July 1965
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The following events occurred in July 1965:


July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
, 1965 (Thursday)

*
Continental Airlines Flight 12 On July 1, 1965 Continental Airlines Flight 12 overran the runway while attempting to land at Kansas City Municipal Airport. No one was killed or seriously injured, but the accident forced discussions about runway safety in Kansas City and r ...
, a Boeing 707-124 with 66 people on board, overran the runway while landing at
Kansas City Municipal Airport Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport serving Kansas City, Missouri. Located in Clay County, this facility is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems, which categorized it as a general aviat ...
in
Kansas City, Missouri Kansas City (abbreviated KC or KCMO) is the largest city in Missouri by population and area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 508,090 in 2020, making it the 36th most-populous city in the United States. It is the central ...
, and broke into three pieces. Coming in during a heavy rain, the plane "hit a pool of water and slid through a fence and across a Missouri River dike", crashing "at almost the same spot" as Continental Flight 290 on January 29, 1963. There were no fatalities. * Australia began training its first draftees for the Vietnam War, bringing up the first of 63,790 conscripts who would have two years full-time service in the
Australian Regular Army The Australian Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (Austral ...
, followed by further service in the army reserves. In all, 804,286 young men who were 20 years old at the time that the draft reactivated, or turned 20 during the Vietnam era, registered for National Service. *The People's Republic of China established its Strategic Missile Force, the ''Dier Paobing'' (which simply meant the "Second Artillery"). "Despite its small number of personnel (about 4 percent of the PLA total)," an author has noted, "the SMF has always been allocated the highest percentage of military outlays in the PLA," with 20% of the
People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five service branches: the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, ...
budget. *The U.S. Army combined the
11th Air Assault Division (Test) The 1st Cavalry Division ("First Team") is a combined arms division and is one of the most decorated combat divisions of the United States Army. It is based at Fort Hood, Texas. It was formed in 1921 and served during World War II, the Korea ...
with the 2nd Infantry Division to form the
1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...
, a unique division that included three
airborne Airborne or Airborn may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Airborne'' (1962 film), a 1962 American film directed by James Landis * ''Airborne'' (1993 film), a comedy–drama film * ''Airborne'' (1998 film), an action film sta ...
-qualified battalions and several battalions of helicopters which were integral to its combat elements, allowing it to engage in helicopter assault operations in Vietnam. * NASA announced that Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, Jr., had been selected as the prime flight crew for
Gemini 7 Gemini 7 (officially Gemini VII) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations. was a 1965 crewed spaceflight in NASA's Gemini program. It was the fourth crewed Gemini flight, the twelfth crewed American spacefli ...
. The backup crew for the flight, which would last up to 14 days, would be Edward H. White II and
Michael Collins Michael Collins or Mike Collins most commonly refers to: * Michael Collins (Irish leader) (1890–1922), Irish revolutionary leader, soldier, and politician * Michael Collins (astronaut) (1930–2021), American astronaut, member of Apollo 11 and Ge ...
. *Born: ** Carl Fogarty, British motorcycle racer and winner of the Superbike World Championship in 1994, 1995, 1998 and 1999; in Blackburn, Lancashire **
Tito Beltrán Ernesto Beltrán Aguilar better known as Tito Beltrán (born 1 July 1965), is a Chilean-Swedish tenor. In October 2008, an appellate court in Sweden sentenced Beltrán to 2.5 years in prison for rape and sexual molestation of an underage child. Be ...
, Chilean opera singer; in Punta Arenas ** Harald Zwart, Dutch-born Norwegian film director *Died: ** Wally Hammond, 62, English international cricketer and captain of the national team from 1938 to 1947 **
Robert Ruark Robert Ruark (December 29, 1915 in Wilmington, North Carolina – July 1, 1965 in London, England) was an American author, syndicated columnist, and big game hunter. Early life Born Robert Chester Ruark, Jr., to Charlotte A. Ruark and Rober ...
, 50, American journalist and syndicated newspaper columnist


July 2, 1965 (Friday)

*The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was formed in the United States as Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and United States labor law, labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on Race (human categorization), race, Person of color, color, religion, sex, and nationa ...
went into effect. The new law prohibited workplace discrimination and the EEOC was authorized to investigate any allegations of discrimination based on race, skin color, religion, sex, or national origin, and initially applied to any companies that had 100 or more employees.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (August 17, 1914 – August 17, 1988) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman. He served as a United States congressman from New York from 1949 to 1955 and in 1963 was appointed United States Under Secre ...
, son of the 32nd president of the United States, served as the first EEOC commissioner. *The
Tunnel Railway The Tunnel Railway (also known as the Ramsgate Cliff Railway, the Ramsgate Tunnel Railway, the Ramsgate Underground Railway and the World Scenic Railway) was a Narrow gauge railway, narrow-gauge underground railway in Ramsgate, Kent, England. ...
had been a tourist attraction in
Ramsgate Ramsgate is a seaside resort, seaside town in the district of Thanet District, Thanet in east Kent, England. It was one of the great English seaside towns of the 19th century. In 2001 it had a population of about 40,000. In 2011, according to t ...
, England, traveling through one of the famed white cliffs on England's west coast, but suffered a catastrophic accident that would lead to its permanent closure, derailing and smashing into a building. As a result, the owners decided to close down the attraction on September 26 at the end of the season, and it would never reopen. *Because of an administrative error, U.S. criminal Richard Speck was released from prison in Huntsville, Texas, after serving only six months of a 16-month sentence for attempted rape. A little more than a year later, Speck would murder eight nurses in Chicago. *In the Wimbledon Men's Singles final, Roy Emerson defeated Fred Stolle in straight sets, 6–2, 6–4, 6–4.


July 3, 1965 (Saturday)

*Soviet Communist Party Chief Leonid Brezhnev said that the USSR had "orbital missiles", implying that his nation could put nuclear missiles into orbit around the Earth and bring them down, on command, to any location on Earth. The possible existence of missiles in orbit had been referred to at least twice by Soviet media, but it marked the first time that the Soviet Union's leader had suggested their existence. Brezhnev's comments came in an address to graduates of the Voroshilov Military Academy. "It is hardly necessary to give concrete examples of the quantity of intercontinental and orbital rockets at the disposal of the Soviet Union," Brezhnev said. "I can only say one thing. There are enough, quite enough, of them so that once and forever, we can put an end to any aggressor or any group of aggressors." *On the same day, two different recordings of the song " All I Really Want to Do" entered the Billboard Hot 100 list of best-selling songs in the United States, published by ''
Billboard A billboard (also called a hoarding in the UK and many other parts of the world) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertise ...
'' magazine. The version by
Cher Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality. Often referred to by the media as the Honorific nicknames in popular music, "Goddess of Pop", she has been described as embodying female ...
, her first single without Sonny Bono, would eventually climb to #15 on the chart, while a shorter recording by The Byrds, who had previously hit #1 with "
Mr. Tambourine Man "Mr. Tambourine Man" is a song written by Bob Dylan, released as the first track of the acoustic side of his March 1965 album '' Bringing It All Back Home''. The song's popularity led to Dylan recording it live many times, and it has been includ ...
", would reach no higher than #40. * The Football Association, the governing body for all professional soccer football in England, changed its rules to allow teams to substitute players during a game. Previously, when a player was injured, no replacement was allowed. Initially, a team could make only one substitution during the duration of the game, which would be raised to two in 1986 and three in the 1990s. * Mao Zedong, chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, issued a directive to change educational policy in the People's Republic, commenting that "The burdens of students are too heavy, thus affecting their health, making even study useless," and suggested that school activities should be cut by one-third. *"
The Meddling Monk ''The Time Meddler'' is the ninth and final Serial (radio and television), serial of the Doctor Who (season 2), second season of the British science fiction television series ''Doctor Who''. Written by Dennis Spooner and directed by Douglas Cam ...
" became the first Time Lord (other than the
First Doctor The First Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series ''Doctor Who''. He was portrayed by actor William Hartnell. Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time L ...
and
Susan Susan is a feminine given name, from Persian "Susan" (lily flower), from Egyptian '' sšn'' and Coptic ''shoshen'' meaning "lotus flower", from Hebrew ''Shoshana'' meaning "lily" (in modern Hebrew this also means "rose" and a flower in general), ...
) to make an appearance in the British sci-fi serial, ''
Doctor Who ''Doctor Who'' is a British science fiction television series broadcast by the BBC since 1963. The series depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called the Doctor, an extraterrestrial being who appears to be human. The Doctor explores the u ...
''. *Born: ** Tommy Flanagan, Scottish actor known for his role as Filip "Chibs" Telford in the FX crime drama television series ''
Sons of Anarchy ''Sons of Anarchy'' is an American action crime drama television series created by Kurt Sutter for FX. Originally aired from September 3, 2008 to December 9, 2014, ''Sons of Anarchy'' follows the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club ope ...
'' and its spin-off ''
Mayans M.C. ''Mayans M.C.'' (also known simply as ''Mayans'') is an American crime drama television series created by Kurt Sutter and Elgin James, that premiered on September 4, 2018, on FX. The show takes place in the same fictional universe as '' Sons of ...
''; in
Easterhouse Easterhouse is a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland, east of the city centre on land gained from the county of Lanarkshire as part of an expansion of Glasgow before the Second World War. The area is on high ground north of the River Clyde and south ...
, Glasgow, Scotland ** Shinya Hashimoto, Japanese professional wrestler; in Toki City (died from brain aneurysm, 2005) ** Connie Nielsen, Danish actress; in Frederikshavn *Died:
Trigger Trigger may refer to: Notable animals and people ;Mononym * Trigger (horse), owned by cowboy star Roy Rogers ;Nickname * Trigger Alpert (1916–2013), American jazz bassist * "Trigger Mike" Coppola (1900–1966), American gangster ;Surname * Bru ...
, 30, the horse owned by Roy Rogers and featured in 87 of Rogers's films and television series episodes. After his death, Rogers employed the service of a taxidermist to preserve Trigger's remains, which can still be seen at the Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Museum in Victorville, California.


