subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
of
butterflies
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...
, the larvae of which are unusual for feeding on
algae
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...
and foliate
lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Poritiini -
Oriental
The Orient is a term for the East in relation to Europe, traditionally comprising anything belonging to the Eastern world. It is the antonym of ''Occident'', the Western World. In English, it is largely a metonym for, and coterminous with, the ...
** ''
Cyaniriodes
''Cyaniriodes'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus was erected by Lionel de Nicéville in 1890.
Species
*'' Cyaniriodes libna'' (Hewitson, 1869) southern Burma (Mergui), Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi Island ...
'' de Nicéville, 1890 (sometimes placed in
Lycaeninae
Lycaeninae, the coppers, are a subfamily of the gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae).
The relationships of the Lycaenidae are not fully resolved. Sometimes the Polyommatinae and Theclinae are included in the Lycaeninae; in particular the The ...
Poritia
''Poritia'' is a genus of lycaenid butterflies. The species of this genus are found in the Indomalayan realm. ''Poritia'' was erected by Frederic Moore in 1887.
Species
*'' Poritia erycinoides'' (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
*'' Poritia fruh ...
Deramas
''Deramas'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae erected by William Lucas Distant in 1886. The genus ranges from south Myanmar to Sundaland, the Philippines and Sulawesi. Most of the species are rare and endangered, and are confi ...
Afrotropical
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the island ...
(sometimes ranked as a subfamily: Lipteninae)
** Subtribe Pentilina
*** '' Alaena'' Boisduval, 1847
*** ''
Ptelina
''Ptelina'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus is endemic to the Afrotropics
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of th ...
'' Clench, 1965
*** ''
Telipna
''Telipna'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*'' Telipna acraea'' (Westwood, 851
__NOTOC__
Year 851 ( DCCCLI) was a common year starting on Thursda ...
Pentila
''Pentila'' is a genus of butterflies, commonly called pentilas or buffs, in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropics. For other butterflies called buffs, see genus '' Baliochila''.
Species
Listed alphabe ...
'' Westwood, 1851
*** ''
Ornipholidotos
''Ornipholidotos'' is a genus of butterflies, commonly called glasswings or white mimics, in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
* '' Ornipholidotos abriana'' Libert, 2005
* '' Orniphol ...
Mimeresia
''Mimeresia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are Endemism, endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*''Mimeresia cellularis'' (Kirby, 1890)
*''Mimeresia debora'' (Kirby, 1890)
*''Mimeresia dinora' ...
Pseuderesia
''Pseuderesia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropics
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, ...
'' Butler, 1874
*** ''
Teriomima
''Teriomima'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. ''Teriomima'' is Endemic species, endemic to the Afrotropical realm, Afrotropics.
Species
*Subgenus ''Teriomima''
**''Teriomima puella'' Kirby, 1887
**''Teriomima puellaris'' Tri ...
'' Kirby, 1887
*** ''
Euthecta
''Euthecta'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The two members (species) of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of t ...
'' Bennett, 1954
*** ''
Baliochila
''Baliochila'' is a genus of butterflies, commonly called buffs, in the family Lycaenidae. They are found only in the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*'' Baliochila abri'' Henning & Henning, 2004
*'' Baliochila amanica'' Stempffer & Bennet, 1953
* ...
'' Stempffer & Bennett, 1953
*** ''
Cnodontes
''Cnodontes'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Des ...
Eresina
''Eresina'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Des ...
'' Aurivillius, 1898
*** ''
Toxochitona
''Toxochitona'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara ...
'' Stempffer, 1956
*** ''
Argyrocheila
''Argyrocheila'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*''Argyrocheila bitje'' Bethune-Baker, 1915
*''Argyrocheila inundifera'' Hawker-Smith, 1933
*''Argyroche ...
'' Staudinger, 1892
*** ''
Citrinophila
''Citrinophila'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus is Endemism, endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*''Citrinophila bennetti'' Jackson, 1967
*''Citrinophila erastus'' (Hewitson, 1866)
*''Citrinophila marginalis ...
'' Kirby, 1887
*** ''
Liptena
''Liptena'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. ''Liptena'' is endemic to the Afrotropics
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of t ...
Tetrarhanis
''Tetrarhanis'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*''Tetrarhanis baralingam'' (Larsen, 1998)
*''Tetrarhanis diversa'' (Bethune-Baker, 1904)
*''Tetrarhani ...
'' Karsch, 1893
*** ''
Larinopoda
''Larinopoda'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara ...
Epitolina
''Epitolina'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. Confusingly, it is also the name of a subtribe within the subfamily Poritiinae and the tribe Liptenini.
Species
*''Epitolina dispar'' group
**''Epitolina collinsi'' Libert, 2000
* ...
*** ''
Epitola
''Epitola'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm. ''Epitola'' was erected by John O. Westwood in 1851.
Species
*''Epitola posthumus'' (Fabricius, 1793)
*''Epitola ur ...
'' Westwood, 1851
*** ''
Cerautola
''Cerautola'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, Endemism, endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*Subgenus ''Cerautola''
**''Cerautola adolphifrederici'' (Schultze, 1911)
**''Cerautola ceraunia'' (Hewitson, 1873)
**''Ceraut ...
Batelusia
''Batelusia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus contains only one species ''Batelusia zebra'' from Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo and endemic to the Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth ...
'' Druce, 1910
*** ''
Tumerepedes
''Tumerepedes'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. It consists of only one species, ''Tumerepedes flava'', the Nigerian buff, which is found in northern Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìj ...
'' Bethune-Baker, 1913
*** ''
Pseudoneaveia
''Pseudoneaveia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. It consists of only one species, ''Pseudoneaveia jacksoni'', which is found in the Republic of the Congo.
References
Endemic fauna ...
'' Stempffer, 1964
*** ''
Neaveia
''Neaveia'' is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae which is endemic to the Afrotropical realm. Its only species, ''Neaveia lamborni'', the pierine blue, is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo ...
'' Druce, 1910
*** ''
Epitolina
''Epitolina'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. Confusingly, it is also the name of a subtribe within the subfamily Poritiinae and the tribe Liptenini.
Species
*''Epitolina dispar'' group
**''Epitolina collinsi'' Libert, 2000
* ...
'' Aurivillius, 1895
*** ''
Hypophytala
''Hypophytala'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara D ...
'' Clench, 1965
*** ''
Phytala
''Phytala'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae endemic to the Afrotropical realm. The single species of this genus, ''Phytala elais'', the giant forest blue, is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon ...
'' Westwood, 1851
*** ''
Neoepitola
''Neoepitola'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. It consists of only one species, ''Neoepitola barombiensis'', which is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of ...
'' Jackson, 1964
*** ''
Aethiopana
''Aethiopana'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. The single species, ''Aethiopana honorius'', the acraea blue, is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Camer ...
'' Bethune-Baker, 1915
*** ''
Hewitsonia
''Hewitsonia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*''Hewitsonia amieti'' Bouyer, 1997
*''Hewitsonia beryllina'' Schultze, 1916
*''Hewitsonia bitjeana'' Bet ...
'' Kirby, 1871
*** ''
Powellana
''Powellana'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. ''Powellana'' is monotypic, containing the single species ''Powellana cottoni'' found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Repu ...
Teratoneura
''Teratoneura'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm.
Species
*''Teratoneura congoensis'' Stempffer, 1954
*''Teratoneura isabellae'' Dudgeon, 1909
References
Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlin ...