The Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Siberia. Turkic languages are spoken as native languages by some 200 million people.

Turkic languages by subfamily

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2022) and were rounded:https://glottolog.org/

Turkic languages by the number of speakers

The Turkic languages are a

language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in hist ...

of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by the

Turkic peoples The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging t ...

. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Endangered Turkic languages

An endangered language, or moribund language, is a

language Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...

that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language.

Language loss Language attrition is the process of losing a native or first language. This process is generally caused by both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with ...

occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "

dead language An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living Genetic relationship (linguistics), descendants. In contrast, a dead language is one that is no longer the native language of any commun ...

". 25 endangered Turkic languages exist in World. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Extinct Turkic languages

Famous Turkic Dialects

Hypothetical ancestors

Hypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages * Proto-Human (?) **Several unknown language families and links (?) *** Borean/

Boreal Boreal may refer to: Climatology and geography *Boreal (age), the first climatic phase of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of northern Europe, during the Holocene epoch *Boreal climate, a climate characterized by long winters and short, cool to mild ...

(?) ****

Nostratic Nostratic is a controversial hypothetical macrofamily, which includes many of the indigenous language families of Eurasia, although its exact composition and structure vary among proponents. It typically comprises Kartvelian languages, Kartvelian ...

(?) *****

Eurasiatic Eurasiatic is a proposed language macrofamily that would include many language families historically spoken in northern, western, and southern Eurasia. The idea of a Eurasiatic superfamily dates back more than 100 years. Joseph Greenberg's prop ...

(?) ****** Uralo-Siberian -

Altaic Altaic (; also called Transeurasian) is a controversial proposed language family that would include the Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families and possibly also the Japonic and Koreanic languages. Speakers of these languages are c ...

*******

(?) ********Pre-Proto-Turkic (?)

Ancestral

Proto-Turkic Proto-Turkic is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various Turkic peoples. Proto-Turkic separated into Oghur (western) and Common Turk ...

Common Turkic (Shaz Turkic / Z Turkic)

Common Turkic Common Turkic, or Shaz Turkic, is a taxon in some classifications of the Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages. Classification Lars Johanson, Lars Johanson's proposal contains the following subgroups: * Oghuz ...

Siberian Turkic

***South Siberian ****Altai Turkic ***** Northern Altai ******Tuba ******Kumandy/Qumanda *******Turachak *******Solton *******Starobardinian ******Chalkan (Kuu/Qu, Lebedin) ****Chulym Turkic ***** Chulym ******Lower Chulym (Küerik) (now believed extinct) ******Middle Chulym ******Upper Chulym ****Sayan Turkic (dialect continuum) ***** Tofa ******Tuha ******Tsengel Tuvan ***** Tuvan ******Western/Khemchik River (It is influenced by Altai) ******Central (the geographical centrality of this dialect meant it was similar to the language spoken by most Tuvans, whether or not exactly the same). Forms the basis of the standard and literary language and includes: *******Ovyur *******Bii-Khem ******Northeastern/Todzhi (it is spoken near the upper course of the Bii-Khem River by the

Tozhu Tuvans The Tozhu Tuvans, Tozhu Tuvinians, Todzhan Tuvans or Todzhinians (own name: Тугалар ''Tugalar'' or Тухалар ''Tukhalar''; Russian Тувинцы-тоджинцы ''Tuvincy-todžincy'', Тоджинцы ''Todžincy'') are a Turkic subg ...

. The speakers of this dialect utilize nasalization. It contains a large vocabulary related to hunting and reindeer breeding not found in the other dialects). ******Southeastern (shows the most influence from the

Mongolian language Mongolian is the official language of Mongolia and both the most widely spoken and best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residen ...

). *****Taiga ******

Dukha The Dukha, DukhansElisabetta Ragagnin (2011)Dukhan, a Turkic Variety of Northern Mongolia, Description and Analysis Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden or Duhalar ( mn, Цаатан, Tsaatan) are a small Tuvans, Tuvan (Tozhu Tuvans) Turkic peoples, Tur ...

or Tsaatan - spoken by the

Dukha people The Dukha, DukhansElisabetta Ragagnin (2011)Dukhan, a Turkic Variety of Northern Mongolia, Description and Analysis Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden or Duhalar ( mn, Цаатан, Tsaatan) are a small Tuvan (Tozhu Tuvans) Turkic community of semi- ...

of Tsagaan-Nuur county of

Khövsgöl Province Khövsgöl ( mn, Хөвсгөл) is the northernmost of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. The name is derived from Lake Khövsgöl. Geography and history The round-topped Tarvagatai, Bulnain and Erchim sub-ranges of the Khangai massif dom ...