July 4, 1965 (Sunday)

*At a desk placed in front of the base of the
Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty (''Liberty Enlightening the World''; French: ''La Liberté éclairant le monde'') is a List of colossal sculpture in situ, colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the U ...
, U.S. President
Lyndon Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice ...
signed the
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart–Celler Act and more recently as the 1965 Immigration Act, is a federal law passed by the 89th United States Congress and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The l ...
into law, abolishing the Emergency Quota Act that had been in place since 1921. The Hart–Cellar Act limited immigration to 170,000 persons per year, but based the number of people from each country on the nations' populations. "The changes that resulted from this renewed migration pattern," a historian would write later, "created fresh images in the cultural and religious landscape that many Americans were not used to encountering. Hindu temples, once only encountered in India, were more routinely seen in U.S. cities. Islam, which had established a strong presence among the African American community, was now also widely practiced by burgeoning immigrant populations in both Shi'a and Sunni expressions of faith." * Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a memorable sermon entitled "The American Dream" at
Ebenezer Baptist Church Ebenezer Baptist Church is a Baptist church located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention and American Baptist Churches USA. It was the church where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was co-past ...
in Atlanta. Following up on his famous "
I Have a Dream "I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister, Martin Luther King Jr., during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. In the speech, King called ...
" speech in the March on Washington in 1963, King said, "So yes, the dream has been shattered, and I have had my nightmarish experiences, but I tell you this morning once more that I haven't lost the faith. I still have a dream..." *In the earliest LGBT demonstrations in the United States, the first Annual Reminder took place at Independence Hall in Philadelphia when a group of homosexuals picketed in front of the hall for equal rights. The last Annual Reminder would take place at the same location on July 4, 1969, a week after the
Stonewall riots The Stonewall riots (also known as the Stonewall uprising, Stonewall rebellion, or simply Stonewall) were a series of spontaneous protests by members of the gay community in response to a police raid that began in the early morning hours of Ju ...
. *The A-6 Intruder attack plane was sent into the Vietnam War for the first time, as several Intruders were launched from the USS ''Independence'' on a combat mission. *Born:
Constanze Moser-Scandolo Constanze Moser-Scandolo (born 4 July 1965) is a former World Champion speed skater who competed for East Germany. Short biography Born as Constanze Scandolo in Weimar, East Germany, she started skating at the ''SC Turbine Erfurt'' skating clu ...
, East German Olympic speed skater; in Weimar *Died: **
Edward Sackville-West Edward Charles Sackville-West, 5th Baron Sackville (13 November 1901 – 4 July 1965) was a British music critic, novelist and, in his last years, a member of the House of Lords. Musically gifted as a boy, he was attracted as a young man to a lit ...
, 63, British music critic, novelist and member of the House of Lords as Baron Sackville ** Lisa Howard, 35, pioneering American television journalist, committed suicide with an overdose of
barbiturates Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. They are effective when used medically as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as ...


July 5, 1965 (Monday)

* Leabua Jonathan became the new Prime Minister of Basutoland (which would become independent from Britain the following year as the Kingdom of
Lesotho Lesotho ( ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked country, landlocked as an Enclave and exclave, enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the Thabana Ntlenyana, highest mountains in Sou ...
), after being selected by the colonial parliament to succeed Sekhonyana Maseribane. Jonathan would control the southern African nation for the next 20 years, until being deposed in a coup d'état in 1986. *
Maria Callas Maria Callas . (born Sophie Cecilia Kalos; December 2, 1923 – September 16, 1977) was an American-born Greek soprano who was one of the most renowned and influential opera singers of the 20th century. Many critics praised her ''bel cant ...
gave her final operatic performance, as '' Tosca'' at the Royal Opera House,
Covent Garden Covent Garden is a district in London, on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the central square, now a popular shopping and tourist si ...
. *Died: ** Porfirio Rubirosa, 56, Dominican millionaire, race car driver, polo player, and international playboy, was killed in an auto accident in Paris after he lost control of his Ferrari 250 while speeding through the Bois de Boulogne park at about 8:30 in the morning. As he raced down the Avenue de la Reine Maruguerite, he struck a parked car "whose driver had pulled over to the curb to read a morning paper", then skidded more than and crashed into a tree. The day before, Rubirosa and his three teammates had won the Coupe de France
polo Polo is a ball game played on horseback, a traditional field sport and one of the world's oldest known team sports. The game is played by two opposing teams with the objective of scoring using a long-handled wooden mallet to hit a small hard ...
tournament, and Rubirosa had partied through the night at Jimmy's, a Parisian nightclub. **
Coley McDonough Coleman Regis "Coley" McDonough (October 10, 1915July 5, 1965) was a professional American football quarterback in the National Football League. He played four seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Chicago Cardinals. Formative years A nat ...
, 49, a former National Football League quarterback who had been serving as a patrolman for the
Pittsburgh Bureau of Police The Pittsburgh Police (PBP), officially the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police, is the largest law enforcement agency in Western Pennsylvania and the third largest in Pennsylvania. The modern force of salaried and professional officers was founded in ...
, was shot and killed in the line of duty. McDonough had played for the Steelers from 1939 to 1941.


July 6, 1965 (Tuesday)

*The United States Senate voted 68 to 5 to approve the proposed Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, clearing the way for the change in presidential succession to be sent to the states for ratification. The amendment also made provisions to fill a vacancy in the office of the
U.S. Vice President The vice president of the United States (VPOTUS) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice pr ...
and created a procedure for the vice president to serve as acting president if the president were to become disabled. The
U.S. House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...
had already approved the amendment. Voting against the measure were Senators
Albert Gore Sr. Albert Arnold Gore (December 26, 1907 – December 5, 1998) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1953 to 1971. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a U.S. Representative fr ...
of Tennessee (whose
son A son is a male offspring; a boy or a man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter. From a biological perspective, a son constitutes a first degree relative. Social issues In pre-industrial societies and some current c ...
would serve as vice president from 1993 to 2001),
Walter F. Mondale Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. A U.S. senator from Minnesota ...
of Minnesota (who would be vice president from 1977 to 1981), Frank Lausche of Ohio,
Eugene McCarthy Eugene Joseph McCarthy (March 29, 1916December 10, 2005) was an American politician, writer, and academic from Minnesota. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the United States Senate from 1959 to 1971. ...
of Minnesota, and John Tower of Texas. *The
House of Commons of the United Kingdom The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 me ...
voted against the Labour Party government of Prime Minister
Harold Wilson James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from October 1964 to June 1970, and again from March 1974 to April 1976. He ...
on three different attempts at passing the Finance Bill, and MP Edward Heath called upon Wilson and his government to resign so that new elections could be held. On the first vote concerning a limit on investment tax rates, the measure failed 166–180; an amendment proposal failed 167–180, and a motion to adjourn the debate failed by the same measure. *All 41 Royal Air Force servicemen on a Hastings C1A airplane were killed when the aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff from RAF Abingdon. The Hastings was making its climb when metal fatigue caused two bolts to fail on the craft's elevator and sent it climbing steeply until it stalled and went out of control. The plane was transporting paratroopers of the No. 36 Squadron for a drop over Weston-on-the-Green. *The
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( rus, Совет министров СССР, r=Sovet Ministrov SSSR, p=sɐˈvʲet mʲɪˈnʲistrəf ɛsɛsɛˈsɛr; sometimes abbreviated to ''Sovmin'' or referred to as the '' ...
approved sending 2,500 Soviet Army instructors to North Vietnam, not to fight in combat, but to train North Vietnamese troops on how to use
surface-to-air missile A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft syst ...
s against American airplanes. During the course of the war, between 10,000 and 12,000 Soviet advisers would see service in the Vietnam War.


July 7, 1965 (Wednesday)

* Saudi Arabia and Kuwait agreed to partition the " Neutral Zone", a diamond shaped piece of land of about 2,200 square miles or 5,800 square kilometers along the Persian Gulf that had been created by agreement on December 2, 1922. In 1938, oil had been discovered in Kuwait outside of the Zone, and both kingdoms wanted to drill within its boundaries. The two governments agreed to divide the zone along a straight east-west line "close to latitude 28°32' N". * McDonnell Aircraft completed its 1,000th
F-4 Phantom II The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II is an American tandem two-seat, twin-engine, all-weather, long-range supersonic jet interceptor and fighter-bomber originally developed by McDonnell Aircraft for the United States Navy.Swanborough and Bow ...
. *Died: ** Moshe Sharett, 70, Ukrainian-born politician who served as the second Prime Minister of Israel (1954–1955) ** Ronald Zinn, 26, American Olympic race walker, was killed in action in the Vietnam War.


