Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I

The leaders of the Central Powers of World War I were the political or military figures who commanded or supported the Central Powers .

Austria-Hungary

* Franz Joseph I − Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1848–1916)
* Karl I − Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1916-1918), Previously commanded Army Group Archduke Karl in 1916, Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1917-1918)
*Karl von Stürgkh − Minister-President of Austria (1911–1916)
*Ernest von Koerber − Ministers-President of Austria (1916)
*Heinrich Clam-Martinic − Ministers-President of Austria (1916-1917)
*Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg − Ministers-President of Austria (1917-1918)
*Max Hussarek von Heinlein − Ministers-President of Austria (1918)
* István Tisza − Prime Minister of Hungary (1913-1917)
*Sándor Wekerle − Prime Minister of Hungary (1917-1918)
*Count Leopold Berchtold − Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1912-1915)
*Stephan Burián von Rajecz - Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1915–1916, 1918)
*Ottokar Czernin - Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1916-1918)
*Alexander von Krobatin - Austro-Hungarian Minister of War (1912-1917), Commander of the South Tyrolean Army Group (1918)
*Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten - Austro-Hungarian Minister of War (1917-1918)
* Archduke Friedrich − Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1914-1917)
* Conrad von Hötzendorf − Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff (1912-1917) and leader of several Army Groups throughout the war.
*Arthur Arz von Straußenburg − Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff (1917-1918)
*Svetozar Boroević − Austro-Hungarian Field Marshal and commander of the 3rd Army (1914-1915) and then the 5th Army (1915-1918) which was later upgraded to Army Group Boroevic in 1917 which contained 2 armies.
*Oskar Potiorek - Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Commander of all Austro-Hungarian forces during the Serbian Campaign in 1914
*Liborius Ritter von Frank - Commanded the 5th Army in the Serbian Campaign (1914)
*Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli − Commanded the 2nd Army (Austria-Hungary), 2nd Army in the Serbian Campaign (1914) and the Eastern Front (1915-1918) and Army Group Böhm-Ermolli (1915–1916 & (1916-1918)
*Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza - Commander of the 3rd Army in the Serbian Campaign, particularly in the Kosovo Offensive (1915), Kosovo Offensive, later the 7th Army (Austria-Hungary), 7th Army and finally (ceremonially) Commander-in-chief (1918)
*Archduke Eugen of Austria - Commander of Army Group Archduke Eugen, in many battles on the Italian Front (World War I), Italian Front.
*Archduke Joseph August of Austria - Involved in the Battle of Galicia, Galician campaign and later served on the Italian Front and went to command the South Tyrolean Army Group in 1918
*Viktor Dankl von Krasnik - Commander of the 1st Army (Austria-Hungary), 1st Army in Galicia and during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive. Later made commander of the defense of County of Tyrol, Tyrol followed by command of the 11th Army (Austria-Hungary), 11th Army
*Franz Rohr von Denta − Commander of the 10th Army (Austria-Hungary), 10th (1916), 11th (1916-1917) and 1st Army (1917) on the Italian and Eastern front.
*Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria − Commanded the 4th army (1914–1916) during the Brusilov Offensive, later became Inspector-General of the Imperial Air Force (1917-1918)
*Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin − Supreme Commander of Austro-Hungarian infantry in Albania (1917-1918), previously commanded the 7th Army (1915–1916)
*Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel − Corps Commander in serving in many different fronts, 11th Army (1917-1918)
*Józef Piłsudski − Commander of the Polish Legions in World War I, Polish Legions
*Anton Haus − Austro-Hungarian Navy#Commanders-in-Chief of the Navy, Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1913-1917)
*Maximilian Njegovan − Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1917-1918)
*Miklós Horthy − Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1918)
*Milan Emil Uzelac − Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