(nearly extinct) ******

Soyot-Tsaatan language Soyot-Tsaatan (or Soyot) is an extinct and revitalizing Turkic language of the Siberian Sayan branch similar to the Dukhan language and closely related to the Tofa language. Two dialects/languages are spoken in Russia and Mongolia: Soyot in the Ok ...

spoken in the

Okinsky District Okinsky District (russian: Оки́нский райо́н; bua, Ахын аймаг, ''Akhyn aimag'') is an administrativeResolution #431 and municipalLaw #985-III district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia. It ...

Buryatia Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia (russian: Республика Бурятия, r=Respublika Buryatiya, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bʊˈrʲætʲɪjə; bua, Буряад Улас, Buryaad Ulas, , mn, Буриад Улс, Buriad Uls), is ...

; now they speak the

Buryat language Buryat, or Buriat (; Buryat Cyrillic: , , ), known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian,In China, the Buryat language is classified as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of the Mon ...

) ( Samoyedic

Uralic The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian (w ...

substrate; people shifted first to a Turkic language and after to a Mongolian one - Buryat) (extinct) **** Orkhon Turkic /

Old Turkic Old Turkic (also East Old Turkic, Orkhon Turkic language, Old Uyghur) is the earliest attested form of the Turkic languages, found in Göktürks, Göktürk and Uyghur Khaganate inscriptions dating from about the eighth to the 13th century. It ...

Old Uyghur Old Uyghur () was a Turkic language which was spoken in Qocho from the 9th–14th centuries and in Gansu. History The Old Uyghur language evolved from Old Turkic after the Uyghur Khaganate broke up and remnants of it migrated to Turfan, Qomu ...

(extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Uyghur, that descends from Karluk) (not synonymous with Proto-Turkic) *****Yenisei Turkic ******

Khakas The Khakas (also spelled Khakass; Khakas: , ''khakas'', , ''tadar'', , ''khakastar'', , ''tadarlar'') are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia, who live in the republic of Khakassia, Russia. They speak the Khakas language. The Khakhassian p ...

( Xakas tili) *******Sagay/Saghay *******Kacha/Qaça *******Koybal ( Samoyedic

substrate; people shifted to a Turkic language) *******Beltir *******Kyzyl/Qizil ******* Fuyu Kyrgyz (could be a dialect of

) ****** Shor *******Mrassu (basis for literary and standard Shor) ********Upper Mrassu *******Kondoma ********Upper-Kondoma ******

Western Yugur Western Yugur (Western Yugur: (Yugur speech) or (Yugur word)) also known as Neo-Uygur is the Turkic language spoken by the Yugur people. It is contrasted with Eastern Yugur, a Mongolic language spoken within the same community. Traditionally, b ...

or "Yellow Uighur" (direct descendant of Old Uyghur) ***North Siberian ****

Yakut language Yakut , also known as Yakutian, Sakha, Saqa or Saxa ( sah, саха тыла), is a Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal republic ...

*****Central ******Western Lena ******Eastern Lena ******Aldan *****Peripheral ******Northwestern ******Northeastern ****

Dolgan Dolgans (; Dolgan: , , (Sakha); Yakut: ) are an ethnic group who mostly inhabit Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. They are descended from several groups, particularly Evenks, one of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. They adopted a Turki ...

( Dulğan) ( Samoyed

and Evenki Tungusic substrates) *****Eastern – Khatanga *****Central – Avam *****Western – Yenisei, Norilsk

Karluk (Southestern)

Historically in

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...

there was a distinction between

sedentary Sedentary lifestyle is a lifestyle type, in which one is physically inactive and does little or no physical movement and or exercise. A person living a sedentary lifestyle is often sitting or lying down while engaged in an activity like soci ...

, called

Sart Sart is a name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia which has had shifting meanings over the centuries. Origin There are several theories about the origin of the term. It may be derived from the Sanskrit ''sārthavāha'' "merchant, t ...

Taranchi Taranchi () is a term denoting the Muslim sedentary population living in oases around the Tarim Basin in today's Xinjiang, China, whose native language is Turkic Karluk and whose ancestral heritages include Tocharians, Iranic peoples such as Sak ...

