly Naples and Sardinia in 1707, and Sicily in 1714 to their departure in 1735, 1720 and 1734, respectively. The

declared themselves Emperors of Austria in 1804. The three countries remained in this situation until the union was ended in the aftermath of World War I, in 1918. The

was the union of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary between 1867 and 1918 under a new constitution, the

Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (german: Ausgleich, hu, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary ...

, or Ausgleich. * From 1541, King Henry VIII of England was declared King of Ireland, after being excommunicated by the pope and losing the title of

Lord of Ireland The Lordship of Ireland ( ga, Tiarnas na hÉireann), sometimes referred to retroactively as Norman Ireland, was the part of Ireland ruled by the King of England (styled as "Lord of Ireland") and controlled by loyal Anglo-Norman lords between ...

. England and Ireland were joined in a personal union until 1603, when the

James VI of Scotland James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until hi ...

became king of England and Ireland. All three crowns remained in personal union until 1707 when England and Scotland were united by the

Acts of Union 1707 The Acts of Union ( gd, Achd an Aonaidh) were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act 1707 passed by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the te ...

to become the Kingdom of Great Britain. The two crowns remained under personal union until the Acts of Union 1800 when the kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This union lasted until Irish Independence in 1921 when with the departure of the 26 southern counties of Ireland, the UK officially became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. * From 1580 to 1640, Portugal was under a united monarchy with Spain, in the period known as the Iberian Union. * Between 1867 and 1890 Luxembourg and the Netherlands shared the same monarch. * Charles III currently reigns over 15

Commonwealth realm A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state in the Commonwealth of Nations whose monarch and head of state is shared among the other realms. Each realm functions as an independent state, equal with the other realms and nations of the Commonwealt ...

s. * The King of France was also the co-prince of Andorra. After the abolition of the French monarchy the co-prince is now the president of the French Republic.

References

{{reflist

Antiquity

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Enlightenment and later

Constitutional monarchies

Unitary constitutional monarchies

Federal constitutional monarchies

Elective constitutional monarchies

Absolute monarchies

Unitary absolute monarchies

Subnational monarchies

Shared monarchies

See also

References