German Empire

*Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm II − German Emperor
*Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg − Chancellor of Germany#Chancellor of the German Empire (1871–1918), Chancellor of the German Empire (1909-1917)
*Georg Michaelis - Chancellor of the German Empire (1917)
*Georg von Hertling − Chancellor of the German Empire (1917-1918)
*Prince Maximilian of Baden, Max von Baden − Chancellor of the German Empire (1918)
*Gottlieb von Jagow − Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany), German Foreign Minister (1913–1916)
*Arthur Zimmermann − German Foreign Minister (1916-1917)
*Richard von Kühlmann - German Foreign Minister (1917-1918)
*Paul von Hintze - German Foreign Minister (1918)
*Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, Helmuth von Moltke − German General Staff#Chiefs of the German General Staff (1871–1919), Chief of the German General Staff (1906-1914)
*Erich von Falkenhayn − Chief of the German General Staff (1914–1916) and commander in the First Battle of the Marne
*Paul von Hindenburg − Chief of the German General Staff (1916-1918), previously Ober Ost, Supreme Commander East (1914–1916) and commanded Army Group Hindenburg
*Erich Ludendorff − Generalquartiermeister, Quartermaster General (Chief of Operations) of the German Army, previously Chief of Staff in the East (1914–1916)
*Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Leopold of Bavaria − Commanded Army Group Prince Leopold of Bavaria before becoming Supreme Commander East (1916-1918)
*Max Hoffmann − Chief of Staff in the East (1916-1918)
*Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, Crown Prince Wilhelm - Commander of the 5th Army (German Empire), 5th Army (1914–1916) and Army Group German Crown Prince (German Empire), Army Group German Crown Prince (1915-1918)
*Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, Ruprecht of Bavaria - Commander of the 6th Army (German Empire), 6th Army (1914–1916) and Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria (1916-1918)
*Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg, Albrecht von Württemberg - Commander of the 4th Army (German Empire), 4th Army (1914–1916) and Army Group Duke Albrecht (German Empire), Army Group Duke Albrecht (1917-1918)
*August von Mackensen − Commanded the 9th Army (German Empire), 9th Army (1914) before leading several Army Groups: Army Group Mackensen (Poland), Army Group Mackensen in Poland and the 11th Army (German Empire), 11th Army (1915), Army Group Mackensen (Serbia), Serbia (1915–1916) and Army Group Mackensen (Romania), Romania (1916-1918)
*Max von Gallwitz - Commanded the 12th Army (German Empire), 12th and later 11th Army in the East, followed by the 2nd Army (German Empire), 2nd Army and Army Group Gallwitz-Somme in the West. Finally Army Group Gallwitz (German Empire), Army Group Gallwitz and the 5th Army (1918)
*Remus von Woyrsch - Commanded the Landwehr Corps (1914), followed by Armee-Abteilung Woyrsch (1914-1917) while also holding command of Army Group Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Army Group Woyrsch (1916-1917)
*Hermann von Eichhorn - Commander of the 10th Army (German Empire), 10th Army (1915-1918) as well as Army Group Hindenburg, Army Group Eichhorn (1916-1918). In 1918 he commanded Army Group Mackensen (Poland), Army Group Eichhorn-Kiev and became Military Governor of Ukrainian State, Ukraine
*Alexander von Linsingen - Commanded the South Army (German Empire), South Army (1915) followed by Army of the Bug (1915-1918) while simultaneously in command of Army Group Mackensen (Poland), Army Group Linsingen (1916-1918)
*Otto von Below - Commanded the 8th Army (German Empire), 8th Army (1914-1915) and Army of the Niemen (which was renamed the 8th Army) (1915–1916). Later Army Group Mackensen (Serbia), Army Group Below in Macedonian front, Salonika (1916-1917) followed by the 14th Army (German Empire), 14th Army on the Italian Front (World War I), Italian Front
*Friedrich von Scholtz - Commander of the 8th Army (1915) and then led the mostly Bulgarian Army Group Mackensen (Serbia), Army Group Scholtz (1917-1918)
*Max von Boehn (general), Max von Boehn - Commanded the 7th Army (1917-1918) and Army Group Boehn (1918)
*Karl von Einem − Commander of the 3rd Army (German Empire), 3rd Army (1914-1919)
*Alexander von Kluck - Commander of the 1st Army (German Empire), 1st Army (1914-1915) and fought at the Battle of Mons, Battle of Le Cateau, Le Cateau and First Battle of the Marne, Marne
*Karl von Bülow - Commander of the 2nd Army (German Empire), 2nd Army at the Battle of Liège and Siege of Namur (1914), Siege of Namur and was blamed for the failure of capturing Paris in 1914
*Georg von der Marwitz − Cavalry general who commanded the 2nd Army on the Western Front (1916-1918), followed by commanding the 5th Army at the end of the war in 1918
*Friedrich Sixt von Armin - Commanded the 4th Army (1917-1918) and commander-in-chief in the Flanders region, notably during the Battle of Passchendaele and the German spring offensive
*Ludwig von Falkenhausen - Commander of Armee-Abteilung A, Armee-Abteilung Falkenhausen (1914–1916) and High Command of Coastal Defence (1916). Commanded the 6th Army (1916-1917) during the Battle of Arras (1917), Battle of Arras and served as Imperial German General Government of Belgium, Governor of Belgium until the end of war
*Oskar von Hutier - Commanded the 8th Army in 1917, notably in Operation Albion. He led the newly created 18th Army (German Empire), 18th Army in the Spring Offensive
*Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck − German Commander in the East African Campaign (World War I), East Africa Campaign
*Victor Franke − German Commander in the South West Africa campaign
*Carl Heinrich Zimmermann − German Commander in the Kamerun campaign
*Alfred von Tirpitz − Grand Admiral and State Secretary of the German Imperial Naval Office (1897–1916)
*Friedrich von Ingenohl − Commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet (1913-1915)
*Hugo von Pohl − Commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet (1915–1916), previously Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1913-1915)
*Reinhard Scheer − Commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet (1916-1918), notably at the Battle of Jutland. Later German Imperial Admiralty Staff, Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1918)
*Franz von Hipper − Commander of I Scouting Group and conducted several raids along the English coast, he became commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet in 1918
*Henning von Holtzendorff − Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1915-1918) and a strong advocate of U-boat Campaign (World War I), unrestricted submarine warfare
*Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929), Prince Henry of Prussia − Commander of the German Baltic Fleet (1914-1917)
*Alfred Meyer-Waldeck − Naval Commander in the Siege of Tsingtao
*Ernst von Hoeppner − Commanding General of the Luftstreitkräfte, Imperial German Air Service