, and

nomadic A nomad is a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the popu ...

peoples (regardless of the ethnic group and language). Many times it was used confusingly because it was a generic word for several peoples and their languages (mainly Iranians or

Turkics The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the ...

) and also because it had different meanings at different historical times (had shifting meanings over the centuries). Strictly it was not an ethnic or linguistic definition but one of a lifestyle. (strong Iranian substrate) *** Chagatai or Turki (Jağatāy) (

literary language A literary language is the form (register) of a language used in written literature, which can be either a nonstandard dialect or a standardized variety of the language. Literary language sometimes is noticeably different from the spoken langu ...

of medieval

Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fr ...

in much of

) (extinct) ****Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465) *****Classical Chagatai (1465–1600) ******Post-classical Chagatai (1600–1921) ***** Turkic Khorezmian (it was a

of the medieval

and parts of

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...

) (extinct) ****East ***** Uyghur (not a direct descendant of the language called

or Orkhon Turkic) ******Eastern: Spoken in an area stretching from Qarkilik towards north to Qongköl ******Central: Spoken in an area stretching from Kumul towards south to Yarkand ******Southern: Spoken in an area stretching from Guma towards east to Qarkilik ****** Lop (Ľor télé) (could be a distinct language) ***** Ili Turki (Kipchak substrate) (extinct) ****West ***** Uzbek (Karluk Uzbek, Sart Uzbek – Sedentary and Urban Uzbek, “Modern Uzbek”) (strong Iranian substrate from Sogdian and

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

languages) ****** Northern Uzbek ( Oʻzbekcha / Oʻzbek tili) *******Ferghana Uzbek (not the same as Kipchak Uzbek) *******Tashkent Uzbek *******Chimkent/Shymkent-Turkestan Uzbek *******Surkhandarya Uzbek *******Khorezm Uzbek ****** Southern Uzbek /

Afghan Uzbek Southern Uzbek or Uzbeki ( Uzbek: اوزبیکچه, اوزبیکی, اوزبیک تورکچه) is the southern variant of the Uzbek language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan by the Uzbek people. It has up to 6 million speakers and is written ...

(strong Iranian substrate from Bactrian language and heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in

Dari Dari (, , ), also known as Dari Persian (, ), is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognised and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language,Lazard, G.Darī � ...

Dari Persian Dari (, , ), also known as Dari Persian (, ), is the Variety (linguistics), variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognised and promoted since 1964 by the Politics of Afghanistan, Afghan government ...

/ East Persian /

Afghan Persian Dari (, , ), also known as Dari Persian (, ), is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognised and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language,Lazard, G.Darī � ...

)

Kipchak (Northwestern)

*** Kipchak (extinct) ****South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian Turkic) *****Kipchak-Nogai ****** Fergana Kipchak (Kipchak Uzbek / ”Old Uzbek”) (nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic of the regions of

Fergana Fergana ( uz, Fargʻona/Фарғона, ), or Ferghana, is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan. Fergana is about 420 km east of Tashkent, about 75 km west of Andijan, and less than 20 km fr ...

Samarkand fa, سمرقند , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...

Bukhara Bukhara (Uzbek language, Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the List of cities in Uzbekistan, seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara ...

and

Turkistan Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan ( fa, ترکستان, Torkestân, lit=Land of the Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and Xinjiang. Overview Known as Turan to the Persians, western Turke ...

) (extinct) ****** Kazakh ( Qazaqsha / Qazaq tili) *******Eastern Kazakh *******Southern Kazakh *******Northern Kazakh *******Western Kazakh ****** Karakalpak ( Qaraqalpaq tili) (closer to Kazakh) ( Iranian Kwarazmian and Turkic Kwarazmian substrates) *******Northeastern Karakalpak *******Southwestern Karakalpak *******Fergana Valley Karakalpak? ****** Nogai *******Karanogay-Nogai Proper ********Karanogay or Qara-Nogai (literally "Black Nogai"; "Northern Nogai"), spoken in Dagestan ********Central Nogai or Nogai Proper, in

Stavropol Stavropol (; rus, Ставрополь, p=ˈstavrəpəlʲ) is a city and the administrative centre of Stavropol Krai, Russia. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 547,820, making it one of Russia's fastest growing cities. It was known as ...

*******Aqnogai (White or Western Nogai), by the

Kuban River The Kuban; Circassian: Псыжъ, ''Psyẑ'' or Псыжь, ''Psyź'' ; abq, Къвбина, ''Q̇vbina'' ; Karachay–Balkar: Къобан, ''Qoban''; Nogai: Кобан, ''Qoban'') is a river in Russia that flows through the Western Caucas ...

