''Latilactobacillus sakei'' is the type species of the genus ''Latilactobacillus'' that was previously classified in the genus ''
Lactobacillus
''Lactobacillus'' is a genus of Gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. Until 2020, the genus ''Lactobacillus'' comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically div ...
''. It is homofermentative; hexoses are metabolized via
glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose () into pyruvate (). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH ...
to lactic acid as main metabolite; pentoses are fermented via the Phosphoketolase pathway to lactic and acetic acids.
Uses
Antilisterial strains of ''L. sakei'' are used in Europe for the production of
saucisson and can be used for the conservation of fresh meat.
''L. sakei'' strains isolated from traditional
dry sausage have a potential use as
starter culture
A fermentation starter (called simply starter within the corresponding context, sometimes called a mother) is a preparation to assist the beginning of the fermentation process in preparation of various foods and alcoholic drinks. Food groups wh ...
s.
Inhibition of ''
Listeria monocytogenes'' in chicken cold
cuts can be obtained by addition of
sakacin P Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by ''Lactobacillus sakei''. They are often clustered with the other lactic acid bacteriocins. The best known sakacins are sakacin A, G, K, P, and Q. In particular, sakacin A and P have been well characterized.
...
and sakacin P-producing ''Lactobacillus sakei''.
Strain ''2a'' of the subspecies ''L. sakei subsp. sakei'' can also be isolated from meat products.
Research suggests that ''L. sakei'' may play a role in maintaining healthy sinus cavities and preventing sinusitis.
Biochemistry
Bacteriocins production
Sakacins are
bacteriocins of
class II produced by ''L. sakei''.
In strain ''CCUG 42687'', their production is dependent on nutrients, temperature and pH. Using the same strain,
sakacin P Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by ''Lactobacillus sakei''. They are often clustered with the other lactic acid bacteriocins. The best known sakacins are sakacin A, G, K, P, and Q. In particular, sakacin A and P have been well characterized.
...
can be produced in a completely defined medium.
In strain ''CTC 494'', the presence of salt and a curing agent (
sodium chloride
Sodium chloride , commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35. ...
and
sodium nitrite
Sodium nitrite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaNO2. It is a white to slightly yellowish crystalline powder that is very soluble in water and is hygroscopic. From an industrial perspective, it is the most important nitrite ...
) reduces the production of the
antilisterial bacteriocin
sakacin K Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by ''Lactobacillus sakei''. They are often clustered with the other lactic acid bacteriocins. The best known sakacins are sakacin A, G, K, P, and Q. In particular, sakacin A and P have been well characterized.
...
. Growth of CTC 494 is also dependent on nutrients availability.
Lactocin S is a bacteriocin produced by strain ''L45'' of ''Lactobacillus sakei''.
Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Strain ''0–1'' of ''L. sakei'' produces
exopolysaccharides.
Prevention
Eugenol
Eugenol is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, a member of the allylbenzene class of chemical compounds. It is a colorless to pale yellow, aromatic oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, bas ...
is a chemical compound that can be used to reduce the presence of ''L. sakei'' as it disrupts its
cellular membranes.
Genetics
Genetic diversity within ''L. sakei'' has been assessed through the use of specifically designed
PCR primers for detection using
randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, or by multi-locus sequence typing.
Bacteriocin genes
Bacteriocin genes are located either on chromosomes or on plasmids. Strain ''5'' produces a plasmid-encoded bacteriocin that is identical to
sakacin P Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by ''Lactobacillus sakei''. They are often clustered with the other lactic acid bacteriocins. The best known sakacins are sakacin A, G, K, P, and Q. In particular, sakacin A and P have been well characterized.
...
, as well as two chromosomally encoded bacteriocins, which were designated
sakacin T Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by ''Lactobacillus sakei''. They are often clustered with the other lactic acid bacteriocins. The best known sakacins are sakacin A, G, K, P, and Q. In particular, sakacin A and P have been well characterized.
...
and
sakacin X Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by ''Lactobacillus sakei''. They are often clustered with the other lactic acid bacteriocins. The best known sakacins are sakacin A, G, K, P, and Q. In particular, sakacin A and P have been well characterized.
...
.
LasX is a transcriptional regulator of the
lactocin S biosynthetic genes in strain ''L45'' of ''Lactobacillus sakei''.
Other genes
In strain ''LTH677'', a starter organism used in meat fermentation, there is an oxygen-dependent regulation of the expression of the
catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting t ...
gene
katA
''Kata'' is a Japanese word ( 型 or 形) meaning "form". It refers to a detailed choreographed pattern of martial arts movements made to be practised alone. It can also be reviewed within groups and in unison when training. It is practise ...
.
In strain ''LTH681'', the stress operon
dnaK has been characterized in 1999 as a heat shock protein gene.
There is only one gene (
IdhL) responsible for the
lactic fermentation.
Plasmids
A
Theta-type plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; how ...
has been characterized in ''Lactobacillus sakei'' in 2003. It is a potential basis for Low-Copy-Number vectors in lactobacilli.
Vectors for inducible gene expression in ''L. sakei'' can be constructed. The key elements of these vectors are a
regulatable promoter involved in the production of the bacteriocins
sakacin A and
sakacin P Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by ''Lactobacillus sakei''. They are often clustered with the other lactic acid bacteriocins. The best known sakacins are sakacin A, G, K, P, and Q. In particular, sakacin A and P have been well characterized.
...
and the genes encoding the cognate
histidine protein kinase and
response regulator that are necessary to activate this promoter upon induction by a peptide pheromone.
Genome
The genome of the meat-borne lactic acid bacterium ''Lactobacillus sakei 23K'' has been published in 2005.
It is composed of 1884661 nucleotides forming 1879 protein genes and 84 RNA genes.
''Lactobacillus sakei'' genome on KEGG at www.genome.jp
/ref>
References
External links
''Lactobacillus sakei'' on microbewiki.kenyon.eduType strain of ''Lactobacillus sakei'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3825347
Lactobacillaceae
Bacteria described in 1934