This article lists some of the species recognized as belonging to the

human microbiome The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, including the skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian ...

Whole-body distributed

*'' Acinetobacter calcoaceticus'' *''

Burkholderia cepacia ''Burkholderia cepacia'' complex (BCC), or simply ''Burkholderia cepacia'', is a group of catalase-producing, lactose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacteria composed of at least 20 different species, including ''B. cepacia'', '' B. mul ...

'' *'' Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes'' *'' Peptostreptococcus spp''

Natural cavities

*'' Fusobacterium necrophorum'' *''

Eubacterium ''Eubacterium'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Eubacteriaceae. These bacteria are characterised by a rigid cell wall. They may either be motile or nonmotile. If motile, they have a flagellum A flagellum (; ) is a hair ...

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Microbacterium ''Microbacterium'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Microbacteriaceae. Microbacteria are common contaminants of laboratory reagents, which can lead to their being misrepresented in microbiome A microbiome () is the community of microo ...

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Skin

*'' Acinetobacter spp'' *'' Bacillus spp'' *'' Candida albicans'' *''

Candida parapsilosis ''Candida parapsilosis'' is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people. Unlike ''Candida albicans'' and ''Candida tropicalis'', ''C. parapsilosis'' is not ...

'' *''

Corynebacterium ''Corynebacterium'' () is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria and most are aerobe, aerobic. They are bacillus (shape), bacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically, club (weapon), club-shaped, which inspired the gen ...

spp'' *'' Corynebacterium parvum'' *'' Cutibacterium acnes'' *'' Demodex folliculorum'' *'' Enterobacter cloacae'' *''

Epidermophyton floccosum ''Epidermophyton floccosum'' is a filamentous fungus that causes skin and nail infections in humans. This anthropophilic dermatophyte can lead to diseases such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris, tinea corporis and onychomycosis. Diagn ...

'' *''

Micrococcus ''Micrococcus'' (mi’ krō kŏk’ Əs) is a genus of bacteria in the Micrococcaceae family. ''Micrococcus'' occurs in a wide range of environments, including water, dust, and soil. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from abo ...

spp'' *''

Micrococcus luteus ''Micrococcus luteus'' is a Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, nonmotile, coccus, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic bacterium that belongs to the family Micrococcaceae. It is urease and catalase positive. An obligate aerobe, ''M. luteus' ...

'' *''

Mycobacterium ''Mycobacterium'' is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis ('' M. tuberculosis'') and ...

spp'' *'' Neisseria spp'' *'' Peptostreptococcus spp'' *''

Malassezia ovale ''Malassezia'' (formerly known as ''Pityrosporum'') is a genus of fungi. It is the sole genus in family Malasseziaceae, which is the only family in order Malasseziales, itself the single member of class Malasseziomycetes. ''Malassezia'' species a ...

'' *''

Propionibacterium ''Propionibacterium'' is a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped genus of bacteria named for their unique metabolism: They are able to synthesize propionic acid by using unusual transcarboxylase enzymes. Its members are primarily facultative par ...

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' is a common encapsulated, gram-negative, aerobic–facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. A species of considerable medical importance, ''P. aerugi ...

'' *''

Sarcina The ''sarcina'' was the marching pack carried by Roman legionaries The Roman legion ( la, legiō, ) was the largest military unit of the Roman army, composed of 5,200 infantry and 300 equites (cavalry) in the period of the Roman Republ ...

spp'' *''

Staphylococcus aureus ''Staphylococcus aureus'' is a Gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It is often positive ...

'' *''

Staphylococcus epidermidis ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus '' Staphylococcus''. It is part of the normal human microbiota, typically the skin microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbio ...

'' *''

Staphylococcus haemolyticus ''Staphylococcus'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. ''Staphylococcus'' species are facultative ...

'' *''

Streptococcus viridans The viridans streptococci are a large group of commensal streptococcal Gram-positive bacteria species that are α-hemolytic, producing a green coloration on blood agar plates (hence the name "viridans", from Latin "vĭrĭdis", green), although ...

'' *''

Trichophyton ''Trichophyton'' is a genus of fungi, which includes the parasitic varieties that cause tinea, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Trichophyton fungi are molds characterized ...

spp''

Hair follicles

*''

External ear

*''

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'' *''

Mucous membranes

*'' Chlamydia trachomatis'' *'' Hemophilus influenzae'' *''

'' *''

Eye

*'' Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' *''

Haemophilus aegyptius ''Haemophilus influenzae'' biogroup ''aegyptius'' (''Hae'') is a causative agent of acute and often purulent conjunctivitis, more commonly known as pink eye. It was discovered independently by Koch and Weeks in the 1880s. During the mid-1980s ...

'' *''

Haemophilus influenzae ''Haemophilus influenzae'' (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or ''Bacillus influenzae'') is a Gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic, capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. The bacteria ...

'' *''

Moraxella ''Moraxella'' is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Moraxellaceae. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax. The organisms are short rods, coccobacilli, or as in the case of ''Moraxella catarrhalis'', diplococci in ...

spp'' *'' Neisseria spp'' *''

'' *''

Gastrointestinal tract

Respiratory tract

Urogenital tract

Vagina

The

vaginal microbiota in pregnancy The vaginal flora in pregnancy, or vaginal microbiota in pregnancy, is different from the vaginal flora (the population of microorganisms that resides in the vagina) before sexual maturity, during reproductive years, and after menopause. A descrip ...

varies markedly during the entire time of gestation. The species and diversity of the microorganisms may be related to the various levels of hormones during pregnancy.

Placenta

Uterus

The healthy uterine microbiome has been identified and over 278 genera have been sequenced.

Ovarian follicle

The ovarian follicle microbiome has been studied using standard culturing techniques. It has been associated with the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies and birth outcomes. Positive outcomes are related to the presence of ''

Lactobacilli The ''Lactobacillaceae'' are a family of lactic acid bacteria. It is the only family in the lactic acid bacteria which includes homofermentative and heterofermentative organisms; in the ''Lactobacillaceae,'' the pathway used for hexose fermentati ...

spp'' while the presence of ''

'' and '' Actinomyces'' were related to negative outcomes. The microbiome can vary from one ovary to the other. Studies are ongoing in the further identification of those bacteria present.

Male reproductive tract

The microbiome present in

seminal fluid Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic bodily fluid created to contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize the female ovum. Semen i ...

has been evaluated. Using traditional culturing techniques the microbiome differs between men who have acute prostatitis and those who have chronic prostatitis. Identification of the seminal fluid microbiome has become one of the diagnostic tools used in treating infertility in men that do not display symptoms of infection or disease. The taxa Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella display a negative effect on the quality of sperm. The presence of ''Lactobacillus spp'' in semen samples is associated with a very high normal sperm count.

References

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