, its tributaries in

Karachay–Cherkessia The Karachay-Cherkess Republic (russian: Карача́ево-Черке́сская Респу́блика, ''Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika''; krc, Къарачай-Черкес Республика, ''Qaraçay-Çerkes Respublika''; Cir ...

, and in the

Mineralnye Vody Mineralnye Vody (Min-Vody) ( rus, Минеральные Воды (Мин-Воды), p=mʲɪnʲɪˈralʲnɨjə ˈvodɨ, mʲɪn ˈvodɨ; lit. ''mineral waters'') is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located a ...

District. Qara-Nogai and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, whereas Aqnogai is more different. *****Kyrgyz-Kypchak ******

Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...

( Kyrgyzcha / Kyrgyz tili) *******Northern Kyrgyz (basis of standard Kyrgyz) *******Southern Kyrgyz ****** Southern Altai *******Altai proper ********Mayma *******Telengit ********Tölös ********Chuy *******Teleut ******

Siberian Tatar Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...

( Sıbır tel) *******East Siberian Tatar ********Tom ********Baraba *******West Siberian Tatar ********Tobol-Irtysh ****North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian/Volga-Ural Turkic) (has some

substrate) *****

Old Tatar The Old Tatar ( imlâ: يسكى تاتار تلى, translit. tt-Cyrl, иске татар теле, translit=İske Tatar Tele, Volga Turki; ba, Урал-Волга буйы төрки теле) was a literary language used by some ethnic grou ...

/ Old Bashkir ( Volga Turki) (extinct) ****** Bashkir ( Bashqortsa / Bashqort tele) *******Southern ********Dim ********Egän (Zigan) ********Eyek-Haqmar ********Middle ********Örşäk (Urshak) *******Eastern ********Arğayaş ********Qyźyl ********Meyäs ********Halyot (Salyoğot) *******Northwestern ********Tanyp ********Ğäynä (dialect of Perm Bashkirs) ********Qariźel ********Lower Ağiźel ********Middle Ural ******

Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

( Tatarça / Tatar Tele) *******Central/Middle (Kazan) (basis of the standard literary Tatar) *******Western (Mişär or Mishar) ****West Kipchak (Kipchak-Cuman/Ponto-Caspian Turkic) *****

Cuman The Cumans (or Kumans), also known as Polovtsians or Polovtsy (plural only, from the Russian language, Russian Exonym and endonym, exonym ), were a Turkic people, Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confede ...

(Polovtsian/Folban/Vallany/Kun) (extinct) ******Karachay-Balkar - Kumyk *******

Karachay-Balkar Karachay-Balkar (, ), or Mountain Turkic (, ), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. I ...

( Qaraçay-Malqar til / Tawlu til) ********Karachay-Baksan-Chegem (basis of the standard language) ********Balkar (Malqar) ******* Kumyk (“Caucasian Tatar”) ( Qumuq til) (Oghur Turkic substrate –

Khazar The Khazars ; he, כּוּזָרִים, Kūzārīm; la, Gazari, or ; zh, 突厥曷薩 ; 突厥可薩 ''Tūjué Kěsà'', () were a semi-nomadic Turkic people that in the late 6th-century CE established a major commercial empire coverin ...

and

Bulgar Bulgar may refer to: *Bulgars, extinct people of Central Asia *Bulgar language, the extinct language of the Bulgars * Oghur languages Bulgar may also refer to: *Bolghar, the capital city of Volga Bulgaria *Bulgur, a wheat product * Bulgar, an Ash ...

) ********Terek ********Khasavyurt ********Buynaksk ********Khaitag ********Podgorniy ****** Crimean Tatar ( Qırımtatar tili / Qırım tili) (

Scytho-Sarmatian The Scythian languages are a group of Eastern Iranian languages of the classical and late antique period (the Middle Iranian period), spoken in a vast region of Eurasia by the populations belonging to the Scythian cultures and their descendan ...

and

Crimean Gothic Crimean Gothic was an East Germanic language spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century. Attestation The existence of a Germanic dialect in Crimea is noted in a number of sources from the 9th ce ...