Ottoman Empire

*Mehmed V − List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1909-1918)
*Mehmed VI - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1918-1922)
*Said Halim Pasha − List of Ottoman Grand Viziers, Ottoman Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) (1913-1917)
*Talaat Pasha − Ottoman Grand Vizier (1917-1918), List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance, Minister of Finance, Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire), Minister of Interior and one of the Three Pashas
*Enver Pasha − Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman Army, Minister of War and one of the Three Pashas
*Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf − Chief of the Ottoman General Staff and part of the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire
*Djemal Pasha − Commander of the Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire), Fourth Army in Syria (1914-1917), Minister of the Navy and one of the Three Pashas
*Ahmed Izzet Pasha − Commander of the Second Army (Ottoman Empire), Second Army (1916-1917), the Caucasus Army Group (Ottoman Empire), Caucasus Army Group (1917) and finally Grand Vizier and Minister of War (1918)
*Otto Liman von Sanders - German Commander of the Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire), Fifth Army (1915-1918), notably during the Gallipoli Campaign. Later commander of the Yildirim Army Group in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1918)
*Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha − Notable for his contribution to the Gallipoli Campaign, later commanded the XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire), XVI Corps (1915–1916) followed by command of the Second Army (Ottoman Empire), Second Army (1917) and Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire), Seventh Army (1917 & 1918)
*Fevzi Çakmak, Fevzi Pasha − Commander of several Army Corps and the Second Army. Finally commanded the Seventh Army in Palestine (1917-1918)
*Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, Friedrich Kress von Kressenstein - German commander notably for his actions in the First Battle of Gaza, First, Second Battle of Gaza, Second and Third Battle of Gaza. Later participated in the Caucasus Campaign (1918)
*Mehmet Esat Bülkat, Mehmet Esat Pasha − Commander of the III Corps (Ottoman Empire), III Corps who organized the defenses at Gallipoli. Later became commander of the First Army (Ottoman Empire), First Army (1915-1918)
*Wehib Pasha, Vehib Pasha − Commander of the Second Army (1914–1916), Third Army (Ottoman Empire), Third Army (1916-1918) and finally the Eastern Army Group (Ottoman Empire), Eastern Army Group (1918) in the Caucasus Campaign
*Erich von Falkenhayn - Previously the German Chief of Staff, first commander of the Yildirim Army Group (1917-1918)
*Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz - German Commander of the Sixth Army (Ottoman Empire), Sixth Army in the Mesopotamian campaign (1915–1916)
*Hafiz Hakki Pasha − Commander of the Third Army (Ottoman Empire), Third Army, notably at the Battle of Sarikamish (1915)
*Abdul Kerim Pasha − Commander of the Third Army, notably in the Battle of Kara Killisse (1915), Battle of Kara Killisse and the Erzurum Offensive (1915–1916). Later commander of the XX Corps (Ottoman Empire), XX Corps on the Macedonian front, Salonika front
*Halil Kut, Halil Pasha - Commander of the Sixth Army in the Mesopotamian and Persian campaign (World War I), Persian Campaign (1916-1918). Later commanded the Eastern Army Group (1918)
*Nuri Killigil, Nuri Pasha - Commander of the Africa Groups Command and later the Ottoman-Azerbaijani Islamic Army of the Caucasus, notably in the Battle of Baku (1918)
*Yakup Şevki Subaşı, Yakup Şevki Pasha − Commander of the XV Corps (Ottoman Empire), XV Corps on the Eastern Front (World War I), Eastern Front in Galicia (1916)
*Mustafa Hilmi Pasha − Commander of the VI Corps (Ottoman Empire), VI Corps in the Romania during World War I, Romanian Campaign (1916-1918)
*Jafar al-Askari, Jaafar Pasha - Commander during the Senussi Campaign
*Cevat Çobanlı, Cevat Pasha − Commander of the Dardanelles Fortified Area Command (1914-1915). Later commander of the XV Corps in Galicia (1916-1917)
*Nureddin Pasha − Commander of the Iraq Area Command (Ottoman Empire), Iraq Area Command
*Osman Fuad − Commander of the Africa Groups Command
*Fakhri Pasha − Commander of the Hejaz Expeditionary Force (1916-1919)
*Wilhelm Souchon − German Naval Commander in the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea, notable for launching the Black Sea Raid in 1914