July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...
, 1965 (Thursday)

* Ronnie Biggs escaped from the maximum security
Wandsworth Prison HM Prison Wandsworth is a Prison security categories in the United Kingdom, Category B men's prison at Wandsworth in the London Borough of Wandsworth, South West (London sub region), South West London, England. It is operated by His Majesty's Pri ...
in London, where he was serving a 30-year prison sentence for the August 8, 1963 robbery of the Royal Mail Express train. Making their move at 3:05 in the afternoon, he and three other inmates fought off guards, climbed over the high wall of the prison's exercise yard using rope ladders, dropped onto the roof of a furniture truck parked outside the prison while an accomplice held the warden hostage, and then made their way to three waiting cars that left in different directions. Biggs would remain free for almost 46 years, living in Brazil from 1970 onward, before finally returning to the United Kingdom on May 7, 2001 to turn himself over to authorities. Returned to prison, he would serve eight years and be released on August 7, 2009. Biggs would pass away on December 18, 2013, at the age of 84, a little more than 50 years after the robbery. *A bomb exploded in a rear lavatory aboard Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 21 in mid-air over British Columbia, blowing the tail section off. The aircraft crashed, killing all 52 people on board. The plane, a four-engine
Douglas DC-6B The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, it was reworked after the war to compete with ...
, had taken off from Vancouver en route to Whitehorse, the capital of the then- Yukon Territory, with three scheduled stops. The plane was at and was flying over thick forests in British Columbia when pilot John Steele radioed a
mayday Mayday is an emergency procedure word used internationally as a distress signal in voice-procedure radio communications. It is used to signal a life-threatening emergency primarily by aviators and mariners, but in some countries local organiza ...
call at 4:55 p.m., and apparently "dropped straight to the ground" about southwest of the town of
100 Mile House 100 Mile House is a district municipality located in the South Cariboo region of central British Columbia, Canada. History 100 Mile House was originally known as Bridge Creek House, named after the creek running through the area. Its origins ...
. No suspect would ever be charged for the bombing. *The
Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States The Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States is a multilateral treaty that addresses international rules allowing for land-locked countries to transport goods to and from seaports. The convention imposes obligations on both land-locked s ...
was signed in the United Nations. Under its terms, any signatory nation that had a sea coast was obligated to allow any neighboring landlocked country the right to cross its territory. As of 2012, only 22 coastal nations had signed the convention, "some of which do not even border a landlocked country", along with 18 landlocked nations. * Jim Morrison ran into former UCLA classmate
Ray Manzarek Raymond Daniel Manzarek Jr. (né Manczarek; February 12, 1939 – May 20, 2013) was an American keyboardist. He is best known as a member of the Doors, co-founding the band with singer and lyricist Jim Morrison in 1965. Manzarek was induct ...
in Venice Beach, California, at approximately 1:00 p.m. local time. After hearing some of Morrison's songs, Manzarek agreed to form The Doors with him. *The Vietnam Service Medal was established by Executive Order 11231 for all members of the armed services who served in the Vietnam War. * Bill Moyers became acting White House press secretary as
George Reedy George Edward Reedy (August 5, 1917 – March 21, 1999) was the tenth White House Press Secretary, and served under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1964 to 1965. Life and career Born in East Chicago, Indiana, Reedy attended Senn High School in ...
took an indefinite leave of absence for surgery. *Died: **
Gunamudian David Boaz Gunamudian David Boaz (31 March 1908 – 8 July 1965) was the first Indian psychologist. He received his PhD from The University of Oxford in 1935, and graduated from Scott Christian College. The department of Psychology was instituted at t ...
, 57, who became the first Indian psychologist after receiving his Ph.D. from Oxford University in 1943 ** Paul Mantz, 61, American air racer and stunt pilot, was killed in a plane crash during filming of '' The Flight of the Phoenix'' ** T. S. Stribling, 84,
Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...
-winning American novelist **
Emil Heitz Emil Heitz (born 19 October 1892 in Strasbourg, then part of the German Empire - died 8 July 1965 in Lugano, Switzerland) was a German-Swiss botanist and geneticist. In 1928, Heitz detected differences along chromosomes that correlated with linear ...
, 72, German-born Swiss geneticist


July 9 Events Pre-1600 *118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
, 1965 (Friday)

*The flashcube was introduced by the American camera manufacturer Kodak at its factory in Rochester, New York, as an accessory that would allow flash photography on its small Instamatic cameras for indoor picture taking. Developed in conjunction with
Sylvania Electric Products Sylvania Electric Products Inc. was an American manufacturer of diverse electrical equipment, including at various times radio transceivers, vacuum tubes, semiconductors, and mainframe computers such as MOBIDIC. They were one of the companies in ...
, the disposable flashcube allowed an amateur photographer to take four flash images in rapid succession without having to change the bulb. *The United States Senate approved its version of the Medicare Act by a vote of 68–21, after the House of Representatives had passed a different version in April, 313–115. Both houses would approve a House–Senate conference revision at the end of the month, and the federal health care legislation would be signed into law by President Johnson. *The release of the Tamil musical film '' Aayirathil Oruvan'' marked the end of the composing partnership between
T. K. Ramamoorthy Trichirappalli Krishnasamy Ramamoorthy (15 May 1922 – 17 April 2013) was an Indian Tamil music composer and violinist. Ramamoorthy was known as ''Mellisai Mannar'' ( ta, மெல்லிசை மன்னர்; "The King of Light Music") ...
and
M. S. Viswanathan Manayangath Subramanian Viswanathan (24 June 1928 – 14 July 2015), also known as M.S.V., was an Indian music director, singer and actor who predominantly worked in Tamil film industry. He was popularly known as ''Mellisai Mannar''. He compose ...
. *The U.S. House of Representatives would vote 333 to 85 to pass the
Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement ...
after the U.S. Senate had approved a similar measure. * Pope Paul VI appointed Adolph Marx the first Roman Catholic bishop of the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville ( la, Dioecesis Brownsvillensis, es, Diócesis de Brownsville) is a Latin Church suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, in Texas, USA. The ...
, in
Brownsville, Texas Brownsville () is a city in Cameron County in the U.S. state of Texas. It is on the western Gulf Coast in South Texas, adjacent to the border with Matamoros, Mexico. The city covers , and has a population of 186,738 as of the 2020 census. It ...
. *Mass demonstrations in Guayaquil, Ecuador led to days of violent conflict with police and military. *Born:
Luis Pereyra Luis Pereyra (born 9 July 1965) is a dancer and choreographer of Tango Argentino and Argentinian folk dances. Life Luis Pereyra was born to a humble working-class family, in the province of Santiago del Estero. At the age of five he danced in ...
, Argentine tango dancer and choreographer; in
Santiago del Estero Santiago del Estero (, Spanish for ''Saint-James-Upon-The-Lagoon'') is the capital of Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina. It has a population of 252,192 inhabitants, () making it the twelfth largest city in the country, with a surf ...
*Died: L. H. Gray, 59, English physicist and inventor of the field of radiobiology, died after having a stroke. The "gray", a measure of absorbed radiation dose equivalent to one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter, was named in his honor by creators of the
International System of Units The International System of Units, known by the international abbreviation SI in all languages and sometimes pleonastically as the SI system, is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement. E ...
.


July 10, 1965 (Saturday)

*
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury The United States secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, and is the chief financial officer of the federal government of the United States. The secretary of the treasury serves as the principal a ...
Henry H. Fowler announced a change in American monetary policy in an address at Hot Springs, Virginia, titled "A Strong, Stable Dollar". Economist John S. Odell would comment later that "Fowler's speech stunned the international financial world" in that he said that the United States was ready to participate in a world monetary conference for the purpose of reforming current arrangements to provide international liquidity; "This reversal of American policy was, in retrospect", Odell would write, "one of the most significant shifts of the last two decades. It ushered in a lengthy multilateral negotiating process" that would, in 1969, create the Special Drawing Rights on the International Monetary Fund, "creating a new synthetic international reserve asset" to rival the American dollar. *Ten years into the First Sudanese Civil War between Muslims in the north and Christians in the south, Muslim Sudanese troops retaliated for an unsuccessful raid by the Anya Nya separatists on the Sudanese Army headquarters in Juba (now the capital of South Sudan). Over the next two days, according to official government figures from the Sudanese government in Khartoum, 1,018 civilians died after their neighborhoods were cordoned off and set on fire. *Two F-4C Phantom II fighters of the
45th Tactical Fighter Squadron The 45th Fighter Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve unit. It is assigned to the Air Force Reserve Command's (AFRC) 924th Fighter Group and stationed at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. The squadron currently flies the Fairc ...
shot down two MiG-17 fighters over North Vietnam, scoring the first U.S. Air Force aerial victories of the Vietnam War. *Born: Alexia Morales, first child of King Constantine II of Greece and his wife,
Queen Anne-Marie Anne-Marie, ( el, Άννα-Μαρία ; born 30 August 1946) is a Greek and Danish royal who was the last Queen of Greece from 1964 to 1973 as the wife of King Constantine II. The Greek monarchy was abolished with the 1974 Greek Republic Ref ...
; in Mon Repos, Corfu. Until the birth of her brother in 1967, Alexia (the niece of the future Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and the future King
Juan Carlos I Juan Carlos I (;, * ca, Joan Carles I, * gl, Xoán Carlos I, Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family who reigned as King of Spain from 22 Novem ...
of Spain) would be the heir presumptive to the Greek throne. The monarchy would be abolished in 1974. *Died:
Jacques Audiberti Jacques Séraphin Marie Audiberti (March 25, 1899 – July 10, 1965) was a French playwright, poet and novelist and exponent of the Theatre of the Absurd. Audiberti was born in Antibes, France, the son of Louis Audiberti, a master mason, and hi ...
, 66, French playwright