substrates) *******Northern (Steppe Crimean Tatar/Nogay Steppe) (should not be confused with Nogai people of the Northern Caucasus and the Lower Volga) *******Middle (more Cuman type characteristics) (basis of the standard Crimean Tatar) *******Southern/Coastal Crimean Tatar (Oghuz Turkic influence) ******* Krymchak ( Judeo-Crimean Tatar) ( Qrımçah tılyı) (a different language from Karaim, not confuse with Karaim) ******* Urum (closely related to Crimean Tatar and spoken by Turkish-speaking

Greeks The Greeks or Hellenes (; el, Έλληνες, ''Éllines'' ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and, to a lesser extent, oth ...

of Southeastern Ukraine and Georgia, etymological related to the Turkish name for Rome - Rûm / Urum, associated with the name of the

East Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

, mainly

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

in language) (

substrate) ********North Azovian (in

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

) ********Tsalka (in

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

) ****** Karaim (Judeo-Crimean) ( Qaray tili / Karaj tili) (a different language from Krymchak, not confuse with Krymchak) *******Crimean (in

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...

) *******Trakai-Vilnius (in

Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...

) *******Lutsk-Halych (in

)

Oghuz (Southwestern Turkic)

***East Oghuz (Eastern) **** Salar, an Oghuz language outlier strongly influenced by Karluk and Kipchak languages and also by non-Turkic languages like

Tibetan Tibetan may mean: * of, from, or related to Tibet * Tibetan people, an ethnic group * Tibetan language: ** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard ** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dial ...

and

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...

*****Qinghai (Amdo) Salar *****Ili Salar **** Turkmen *****Teke (Tekke) (basis of the standard Turkmen) *****Nohurly *****Ýomud *****Änewli *****Hasarly *****Nerezim *****Gökleň *****Salyr *****Saryk *****Ärsary *****Çowdur *****Trukhmen ***Transitional East-West Oghuz ****

Khorasani Turkic Khorasani Turkic (, ) is an Oghuz languages, Oghuz Turkic languages, Turkic language spoken in the North Khorasan Province and the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also multilingualism, bilingual in Persia ...

*****North *****South/Razavi *****West ***West Oghuz (Western) **** Azerbaijani (

Azeri Turkic Azerbaijani () or Azeri (), also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic languages, Turkic language from the Oghuz languages, Oghuz sub-branch spoken primarily by the Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the A ...

, has an

Iranian Iranian may refer to: * Iran, a sovereign state * Iranian peoples, the speakers of the Iranian languages. The term Iranic peoples is also used for this term to distinguish the pan ethnic term from Iranian, used for the people of Iran * Iranian lan ...

substrate from the

Old Azeri Old Azeri (also spelled Adhari, Azeri or Azari) is the extinct Iranian language that was once spoken in the northwestern Iranian historic region of Azerbaijan (Iranian Azerbaijan) before the Turkification of the region. Some linguists believe th ...

language, an

Indo-European language The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch ...

***** South Azerbaijani ******Qarapapaq ******Shahsavani (Shahseven) ******Muqaddam ******Baharlu (Kamesh) ******Nafar ******Qaragözlü ******Pishaqchi ******Bayatlu ******Qajar ******Tabrizi (basis of Standard South Azerbaijani but not identical) ******

Iraqi Turkmen The Iraqi Turkmens (also spelled as Turkoman and Turcoman; tr, Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, Turkish-Iraqis, the Turkish minority in Iraq, and the Iraqi-Turkish minority ( ar, تركمان العراق; tr, Irak Türkleri ...

(South Turkmen) ****** Salchuq (extinct) (etymological related to the name Seljuk, from the

Seljuk Turks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; fa, سلجوقیان ''Saljuqian'', alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turk ...

, who brought Turkic languages and dialects to Iran and Anatolia) ***** North Azerbaijani ******Salyan ******Lenkaran ******Qazakh ******Airym ******Borcala ******Terekeme ******Qyzylbash ******Nukha ******Zaqatala (Mugaly) ******Qabala ******Yerevan ******Ordubad ******Ganja ******Shusha (Karabakh) ******Karapapak ******Shirvan dialect *******Baku dialect (basis of Standard North Azerbaijani, but not identical) ******Shamakhi ******Quba ******Derbend ******Nakhchivan ****Transitional Turkish Azerbaijani-Turkish ***** Eastern Anatolian Turkish ******Meskhetian Turkish ******Hemshen Turkish ******Eastern Anatolian Turkish Proper (Kars, Erzurum, other regions) ******Zaza Turkish (Turkish spoken by

Zazas The Zazas (also known as Kird, Kirmanc or Dimili) are a people in eastern Turkey who traditionally speak the Zaza language, a western Iranian language written in the Latin script. Their heartland consists of Tunceli and Bingöl provinces and p ...