Kingdom of Bulgaria

*Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, Ferdinand I − List of Bulgarian monarchs, Tsar of Bulgaria
*Vasil Radoslavov − List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1913-1918)
*Aleksandar Malinov − Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1918)
*:bg:Калин Найденов, Kalin Naidenov − Ministry of Defence (Bulgaria), Minister of War (1915-1918)
*:bg:Сава Савов, Sava Savov − Minister of War (1918)
*Nikola Zhekov − Commander-in-Chief of the Bulgarian Army (1915-1918)
*Georgi Todorov (general), Georgi Todorov − Commander of the Second Army (Bulgaria), Second Army (1915-1917), Third Army (Bulgaria), Third Army in the Romania during World War I, Romanian Campaign and Deputy Commander-in-Chief after the illness of Nikola Zhekov, 1918
*Konstantin Zhostov − Chief of the Defence (Bulgaria), Chief of the Bulgarian General Staff (1915–1916)
*Ivan Lukov − Chief of the Bulgarian General Staff (1916-1917) and Commander of the Second Army (1917-1918)
*:bg:Христо Бурмов, Hristo Burmov − Chief of the Bulgarian General Staff (1918)
*Kliment Boyadzhiev − Commander of the First Army (Bulgaria), First Army during the Serbian Campaign (1915–1916)
*Dimitar Geshov − Commander of the First Army in several battles on the Macedonian front, Salonika front (1916-1918)
*Stefan Toshev − Commander of the Third Army during the Romanian Campaign (1916) and later became Governor of Macedonia
*Stefan Nerezov − Commander of the Third Army (1916-1917), Morava Army Region in occupied Serbia (1917) and First Army (1918)
*Vladimir Vazov − Bulgarian Lieutenant General notable for his defenses against the British in the Battle of Doiran (1917), Second and Battle of Doiran (1918), Third Battles of Doiran
*Panteley Kiselov − Bulgarian General notable for his role in the decisive Battle of Turtucaia in the Romanian Campaign
*Ivan Kolev (general), Ivan Kolev − Bulgarian Lieutenant General notable for his very effective cavalry tactics used in the Romanian Campaign

Co-belligerents

Sultanate of Darfur

*Ali Dinar − Sultan of Darfur
*Ramadan Ali − Commander-in-Chief of the Fur Army

South African Republic

*Manie Maritz − Boer General and leader of the Maritz rebellion, Maritz Rebellion

Dervish State

*Las Anod#Diiriye Guure, Diiriye Guure − sultan of the Dervish movement (Somali), Dervish State
*Mohammed Abdullah Hassan − emir of the Dervish movement (Somali), Dervish State

Senussi

*Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi − Leader of the Senusiyya, Senussi from 1902-1933

Emirate of Jabal Shammar

*Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid, Saud bin Abdulaziz − Rashidi dynasty, Emir of Jabal Shammar

Client states

Azerbaijan

*Fatali Khan Khoyski − Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1918-1919)
*Khosrov bey Sultanov − Ministry of Defence (Azerbaijan), Minister of Defense
*Ali-Agha Shikhlinski − Azerbaijani General during the Battle of Baku

Iran

*Heydar Latifiyan − Iranian commander during the Battle of RobatKarim

Ukraine

*Pavlo Skoropadskyi − Hetman of all Ukraine, Hetman of Ukraine (1918)

See also

*Allied leaders of World War I
*Puspa Kamal Dahal

Notes

References

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Military leaders of World War I