July 11, 1965 (Sunday)

*All 52 people on board a
Skyways Coach-Air Skyways Coach-Air Limited was the world's first low-cost airline. Skyways launched the first commercial coach-air operation in late-September 1955, involving a coach trip from Central London to Lympne, a cross-Channel Lympne—Beauvais air secto ...
(including a baby) survived its crash after the HS 748 turboprop landed heavily on a grass runway at Lympne Airport, Kent, England, dug in its nose wheel, overturned three times, broke in two and ended up upside down. Three people were hospitalized with only minor injuries. The plane was returning across the English Channel from
Beauvais Beauvais ( , ; pcd, Bieuvais) is a city and commune in northern France, and prefecture of the Oise département, in the Hauts-de-France region, north of Paris. The commune of Beauvais had a population of 56,020 , making it the most populous ...
in France in a heavy rain, and a Ministry of Aviation official commented the next day that "it was a miracle that the aircraft did not catch fire and explode". All three of the crew and the 48 passengers were strapped in their seats and facing head down. Captain Jeff Smith and stewardess Ann Playfoot freed the passengers and rushed them through emergency exits. Playfoot would comment afterward, "When I first saw everyone with their heads hanging upside down, it could have looked so comical if it hadn't been so serious." *President Johnson ordered the
Federal Bureau of Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, t ...
to remove all illegal wiretaps that the FBI had placed to conduct surveillance of organized crime figures, "not just shutting off the tape recorders, but physically removing every bug the special agents had installed". " e removal order placed the G-men in great peril," an historian would note later, "as they once again had to surreptitiously enter the mob hangouts and pull out the sources of their hard-won intelligence." *People attending a wedding in the South Sudanese city of Wau were killed by Sudanese government troops, who surrounded the cathedral where the ceremonies were taking place. After allowing four soldiers in the wedding party to leave, the troops fired on civilians as they departed, killing 75 of them. *One year after the East African republics of
Tanganyika Tanganyika may refer to: Places * Tanganyika Territory (1916–1961), a former British territory which preceded the sovereign state * Tanganyika (1961–1964), a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania * Tanzania Main ...
and Zanzibar had merged to form Tanzania, the government proumulgated the new nation's first Constitution and eliminated all political parties except for the Tanganyika African National Union (
TANU Tanu may refer to: People * Malietoa Tanumafili I (1879–1939), Samoan prince * Tanu Nona (1902–1980), Australian pearler and politician * Tanu Roy (born 1980), Indian actress and model * Tanu (born 1997), a Finnish/Assyrian rapper Places * Ta ...
) and Zanzibar's
Afro-Shirazi Party The Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) was a Marxist-Leninist, African nationalist Zanzibari political party formed between the mostly Shirazi Shiraz Party and the mostly African Afro Party. In the 1963 Zanzibari general election, the ASP claimed 1 ...
. *A U.S. Air Force 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing
EC-121H Warning Star The Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star was an American airborne early warning and control radar surveillance aircraft operational in the 1950s in both the United States Navy (USN) and United States Air Force (USAF). The military version of the L ...
crashed "Crashed" is the third U.S. rock single, (the fifth overall), from the band Daughtry's debut album. It was released only to U.S. rock stations on September 5, 2007. Upon its release the song got adds at those stations, along with some Alternativ ...
in the Atlantic Ocean off
Nantucket Nantucket () is an island about south from Cape Cod. Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, it constitutes the Town and County of Nantucket, a combined county/town government that is part of the U.S. state of Massachuse ...
, Massachusetts, killing 16 of the 19-man crew. The three survivors were located after daybreak after spending hours staying afloat in chilly water wearing life jackets. *Born: Ernesto Hoost, Dutch
kickboxer Kickboxing is a combat sport focused on kicking and punching. The combat takes place in a boxing ring, normally with boxing gloves, mouthguards, shorts, and bare feet to favour the use of kicks. Kickboxing is practiced for self-defense, general ...
and four-time world champion; in Heemskerk


July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...
, 1965 (Monday)

*The issuance of Circular 10/65 by the United Kingdom's Department of Education and Science transformed the state education system in England and Wales, an event that journalist
Stephen Pollard Stephen Pollard (born 18 December 1964) is a British author and journalist. From 2008 until December 2021, he was the editor of ''The Jewish Chronicle'' and remains a senior advisor and writer on the paper. Early life Pollard had what he calls ...
listed as one of the "Ten Days that Changed the Nation". The new " Comprehensive System" replaced the " Tripartite System" of
selective schools A selective school is a school that admits students on the basis of some sort of selection criteria, usually academic. The term may have different connotations in different systems and is the opposite of a comprehensive school, which accepts all s ...
where students were tested and placed according to measurements of their abilities. After describing a resolution passed in the House of Commons of "the need to raise educational standards at all levels" and the opinion that "the realisation of this objective is impeded by the separation of children into different types of secondary schools", the Circular declared that "The Secretary of State accordingly requests local educational authorities, if they have not already done so, to prepare and submit to him plans for reorganising secondary education in their areas on comprehensive lines," although the submission of plans was not optional. *In the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the First Congress of Micronesia took place, with representatives from the Marshall Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau and the islands of Chuuk,
Ponape Ponape may refer to: * Pohnpei, an island in the Federated States of Micronesia * ''Ponape'' (barque), a German sailing ship {{disambiguation ...
, and Yap. The first order of business was to adopt an official flag of Micronesia. The Congress would eventually draft a constitution for the Federated States of Micronesia, although the Marshalls, the Northern Marianas and Palau would separate from the FSM to become their own independent nations. * NASA Headquarters Gemini Program Office informed Manned Spacecraft Center that it had decided to delete extravehicular activity from Gemini missions 5, 6, and 7. *Born:
Sanjay Manjrekar Sanjay Vijay Manjrekar (born 12 July 1965) is an Indian cricket commentator and former cricketer. He played international cricket for India from 1987 until 1996 as a right-handed middle order batsman. Domestic career Manjrekar was born in Mang ...
, Indian international cricketer; in Mangalore, Karnataka state


July 13, 1965 (Tuesday)

*A U.S. Navy sailor on the aircraft carrier USS ''Shangri-La'' accidentally jettisoned of
bunker oil Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum (crude oil). Such oils include distillates (the lighter fractions) and residues (the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil, marine fuel oil (MFO), bun ...
, described as "the thickest, heaviest, most molasses-like of all petroleum fuels", into the Mediterranean Sea along the a stretch of tourist beaches at the
French Riviera The French Riviera (known in French as the ; oc, Còsta d'Azur ; literal translation " Azure Coast") is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France. There is no official boundary, but it is usually considered to extend fro ...
, polluting the sand along a stretch that ran from Cannes to
La Napoule Mandelieu-la-Napoule (; oc, Mandaluec la Napola; locally spelled Mandelieu-La Napoule) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. Located on the French Riviera, just to the so ...
in France. After "irate hotel keepers, cafe owners, and tourists" sent angry messages to commanders of the U.S. Sixth Fleet, the captain of the ''Shangri-La'' commenced a massive cleanup operation, sending hundreds of sailors to shovel the black sand into barrels and hauling it away, bringing in of new sand, and spraying chemicals on the sea to send the oil to the bottom. The beach was reopened at the end of the day. *U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Isaac Camancho arrived in
South Vietnam South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam ( vi, Việt Nam Cộng hòa), was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of th ...
, after becoming the first American prisoner of war to successfully escape from a Viet Cong prison camp. Four days earlier, Camancho had managed to pry loose a bar on a bamboo cage where he had been kept at night, after having been captured 19 months earlier on November 24, 1963. *The U.S. House of Representatives voted 265–103 to require a warning label on all packages of cigarettes sold in the United States on or after January 1, 1966, with the text "Caution: Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health." The measure had previously passed the U.S. Senate. President Johnson would sign the bill into law on July 27. *Leonard H. Marks was named director of the United States Information Agency.