, not to be confused with

Zaza Zaza may refer to: Ethnic group * Zazas, a group of people in eastern Anatolia (southeastern Turkey) * Zaza–Gorani languages, Indo-Iranian languages ** Zaza language, spoken by the Zazas People Given name * Zaza Sor. Aree (born 1993), Thai k ...

, which is an Iranian language,

substrate) ******Kurdish Turkish (Turkish spoken by

Kurds ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Ir ...

, not to be confused with

Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...

which is an

Iranian language The Iranian languages or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau. The Iranian languages are grouped ...

substrate) ***** Northeastern Anatolian Turkish ( Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Ağızları) ******Laz Turkish (Turkish spoken by Laz, do not confuse with Laz which is a

Kartvelian Kartvelian may refer to: * Anything coming from or related to Georgia (country) * Kartvelian languages * Kartvelian alphabet, see Georgian alphabet * Kartvelian studies * Georgians {{disambig Language and nationality disambiguation pages ...

language) ******Trebizond (

Trabzon Trabzon (; Ancient Greek: Tραπεζοῦς (''Trapezous''), Ophitic Pontic Greek: Τραπεζούντα (''Trapezounta''); Georgian: ტრაპიზონი (''Trapizoni'')), historically known as Trebizond in English, is a city on the Bl ...

) Turkish ****

Old Anatolian Turkish Old Anatolian Turkish (OAT, tr, Eski Anadolu Türkçesi, ''EAT'') is the stage in the history of the Turkish language spoken in Anatolia from the 11th to 15th centuries. It developed into Early Ottoman Turkish. It was written in the Arabic scr ...

(extinct) *****

Turkish Turkish may refer to: *a Turkic language spoken by the Turks * of or about Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities and mi ...

******Anatolian dialects (Anadolu Ağızları) *******Western Anatolian (Batı Anadolu Ağızları) ********Central (Orta Anadolu) *********East central *********West Central ********Mediterranean (Akdeniz)/South (Güney) *********Southwest (Güneybatı) *********Southeast (Güneydoğu) ********Black Sea (Karadeniz)/North (Kuzey) *********Çorum, Çankırı *********East Black Sea Coast *********West Black Sea Coast *********Sakarya-Izmit ********Aegean (Ege)/West (Batı) ********Yörük (Nomadic Anatolian Turkish) ******Istanbul dialect (İstanbul Türkçesi) (basis of Modern Standard Turkish but not identical) ******Syrian Turkmen (Syrian Turkish) ******Cypriot Turkish ******Balkanic/Rumelian/Danubian *******East Balkanic/East Rumelian/East Danubian ********Edirne *******West Balkanic/West Rumelian/West Danubian ******

Karamanli Turkish Karamanlı Turkish ( tr, Karamanlı Türkçesi, el, Καραμανλήδικα, Karamanlídika) is a dialect of the Turkish language spoken by the Karamanlides. Although the official Ottoman Turkish was written in the Arabic script, the Karam ...

(Turkish of the

Karamanlides The Karamanlides ( el, Καραμανλήδες; tr, Karamanlılar), also known as Karamanli Greeks or simply Karamanlis, are a traditionally Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox people native to the Karaman and Cappadocia regions of Anatolia. The ...

, Turkish-speaking Greeks, Greek language substrate, not confuse with

Cappadocian Greek Cappadocian Greek ( cpg, Καππαδοκικά, Καππαδοκική Διάλεκτος), also known as Cappadocian or Asia Minor Greek, is a dialect of modern Greek heavily influenced by Turkish, originally spoken in Cappadocia (modern-day ...

, a mixed language, or the

Cappadocian Greeks Cappadocian Greeks also known as Greek Cappadocians ( el, Έλληνες-Καππαδόκες, Ελληνοκαππαδόκες, Καππαδόκες; tr, Kapadokyalı Rumlar) or simply Cappadocians are an ethnic Greek community native to the ...

, although they are related) (almost extinct) *****

Balkan Gagauz Turkish Balkan Gagauz Turkish, or Rumelian Turkish ( tr, Rumeli Türkçesi), is a Turkic language spoken in European Turkey, in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria, the Prizren area in Kosovo and the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia. ...

(

Balkan Turkic Balkan Gagauz, Balkan Turkish or Rumelian ( tr, Rumeli Türkçesi), is a Turkic language spoken in European Turkey, in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria, the Prizren area in Kosovo, and the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia ...

) ( Rumeli Türkçesi) ******Gajal ******Gerlovo Turk ******Karamanli ******Kyzylbash ******Surguch ******Tozluk Turk ******Yuruk ******Macedonian Gagauz ****** Gagauz *******Bulgar Gagauzi *******Maritime Gagauzi *****

Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish ( ota, لِسانِ عُثمانى, Lisân-ı Osmânî, ; tr, Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extens ...

(extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Anatolian Turkish but a heavily Persianized and Arabized Turkic language) ******Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense ******Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade ******Kaba Türkçe (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes. ***South Oghuz **** Afshar (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language) **** Aynallu (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language) **** Qashqai (closely related to Azerbaijani) **** Sonqori (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani) **Pecheneg ***

Pecheneg The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks tr, Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: , ro, Pecenegi, russian: Печенег(и), uk, Печеніг(и), hu, Besenyő(k), gr, Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, ka, პა� ...

(Peçenek) (extinct)

Arghu

*** Khalaj (a divergent member of the Common Turkic languages, not an Oghuz language) (heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in

Iranian Persian Iranian Persian, Western Persian or Western Farsi, natively simply known as Persian (, ), refers to the varieties of the modern Persian language spoken in Iran and by minorities in neighboring countries, as well as by Iranian communities throu ...

Western Persian Iranian Persian, Western Persian or Western Farsi, natively simply known as Persian (, ), refers to the varieties of the modern Persian language spoken in Iran and by minorities in neighboring countries, as well as by Iranian communities throu ...

) ****Northern ****Southern

Oghur (Lir Turkic / R Turkic)

* Proto-Oghur **

Bolgar Bolgar may refer to: People *Bolgars, a people of Central Asian origin * Bolgar language, the extinct language of the Bulgars * Bolgar languages *Bolgar Bagryanov, Bulgarian film director *Boyan Bolgar, Bulgarian writer *Hedda Bolgar (1909– ...

(extinct) (had a

substrate) *** Volga Bulgar (extinct) **** Chuvash ('' Căvašla'' / '' Çovaşla'') *****''Anatri, or Lower'' *****''Viryal, or Upper'' *** Danube Bulgar (extinct in the 10th c. AD assimilated by the Slavic language of the Seven Slavic Tribes, that was close to

Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic languages, Slavic literary language. Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine Empire, Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with Standard language, standardizing the lan ...

, but they chose the name Bulgarian as an ethnonym and also for their language because of the origins of much of their ruling class or political elite that was Turkic) **

(extinct) (the language of the

Khazars The Khazars ; he, כּוּזָרִים, Kūzārīm; la, Gazari, or ; zh, 突厥曷薩 ; 突厥可薩 ''Tūjué Kěsà'', () were a semi-nomadic Turkic people that in the late 6th-century CE established a major commercial empire coverin ...

)

Possible Turkic languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Turkic or members of other language families *Hunnic / Xiongnu (?) ** Hunnic /

Hunnish The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th century AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part ...

- the language or languages of the

Huns The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th century AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part ...

(there are several hypotheses about their language) **

Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 20 ...

- the language or languages of the

(may be the same as the

Hunnic language The Hunnic language, or Hunnish, was the language spoken by Huns in the Hunnic Empire, a heterogeneous, multi-ethnic tribal confederation which invaded Eastern and Central Europe, and ruled most of Pannonian Eastern Europe, during the 4th and 5th ...

, a closely related one, or not related at all) (there are several hypotheses about their language) *

Keraite The Keraites (also ''Kerait, Kereit, Khereid''; ; ) were one of the five dominant Mongol or Turkic tribal confederations (khanates) in the Altai-Sayan region during the 12th century. They had converted to the Church of the East (Nestorianism) i ...

- the language or languages of the

Keraites The Keraites (also ''Kerait, Kereit, Khereid''; ; ) were one of the five dominant Mongol or Turkic tribal confederations (khanates) in the Altai-Sayan region during the 12th century. They had converted to the Church of the East (Nestorianism) i ...

(in today's Central Mongolia) (Mongolized after

Temüjin ''Chinggis Khaan'' ͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋbr />Mongol script: ''Chinggis Qa(gh)an/ Chinggis Khagan'' , birth_name = Temüjin , successor = Tolui (as regent)Ögedei Khan , spouse = , issue = , house = Borjigin , ...