July 14, 1965 (Wednesday)

*The U.S. House of Representatives voted 255–151 to eliminate silver from American quarters and dimes, and to reduce the amount of silver in the half dollar from 90 percent to 40 percent. All future 10-cent and 25-cent coins would consist of 75% copper in the middle, and 12.5% nickel for the obverse and reverse sides of the coins. The vote was split along regional lines, opposed by Congressmen from the western United States that had silver mines, and supported by those from the New England states, where manufacturers of tableware, jewelry, electronics, and photographic supplies had been affected by the increasing shortage of silver. *The Tour de France was won by
Felice Gimondi Felice Gimondi (; 29 September 1942 – 16 August 2019) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. With his 1968 victory at the Vuelta a España, only three years after becoming a professional cyclist, Gimondi, nicknamed "The Phoenix", was the ...
of Italy. For the first time in the Tour's history, it started in Germany. In second place, 2 minutes and 40 seconds behind Gimondi, was
Raymond Poulidor Raymond Poulidor (; 15 April 1936 – 13 November 2019), nicknamed "Pou-Pou" (), was a French professional racing cyclist, who rode for his entire career. His distinguished career coincided with two other outstanding riders – Jacques Anquet ...
of France, who would finish in second place twice, and third place five times, but would never win the Tour de France in 14 attempts. *Australian athlete
Ron Clarke Ronald William Clarke, AO, MBE (21 February 1937 – 17 June 2015) was an Australian athlete, writer, and the Mayor of the Gold Coast from 2004 to 2012. He was one of the best-known middle- and long-distance runners in the 1960s, notable for ...
broke the world record for the 10,000 meter race, becoming the first person to run the distance in less than 28 minutes and finishing the 10K at the Bislet Stadium in Oslo at 27 minutes, 39.4 seconds. *The UK House of Commons voted 200–96 to abolish the death penalty for murder. *The Older Americans Act was signed into law by U.S. President Johnson. *Died: ** Adlai Stevenson, 65, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations since 1961, collapsed and died of a heart attack in London after walking out of the American Embassy. Stevenson, who had lost the general election for U.S. President to Dwight Eisenhower in both 1952 and 1956, was walking with the U.S. representative to the U.N. Trusteeship Council when he was stricken at 5:15 p.m., and died in an ambulance while being rushed to a hospital. ** Max Woosnam, 72, English tennis, soccer football, cricket, and snooker player celebrated as "The Greatest British Sportsman" ** Spencer Williams, 75, American jazz and popular music composer, pianist, and singer


July 15, 1965 (Thursday)

*'' Mariner 4'' flew by Mars, and made its closest approach of , and returning images that gave "the first look at another planetary surface, other than the vague shadings visible in telescopes". Among the revelations from its 22 pictures were that the Red Planet was covered with impact craters, demonstrating a lack of geological activity or weathering. A measurement of the changes in radio transmissions as the signals passed through the Martian atmosphere also showed that the surface pressure was 94% less than had been predicted, leading to the conclusion that it was mostly carbon dioxide and that the Martian ice caps were actually frozen CO2 or dry ice. The transmission of 22 pictures "was no simple matter" and relied upon film exposures being "processed internally on a convoluted series of rollers", then scanned to produce radio signals "with pulses corresponding to the light or dark areas on the negatives" at the rate of eight bits per second, which meant that each picture took eight hours to transmit. *An unidentified flying object hovered over the airport of
Canberra Canberra ( ) is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
, capital of
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, at an altitude of , shortly before a tracking station at Tidninbilla was scheduled to receive signals from the ''Mariner 4'' probe. According to an Associated Press report, six people stationed at the air traffic control tower reported that the object remained in place for 40 minutes but disappeared when a
Royal Australian Air Force "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = RAAF Anniversary Commemoration ...
plane was sent to identify it. The phenomenon followed reports of sightings the previous week in England, France, and the Azores. *Greek Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou and his government were dismissed by King Constantine II, after the King rejected Papandreou's demand to be made the new Defense Minister and rejected his proposal to bar military officers from participating in politics. The King swore in another member of Papandreou's Center Union party, Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas. *Born:
David Miliband David Wright Miliband (born 15 July 1965) is the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the International Rescue Committee and a former British Labour Party politician. He was the Foreign Secretary from 2007 to 2010 and the Member of P ...
, British politician; in London


July 16 Events Pre-1600 * 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar. * 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece. * 105 ...
, 1965 (Friday)

*The Mont Blanc Tunnel was inaugurated by Presidents
Giuseppe Saragat Giuseppe Saragat (; 19 September 1898 – 11 June 1988) was an Italian politician who served as the president of Italy from 1964 to 1971. Early life Born to Sardinian parents, he was a member of the Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922), Unita ...
of Italy and
Charles de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; ; (commonly abbreviated as CDG) 22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government ...
of France. President Saragat drove from
Courmayeur Courmayeur (; Valdôtain: ) is a town and ''comune'' in northern Italy, in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley. History The toponym ''Courmayeur'' has been mentioned as ''Curia majori'' (1233–1381), ''Corte Maggiore'' (1620), ''Cormoyeu'' (164 ...
in Italy, traveling in the tunnel bored into the Alps, to Chamonix in France, where he was welcomed by President De Gaulle for ceremonies. The two men then rode together back to Italy, where further ceremonies took place. As the world's longest highway tunnel, the Mont Blanc replaced the former route, "60 miles of travel over hairpin turns on the mountain barrier". *Three months after a commitment by China's President
Liu Shaoqi Liu Shaoqi ( ; 24 November 189812 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, politician, and theorist. He was Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee from 1954 to 1959, First Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1956 to 1966 and C ...
to provide Chinese pilots to fight in North Vietnam, the Chinese General Staff notified North Vietnam's Defense Ministry that "the time was not appropriate" to supply the assistance. "Whatever the reasons for China's decision”, an author would note later, "the failure to satisfy Hanoi's demand must have greatly disappointed the Vietnamese since the control of the air was so crucial for the DRV's effort to protect itself from the ferocious U.S. bombing." *The word "
Powellism Powellism is the name given to the political views of Conservative and Ulster Unionist politician Enoch Powell. They derive from his High Tory and libertarian outlook. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the word ''Powellism'' was ...
" was used by
Iain Macleod Iain Norman Macleod (11 November 1913 – 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party politician and government minister. A playboy and professional bridge player in his twenties, after war service Macleod worked for the Conservative Researc ...
, writing in '' The Spectator'', to describe right-wing Tory Enoch Powell's views on economics. It would come to be used in a wider sense as Powell became a controversial figure in British politics.


July 17, 1965 (Saturday)

*Representatives of West Germany's Ministry of Scientific Research and the American space agency NASA signed an agreement for joint development of the first independent German satellite project, with each side to bear its own costs. *The second North American XB-70 Valkyrie bomber prototype made its maiden flight between Air Force Plant 42 and
Edwards Air Force Base Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force installation in California. Most of the base sits in Kern County, but its eastern end is in San Bernardino County and a southern arm is in Los Angeles County. The hub of the base is E ...
. *Born: ** Santiago Segura, Spanish film director; in Madrid ** Alex Winter, American film actor; in London *Died: Sabato "Simon" Rodia, 86, Italian-born American artist who created the Watts Towers sculpture that is now a historical landmark in Los Angeles


July 18, 1965 (Sunday)

*The Soviet Union launched the Zond 3 lunar probe from an orbiting platform that had been put into space two days earlier. On July 16, the Proton 1 had set a new record for the heaviest payload () placed into an Earth orbit. Sent in part to test the Soviet Union's technology for taking and transmitting higher-resolution images than had been sent by previous Soviet vehicles, the Zond-3 would take new photographs of the far side of the Moon. *James "Bing" Davidson, a 26-year-old bit part actor and companion of actor Paul Lynde, fell to his death from the 8th floor of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco, after a night of drinking and a bad decision to "do a trick" that involved hanging from the outside ledge and then pulling himself back up. As witnesses watched, Davidson tried three times to climb back into the window and hung by his fingertips before losing his grip after two minutes. *A three-day period of extreme winter weather began in Australia. Snow was recorded as far north as the
Clarke Range The Clarke Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, is a rainforest-covered mountain range located in North Queensland, Australia. The range is located approximately from the Coral Sea and west of the coastal city of Mackay. The highest poi ...
in Queensland, killing drought-weakened livestock. At the same time, extremely heavy rainfall in the
North Coast North Coast or Northcoast may refer to : Antigua and Barbuda * Major Division of North Coast, a census division in Saint John Parish Australia *New South Wales North Coast, a region Canada *The British Columbia Coast, primarily the communiti ...
turned drought into flood, Brisbane having its wettest-ever July day with . *The first All-Africa Games opened in
Brazzaville Brazzaville (, kg, Kintamo, Nkuna, Kintambo, Ntamo, Mavula, Tandala, Mfwa, Mfua; Teke: ''M'fa'', ''Mfaa'', ''Mfa'', ''Mfoa''Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLI ...
,
Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo (french: République du Congo, ln, Republíki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa to the w ...
. The next day, Ahmed Djelli of Algeria won the first gold medal of the games, winning a race from Brazzaville to
Kinkala Kinkala is a town located in southeastern Republic of the Congo. It is the capital city of Kinkala District and the Pool Region Pool ( kg, Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu) is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southeastern part ...
. Future Olympic medalist
Kip Keino Kipchoge Hezekiah Keino (born 17 January 1940) is a retired Kenyan track and field athlete. He was the chairman of the Kenyan Olympic Committee (KOC) until 29 September 2017. A two-time Olympic Games, Olympic gold medalist, Keino was among the f ...
of Kenya won the 1,500 meter race on July 22.


July 19, 1965 (Monday)

*Filming began on the second television pilot for
Gene Roddenberry Eugene Wesley Roddenberry Sr. (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American television screenwriter, producer, and creator of ''Star Trek: The Original Series'', its sequel spin-off series ''Star Trek: The Animated Series,'' and ''Sta ...
's proposed science fiction series, ''
Star Trek ''Star Trek'' is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into vari ...
'', with only one member of the cast from the first pilot. " Where No Man Has Gone Before" retained actor Leonard Nimoy as "
Mr. Spock Spock is a fictional character in the ''Star Trek'' media franchise. He first appeared in the original ''Star Trek'' series serving aboard the starship USS ''Enterprise'' as science officer and first officer (and Kirk's Second-in-command) and ...
", who had played the same role in the first pilot, "
The Cage The Cage may refer to: Sports * West Fourth Street Courts, also known as "The Cage", as of 1978, a public venue for amateur basketball in New York City * Al-Shorta Stadium, 1990-2014, former football stadium of Al-Shorta SC, nicknamed "The Cage ...
", but now featured Canadian actor William Shatner in the lead role as the starship's captain. *Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin addressed an audience at
Riga Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Ba ...
on the 25th anniversary of the 1940 "liberation" of an independent
Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...
and its annexation by the Soviet Union, and surprised his audience by acknowledging the problem of prejudice against the Jewish people. "Nationalism, Great Power chauvinism, racism and anti-Semitism", he noted, "are completely alien to our society... and our ''mirovozzrenie''", a reference to the Soviet overall view of the world. *The
U.S. Army Special Forces The United States Army Special Forces (SF), colloquially known as the "Green Berets" due to their distinctive service headgear, are a special operations force of the United States Army. The Green Berets are geared towards nine doctrinal m ...
camp at Bu Dop, about north of Saigon, came under attack by the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. Air strikes by two
F-100 F-100 or F100 may refer to: Aerospace and defense * North American F-100 Super Sabre, a fighter aircraft formerly in the service of the United States Air Force * Fokker 100, a regional jet * Pratt & Whitney F100, afterburning turbofan engine * ' ...
s of the
481st Tactical Fighter Squadron The 481st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force fighter squadron. Its last assignment was with the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico, where it was inactivated on 8 July 1980. T ...
were credited with "probably saving the camp that night". *The West African nation of Ghana abandoned the Ghanaian pound that it had used since independence, and issued his new decimal currency. Replacing the pound worth 20 shillings or 120 pence was the
cedi The cedi ( ) (currency sign: GH₵; currency code: GHS) is the unit of currency of Ghana. It is the fourth historical and only current legal tender in the Republic of Ghana. One cedi is divided into one hundred pesewas (Gp). After independenc ...
, worth 100 pesewas. *Born: Evelyn Glennie, Scottish percussionist; in
Aberdeenshire Aberdeenshire ( sco, Aiberdeenshire; gd, Siorrachd Obar Dheathain) is one of the 32 Subdivisions of Scotland#council areas of Scotland, council areas of Scotland. It takes its name from the County of Aberdeen which has substantially differe ...
*Died: **
Syngman Rhee Syngman Rhee (, ; 26 March 1875 – 19 July 1965) was a South Korean politician who served as the first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. Rhee was also the first and last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Ko ...
, 90, the first President of South Korea, serving from 1948 to 1960 ** Clyde Beatty, 62, American circus performer and owner **
Ingrid Jonker Ingrid may refer to: * Ingrid (given name) * Ingrid (record label), and artist collective * Ingrid Burley, rapper known mononymously as Ingrid * Tropical Storm Ingrid, various cyclones * 1026 Ingrid, an asteroid * InGrid, the grid computing project ...
, 32, South African poet; by suicide


July 20, 1965 (Tuesday)

* Li Zongren (Li Tsung-jen), who had served as the acting
President of the Republic of China The president of the Republic of China, now often referred to as the president of Taiwan, is the head of state of the Republic of China (ROC), as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The position once had aut ...
during 1949 before it fell to the Communists later in the year, returned to Beijing after nearly 16 years of self-imposed exile in the United States. General Li pledged support to the People's Republic of China and said that he was making up for his "guilty past", and was welcomed by Prime Minister Zhou Enlai. Li, who would urge other former officials to return home from Taiwan, had sold his home in New York until June, then traveled to Zürich and spent a month there before flying back to Mainland China. *Police in
Saigon , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...
foiled a plot to assassinate outgoing U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam
Maxwell D. Taylor Maxwell Davenport Taylor (August 26, 1901 – April 19, 1987) was a senior United States Army officer and diplomat of the mid-20th century. He served with distinction in World War II, most notably as commander of the 101st Airborne Division, ni ...
, 15 minutes before he was scheduled to enter a stadium for South Vietnam's "National Unity Day for the Liberation of North Viet Nam" rally. Viet Cong members had placed a shrapnel-loaded bomb at a cemetery across the street from the entrance that Taylor was to use. A similar-sized bomb had killed 43 people at the My Canh restaurant on June 25. *
Arthur J. Goldberg Arthur Joseph Goldberg (August 8, 1908January 19, 1990) was an American statesman and jurist who served as the 9th U.S. Secretary of Labor, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the 6th United States Ambassador t ...
resigned from his lifetime appointment as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court to accept the nomination as the new U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, filling the vacancy created by the death of Adlai Stevenson. *
Columbia Records Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music, Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, the North American division of Japanese Conglomerate (company), conglomerate Sony. It was founded on Janua ...
released rock musician Bob Dylan's influential single " Like a Rolling Stone" in the United States.


July 21, 1965 (Wednesday)

*President Johnson convened his advisers in a meeting of the 15-member
National Security Council A national security council (NSC) is usually an executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief executives on matters related to national security. An NSC is often headed by a na ...
at the White House, prior to making a decision about the direction that the United States should take in fighting the Vietnam War. During the morning session, George Ball, the United States Under Secretary of State, strongly argued against the recommendation by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara to increase the number of American troops in South Vietnam. Before adjourning at 1:00, the President gave Ball 90 minutes to prepare a last-ditch attempt to stop the war from escalating. According to minutes of that day's meeting that would be released years later, Ball urged that the U.S. should "cut its losses" and allow the South Vietnamese government to "do what seems natural to it, let it fall apart" and, with the rest of the advisers against him, closed with the prophetic statement that South Vietnam would ultimately lose to the Viet Cong guerrillas, regardless of McNamara's plans to commit 175,000 additional troops, that the U.S. would not get out with a victory, and that "we'll double our bet and get lost in the rice paddies." *The
National Congress of Fiji The National Congress of Fiji was a Fijian political party that existed from 1965 to 1967. It was created to represent Indo-Fijians as a rival to the Citizens Federation. It soon merged, along with the General Electors Association, which mainly rep ...
called a meeting of Fijian and European members of the Legislative Council, with the eventual intention of forming a new political party under
Kamisese Mara Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, (6 May 1920 – 18 April 2004) was a Fijian politician, who served as Chief Minister from 1967 to 1970, when Fiji gained its independence from the United Kingdom, and, apart from one brief interruption in 1987, the fi ...
. *Born:
Guðni Bergsson Guðni Bergsson (born 21 July 1965) is an Icelandic former professional footballer and former president of the Icelandic Football Association from 2017 to 2021. As a player, he was a defender who notably played in the Premier League for Tott ...
, Icelandic footballer; in Reykjavík


July 22, 1965 (Thursday)

*Sir
Alec Douglas-Home Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel (; 2 July 1903 – 9 October 1995), styled as Lord Dunglass between 1918 and 1951 and being The 14th Earl of Home from 1951 till 1963, was a British Conservative politician who se ...
suddenly resigned as a head of the British
Conservative Party The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right. Political parties called The Conservative P ...
. Home, a former prime minister, did not give a reason for his resignation other than to say that his successor should have the chance to consolidate the party before the next parliamentary elections. Opinion polls had shown a drop in approval of the Conservative Party prior to Home's departure; MP Reggie Maudling would say later that, "As usually happens in the Conservative Party, the old rules of public life applied, namely that there is no gratitude in politics, and you should never kick a man until he is down." * Canada Post letter carriers in Montreal walked off the job, touching off a series of strikes across Canada. Members of the Postal Workers' Brotherhood in Vancouver went on strike later in the day, and Toronto members of the Federated Association of Letter Carriers followed the next day. *Born:
Shawn Michaels Michael Shawn Hickenbottom (born July 22, 1965), better known by his ring name Shawn Michaels, is an American retired professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE as Senior Vice President of Talent Development Creative. Widely regarded as one of ...
(ring name for Michael Shawn Hickenbottom), American professional wrestler; in Chandler, Arizona


July 23, 1965 (Friday)