, called

Chinggis Khan ''Chinggis Khaan'' ͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋbr />Mongol script: ''Chinggis Qa(gh)an/ Chinggis Khagan'' , birth_name = Temüjin , successor = Tolui (as regent)Ögedei Khan , spouse = , issue = , house = Borjigin , ...

, conquest in the 13th century) (

Qarai Turks The Karai or Qarai Turks are a Turkic minority mostly found in Khorasan and Iran especially Torbat-e Heydarieh. At the start of the Qajar dynasty, Qarai Turks were also scattered even beyond southern Khorasan through the desert zone of Sistan. ...

, the ''Kerey'' Kazakh group of the middle zhuz

Argyns The Argyn ( kz, Арғын) tribe (or clan) is a constituent of the Kazakh ethnicity. The Argyn are a component, of the ''Orta jüz'' (Орта жүз; "Middle Horde" or "Middle Hundred"). Kazakhs historically consisted of three tribal federat ...

, the ''Kireis'', a group of the

and many

Torghut The Torghut ( Mongolian: Торгууд, , Torguud), , "Guardsman" are one of the four major subgroups of the Four Oirats. The Torghut nobles traced its descent to the Keraite ruler Tooril; also many Torghuts descended from the Keraites. Hist ...

may descend from them) (there are several hypotheses about their language) * Old Naiman - the language or languages of the old

Naimans The Naiman ( Mongolian: Найман, Naiman, "eight"; ; Kazakh: Найман, Naiman; Uzbek: Nayman) were a medieval tribe originating in the territory of modern Western Mongolia (possibly during the time of the Uyghur Khaganate), and are one o ...

(in today's Western and Southwestern Mongolia) (Mongolized after

, called

, conquest in the 13th century) (Naiman, however, is the Mongol name for the numeral eight) (there are several hypotheses about their language) * Pannonian Avar - the language or languages of the

Pannonian Avars The Pannonian Avars () were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins. The peoples were also known as the Obri in chronicles of Rus, the Abaroi or Varchonitai ( el, Βαρχονίτες, Varchonítes), or Pseudo-Avars ...

(there are several hypotheses about their language)

Possible Mixed Turkic-Iranian language

Äynu Äynu may refer to: * Äynu people of Western China * Äynu language, their Turkic language See also * Aynu (disambiguation) {{disambig
...

/ Aini ('' Äynú'') (could be a mixed language) (Turkic

cryptolect A cant is the jargon or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group.McArthur, T. (ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (1992) Oxford University Press It may also be called a cryptolect, argot ...

with a mainly

vocabulary and Turkic grammar, spoken by the

Äynu Äynu may refer to: * Äynu people of Western China * Äynu language, their Turkic language See also * Aynu (disambiguation) {{disambig
...

people, a different people from the Uyghur)

Constructed languages

* Jalpi Türk language (

crh CRH may refer to: * Calibre radius head, a traditional British ordnance term for a concept in ballistic projectile design * Celtic Resources Holdings, an Irish mining company * China Railway High-speed, a high-speed railway service operated by Chin ...

) is a constructed language created by Ismail Gasprinsky in the 19th century. * Ortatürk ( tt) is a constructed language created by Baxtiyar Kärimov between 1993-2008.

References

* Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. * Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. * Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. ''Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages''. Moscow. * Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. ''Turkic languages in contact''. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. * Clausen, Gerard. 1972. ''An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. ''Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. * Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. ''Parlons qashqay.'' In: collection "''parlons''". Paris:

L'Harmattan Éditions L'Harmattan, usually known simply as L'Harmattan (), is one of the largest French book publishers. It specialises in non-fiction books with a particular focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. It is named after the Harmattan, a trade wind in W ...

. * Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online). * Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online). * Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. ''The Turkic languages''. London: Routledge. . * Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–12

* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 200

* Menges, K. H. 1968. ''The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. * Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. * Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. ''Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages''. Petrograd. * Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." ''Turkic Languages'' 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151. * Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages.'' Leiden: Brill. * Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and index of the World's languages''. New York: Elsevier.

External links

Interactive map of Turkic Languages

Endangered Turkic languages

Chart of Turkic languages

Turkic Languages Verb Comparison

Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia

Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
*
Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary

A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages
''Open Project''
The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell
with illustrations.
Swadesh lists of Turkic basic vocabulary words
(from Wiktionary'
Swadesh-list appendix
* Conferences on Turkic languages processing
Astana, Kazakhstan, 2013Istanbul, Turkey, 2014Kazan, Tatarstan, 2015
{{Countries and languages lists Turkic languages Turkic