*A few minutes after Allegheny Airlines Flight 604 took off from Williamsport, Pennsylvania, United States, the plane's left engine caught fire. Unable to return to the airport, the pilot, Captain Allan J. Lauber guided the Convair to a crash landing near the small township of Loyalsock. As it was being guided to an open field, the plane hit power lines, narrowly missing a barn and the Good Shepherd Episcopal Church. Thirty-three of the forty people on board, including Lauber, were hospitalized, none in critical condition. *The City of London Corporation announced that the famous
London Bridge Several bridges named London Bridge have spanned the River Thames between the City of London and Southwark, in central London. The current crossing, which opened to traffic in 1973, is a box girder bridge built from concrete and steel. It r ...
over the Thames River, last rebuilt in 1831, was cracking and gradually sinking, and that the span would be replaced by a new concrete structure. *President Johnson signed the U.S. Coinage Act of 1965 into law, reducing silver content in half dollars from 90% to 40%, and eliminating silver from dimes and quarters. * Pope Paul VI established the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Los Teques The Roman Catholic Diocese of Los Teques ( la, Dioecesis Tequinensis) is a diocese located in the city of Los Teques in the Ecclesiastical province of Caracas in Venezuela. History On 23 July 1965 Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI ( la, Paulus VI; ...
. *Israel's Mapai Party expelled its longtime leader, David Ben-Gurion. *The
1965 World Archery Championships The 1965 World Archery Championships was the 23rd edition of the event. It was held in Västerås, Sweden on 20–23 July 1965 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA). Medals summary Recurve Medals table References External li ...
concluded in Sweden. *Born:
Slash Slash may refer to: * Slash (punctuation), the "/" character Arts and entertainment Fictional characters * Slash (Marvel Comics) * Slash (''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'') Music * Harry Slash & The Slashtones, an American rock band * Nash ...
(stage name for Saul Hudson), British-born rock guitarist for
Guns N' Roses Guns N' Roses is an American hard rock band from Los Angeles, California, formed in 1985. When they signed to Geffen Records in 1986, the band comprised vocalist Axl Rose, lead guitarist Slash, rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin, bassist Duff McKa ...
; in
Hampstead Hampstead () is an area in London, which lies northwest of Charing Cross, and extends from Watling Street, the A5 road (Roman Watling Street) to Hampstead Heath, a large, hilly expanse of parkland. The area forms the northwest part of the Lon ...
, London


July 24, 1965 (Saturday)

*American pilots encountered surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) for the first time in the Vietnam War, as an
F-4 Phantom II The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II is an American tandem two-seat, twin-engine, all-weather, long-range supersonic jet interceptor and fighter-bomber originally developed by McDonnell Aircraft for the United States Navy.Swanborough and Bow ...
jet and its crew of two USAF officers was shot down by a Soviet-made S-75 ''Dvina'' (referred to in the West as the SA-2 ''Guideline'' missile). The F-4 was one of four that were struck while escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi, northwest of Hanoi. Captain Roscoe Henry Fobair was killed, while the other officer, Captain Richard Paul Keirn, survived and would remain a prisoner of war for seven years and seven months. Captain Keirn had been a POW during World War II, and became one of only two Americans to be captured as a prisoner in two wars. Captain Keirn was also the first pilot in the war to be shot down by a surface-to-air missile, when his F-4 Phantom was struck on 24 July 1965. Overall, less than two percent of the 9,000 SAMs fired would actually strike U.S. planes during the war; of the 3,000 American planes shot down, 85% were taken out by antiaircraft guns, 8% by missiles, and 7% by enemy aircraft. *With members of the Turkish Cypriot community boycotting the legislature, the House of Representatives in Cyprus voted unanimously to re-elect Archbishop
Makarios III Makarios III ( el, Μακάριος Γ΄; born Michael Christodoulou Mouskos) (Greek: Μιχαήλ Χριστοδούλου Μούσκος) (13 August 1913 – 3 August 1977) was a Cypriot politician, archbishop and primate who served as ...
as president to an additional five-year term, and to extend their own terms through 1970 as well, without conducting elections. Under the constitution, the Greek Cypriot legislators had a 70% majority even before the Turkish Cypriot members began avoiding Parliament in 1963. *
Geophysicist Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term ''geophysics'' som ...
J. Tuzo Wilson John Tuzo Wilson (October 24, 1908 – April 15, 1993) was a Canadian geophysicist and geologist who achieved worldwide acclaim for his contributions to the theory of plate tectonics. ''Plate tectonics'' is the scientific theory that the rigi ...
announced a major discovery in plate tectonics with the publication in the journal '' Nature'' of his paper, "A New Class of Faults and Their Bearing on Continental Drift", describing the " transform fault", a boundary between tectonic plates characterized by a horizontal motion. *The Detroit Triple Fan Fair (DTFF) held its first convention at the Embassy Hotel in Detroit, Michigan. It is considered to be one of the first
comic book conventions A comic book convention or comic-con is an event with a primary focus on comic books and comic book culture, in which comic book fans gather to meet creators, experts, and each other. Commonly, comic conventions are multi-day events hosted at co ...
in the United States and would run annually until 1977. *Died: ** Loucye Gordy Wakefield, 41, American music executive who operated the music publishing division of
Motown Records Motown Records is an American record label owned by the Universal Music Group. It was founded by Berry Gordy, Berry Gordy Jr. as Tamla Records on June 7, 1958, and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960. Its name, a portmant ...
**
Irene Browne Irene Browne (29 June 1896 – 24 July 1965) was an English stage and film actress and singer who appeared in plays and musicals including ''No, No, Nanette''. Later in her career, she became particularly associated with the works of Noël Coward ...
, 69, British stage and film actress **
Constance Bennett Constance Campbell Bennett (October 22, 1904 – July 24, 1965) was an American stage, film, radio, and television actress and producer. She was a major Hollywood star during the 1920s and 1930s; during the early 1930s, she was the highest-paid ...
, 60, American film actress


July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
, 1965 (Sunday)

* Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, made the decision that Singapore should leave the Federation of Malaysia and become its own separate nation, and informed the leaders of Singapore's People's Action Party of his choice. The other alternative that he had considered was to impose federation rule upon the area in order to control unrest among Singapore's predominantly Chinese residents, and the Malay people in the rest of the federation. On August 9, the separation of Singapore from Malaysia would be announced. * Bob Dylan upset many of his fans at the Newport Folk Festival purists by " going electric" in a live performance, but opened the era of folk rock, with the themes of folk music accompanied by the electric guitar. An author who was present at the festival would write later that it was a myth that Dylan had been booed as he played. After his three-song set, Dylan returned to the stage later in the show and played " It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" on an acoustic guitar. *
Ma'rib Marib ( ar, مَأْرِب, Maʾrib; Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩧𐩨/𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨 ''Mryb/Mrb'') is the capital city of Marib Governorate, Yemen. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of ''Sabaʾ'' ( ar, سَبَأ), which some scholars ...
, the last area in eastern Yemen to support the Yemen Arab Republic that had toppled the King of Yemen in 1962, fell to Royalist forces led by the former King's brother, Prince Abdullah al-Badr. An author would later write that the fall of Ma'rib meant that "it was possible to travel from the Federation to Saudi Arabia across territory held by Royalist forces or tribes loyal to the Imam for the first time since the outbreak of the conflict." * Américo Tomás was re-elected to a second seven-year term as President of Portugal, as the only candidate under consideration by the 585-member electoral college. Sixteen of the members refused to cast a ballot in protest over the indirect suffrage system used to select a chief executive. Tomás had few powers in the European nation, which had been controlled by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar for 33 years. * Casey Stengel, the 74-year-old manager of the New York Mets baseball team, broke his hip the day after coaching the team in a 5–1 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies. Stengel, who had announced that he would be retiring from the game at the end of the 1965 season, chose pitching coach Wes Westrum as his replacement and would retire a month earlier than originally planned. * Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a crowd of over 8,000 in Winnetka, Illinois, after several other speeches in Chicago that day. Addressing the issue of discrimination in housing, he told the mostly white crowd that "we must now come together as brothers or perish as fools." *Died: Freddie Mills, 46, English boxer who was the world light heavyweight champion from 1948 to 1950, died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Mills was dead on arrival at Middlesex Hospital after police found him in his car in an alley near his nightclub, the Freddie Mills Nite Spot, on Charing Cross Road in London. An inquest would later rule that he had committed suicide.


July 26, 1965 (Monday)

*The Maldives, a set of inhabited islands in the Indian Ocean, were granted full independence from the United Kingdom in a ceremony held at the residence of the British High Commissioner in Colombo,
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
.
Muhammad Fareed Didi King Muhammad Fareed Didi ( dv, އަލްއަމީރު މުޙަންމަދު ފަރީދު ދީދީ, Al'amīru Muḥanmadu Farīdu Dīdī) , (January 11 1901 – May 27 1969), the son of the Sultan Prince Abdul Majeed Didi (Al Munthakhab Liarshi D ...
continued as Sultan of the constitutional monarchy, and
Ibrahim Nasir Rannabandeyri Kilegefan Ibrahim Nasir Rannabandeyri Kilegefan ( dv, އިބްރާހިމް ނާޞިރު ރަންނަބަނޑޭރި ކިލޭގެފާނު), KCMG, NGIV (''Nishan Ghaazeege 'Izzatheri Veriya'', dv, ނިޝާން ޣާޒީގެ ޢިއްޒަތްތެރި ވެރ ...
(who would become the nation's first president in 1968) served as the first prime minister. * Mario Savio, the 22-year-old leader of the Free Speech Movement at the
University of California in Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant univ ...
, was sentenced to 120 days in jail for his part in leading the sit-in at the administration building in December. Savio's sentence, the longest meted out by Berkeley Municipal Judge Rupert Crittenden, came after he rejected an offer of probation conditioned on not taking part in future protest demonstrations. *The Free Papua Movement (Organisasi Papua Merdeka or OPM), seeking the independence of the West Papua region from Indonesia, made its first attack on the
Indonesian Army The Indonesian Army ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), ) is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its ...
, as forestry workers struck during a flag raising ceremony in
Manokwari Manokwari is a coastal town and the capital of the Indonesian province of West Papua. It is one of only seven provincial capitals of Indonesia without a city status. It is also the administrative seat of Manokwari Regency. However, under pro ...
. *Born: ** Jeremy Piven, American television actor ('' Entourage''); in New York City **
Vladimir Cruz Vladimir Cruz Marrero (born 26 July 1965) is a Cuban actor, screenwriter, playwright, film and theatre director. He is perhaps best known for his role in the film '' Strawberry and Chocolate'' (1994). Career Cruz made his acting debut on the st ...
, Cuban film actor and director; in Villa Clara


July 27, 1965 (Tuesday)

*Edward Heath was elected the new leader of the United Kingdom's
Conservative Party The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right. Political parties called The Conservative P ...
as 298 of the 303 Tory members of the House of Commons voted in "a narrow oakpaneled corridor of parliament". The result was announced at 2:17 "without a single hurrah from anyone's supporter", with Heath receiving 150, Reggie Maudling 133, and Enoch Powell 15. Although the party's bylaws required a runoff if no candidate received two-thirds of the vote, Maudling acknowledged that "Mr. Heath has attained an over-all majority on the first ballot," and declined to participate in a second vote between the top two finishers. *American aircraft struck a surface-to-air missile installation for the first time, attacking an SA-2 Guideline site in North Vietnam. "Operation Spring High" took off with 46
Republic F-105 Thunderchief The Republic F-105 Thunderchief is an American supersonic fighter-bomber that served with the United States Air Force from 1958 to 1984. Capable of Mach 2, it conducted the majority of strike bombing missions during the early years of the Vie ...
fighter-bombers and 58 other supporting aircraft to bomb the sites, losing six planes in the process and destroying only one of the two targets, designated as "site 6". Afterward, "bomb damage assessment photos disclosed that there was a dummy missile in site 6, placed there as a trap, and that site 7 was empty." *The first successful reattachment of a completely amputated thumb was performed by two Japanese surgeons, Dr. Shigeo Komatsu and Dr. Susumu Tamai, at the
Nara Medical University , abbreviated as NMU in English, is a public university (prefectural university) in Kashihara, Nara, Japan. Located near Kashihara Shrine, it is the only medical school in Nara Prefecture. History During the World War II, was established to ...
in Kashihara. The patient was a 28-year-old male whose thumb had been severed in a work accident, and the surgeons built upon
microvascular The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away f ...
surgical anastomosis A surgical anastomosis is a surgical technique used to make a new connection between two body structures that carry fluid, such as blood vessels or bowel. For example, an arterial anastomosis is used in vascular bypass and a colonic anastomosis i ...
techniques in reconnecting blood vessels as small as in diameter. *
Queen Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II, her death in 2022. She was queen ...
became the first British monarch to ride on the
hovercraft A hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or ACV, is an amphibious Craft (vehicle), craft capable of travelling over land, water, mud, ice, and other surfaces. Hovercraft use blowers to produce a large volume of air below the hull ...
, until the ship's engine broke down. She and Prince Philip were ferried ashore while repairs were made. *Born: ** The Lawson quintuplets (Sam, Selina, Shirlene, Lisa, and Deborah Lawson), the first
quintuplets ''Quintuplets'' is an American sitcom that aired 22 episodes on Fox from June 16, 2004 to January 12, 2005. The program starred Andy Richter and Rebecca Creskoff and shared some of their experiences parenting teenage quintuplets. Synopsis The ...
to be conceived following the use of
fertility medication Fertility medications, also known as fertility drugs, are medications which enhance reproductive fertility. For women, fertility medication is used to stimulate follicle development of the ovary. There are very few fertility medication options a ...
and the first to be born in New Zealand; in Auckland. The five children were all descendants of Fletcher Christian, who had led the
mutiny Mutiny is a revolt among a group of people (typically of a military, of a crew or of a crew of pirates) to oppose, change, or overthrow an organization to which they were previously loyal. The term is commonly used for a rebellion among member ...
on the ship HMS ''Bounty'' in 1789. Their mother, former beauty queen Ann Lawson, would be murdered by her second husband in 1982. ** Trifon Ivanov, defender for Bulgaria's national soccer football team (d. 2016); in Veliko Tarnovo **
José Luis Chilavert José Luis Félix Chilavert González (; born 27 July 1965) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Sportivo Luqueño, Guaraní, San Lorenzo de Almagro, Real Zaragoza, Vélez Sarsfield, RC Strasbourg, Pe ...
, goalkeeper for Paraguay's national soccer football team; in Luque


July 28, 1965 (Wednesday)

*In a nationally televised speech, President Johnson announced his decision to send an additional 50,000 American troops to
South Vietnam South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam ( vi, Việt Nam Cộng hòa), was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of th ...
, increasing the number of personnel there by two-thirds and to bring the commitment to 125,000. Johnson also said that the monthly draft call would more than double, to more than 1,000 new young men per day (from 17,000 to 35,000) for enlistment and training in the
U.S. Armed Forces The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is the ...
. Johnson timed the speech for the noon hour in Washington, D.C., when there were fewer television viewers. As one historian would later note, "At 12:33 p.m. on July 28, 1965— without going before Congress, without a prime-time address to the nation— President Lyndon Johnson committed the United States to a land war in Southeast Asia." * Abe Fortas, described as one of the closest personal friends of President Johnson, was nominated to become the new associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, to replace Arthur Goldberg. Fortas would resign from the Supreme Court in 1969 after being implicated in a scandal. *The U.S. Senate voted, 70–24, to ratify the Medicare bill for President Johnson's signature. The House of Representatives had approved the compromise the day before, 307–116. * Pierre Harmel became the new
Prime Minister of Belgium german: Premierminister von Belgien , insignia = State Coat of Arms of Belgium.svg , insigniasize = 100px , insigniacaption = Coat of arms , insigniaalt = , flag = Government ...
, and would serve as the head of government for eight months. *Died: Edogawa Ranpo, 70, Japanese mystery novelist


July 29, 1965 (Thursday)

*The governments of Algeria and France signed an agreement which allowed French petroleum companies to retain their concessions for the right to drill for oil in Algeria, but required also that they cooperate with Algeria's government-owned oil and gas consortium, Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation, et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures (
Sonatrach Sonatrach ( ar, سوناطراك; french: Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation, et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures) is the national state-owned oil company of Algeria. Founded in 1963, it is ...
). *The first 4,000
101st Airborne Division The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) ("Screaming Eagles") is a light infantry division of the United States Army that specializes in air assault operations. It can plan, coordinate, and execute multiple battalion-size air assault operati ...
paratroopers arrived in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay. *Born: Chang-Rae Lee, Korean-born American novelist


July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. *1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...
, 1965 (Friday)

*In a ceremony at the Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri, President Johnson signed the
Social Security Act of 1965 The Social Security Amendments of 1965, , was legislation in the United States whose most important provisions resulted in creation of two programs: Medicare and Medicaid. The legislation initially provided federal health insurance for the elde ...
into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid. As president,
Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...
had first proposed nationwide health care for the elderly, but had failed to gain passage of a bill. "I'm glad to have lived this long," Truman said in a speech introducing Johnson, then told the new president, "Your inspired leadership and an understanding Congress have brought this about." *The Spacecraft Organization of Lockheed-California Company delivered the final report on a modular multipurpose
space station A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station i ...
to Manned Spacecraft Center. The concept provided for a sequential evolution of space vehicles ranging from small Apollo-dependent laboratories, through larger, more versatile laboratories, to a semipermanent space station. Initial objectives of the study were to refine and optimize the design of the large orbital research laboratory. *Died:
Jun'ichirō Tanizaki was a Japanese author who is considered to be one of the most prominent figures in modern Japanese literature. The tone and subject matter of his work ranges from shocking depictions of sexuality and destructive erotic obsessions to subtle por ...
, 79, Japanese novelist


July 31 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
, 1965 (Saturday)

*Canada's nationwide postal workers' strike came to an end after letter carriers returned to work across the nation, with the exception of the city of Montreal, where the first walkout had started. The 4,100 workers in and around Montreal would return to work on August 9. *With a nationwide ban going into effect on August 1, the very last cigarette commercial on British television was broadcast. The final telly ad was for
Rothmans Rothmans may refer to: * Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, a Canadian tobacco company * Rothmans International, a former British tobacco manufacturer, founded by Louis Rothman See also * Rothman, a surname * Rothmans 12 hours, a series of sports car ra ...
cigarettes.Chris Harrald and Fletcher Watkins, ''The Cigarette Book: The History and Culture of Smoking'' (Skyhorse Publishing, 2010) p9 *Born: J. K. Rowling, British novelist who created the best-selling ''
Harry Potter ''Harry Potter'' is a series of seven fantasy literature, fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young Magician (fantasy), wizard, Harry Potter (character), Harry Potter, and his friends ...
'' book series; as Joanne Rowling in Yate, Gloucestershire *Died:
André Godard André Godard (21 January 1881 – 31 July 1965) was an archaeologist, architect and historian of French and Middle Eastern Art. He served as the director of the Iranian Archeological Service for many years. Life Godard was born in Chaumont. A ...
, 84, French archaeologist and architect


References

{{Events by month links
1965 Events January–February * January 14 – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years. * January 20 ** Lyndon B. Johnson is Second inauguration of Lyndo ...
*1965-07 *1965-07