Jean-Baptiste Greuze (, 21 August 1725 – 4 March 1805) was a French

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...

of portraits,

genre scenes Genre art is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, work, and street scenes. Such representations (also called genre works, ...

, and

history painting History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than any artistic style or specific period. History paintings depict a moment in a narrative story, most often (but not exclusively) Greek and Roman mythology and Bible ...

Biography

Early life

Greuze was born at

Tournus Tournus () is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Geography Tournus is located on the right bank of the Saône, 20 km. northeast of Mâcon on the Paris-Lyon railway. Popu ...

, a market town in

Burgundy Burgundy (; french: link=no, Bourgogne ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The ...

. He is generally said to have formed his own talent; at an early age his inclinations, though thwarted by his father, were encouraged by a Lyonnese artist named Grandon, or Grondom, who enjoyed during his lifetime considerable reputation as a portrait-painter. Grandon not only persuaded Greuze's father to give way to his son's wishes, and permit the boy to accompany him as his pupil to

Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...

, but, when at a later date he left Lyon for Paris, Grandon carried young Greuze with him. Settled in Paris, Greuze worked from the living model in the school of the Royal Academy, but did not attract the attention of his teachers; and when he produced his first picture, ''Le Père de famille expliquant la Bible a ses enfants'', considerable doubt was felt and shown as to his share in its production. By other and more remarkable works of the same class Greuze soon established his claims beyond contest, and won the notice and support of the well-known connoisseur La Live de Jully, the brother-in-law of

Madame d'Epinay Madame may refer to: * Madam, civility title or form of address for women, derived from the French * Madam (prostitution), a term for a woman who is engaged in the business of procuring prostitutes, usually the manager of a brothel * ''Madame'' ( ...

. In 1755 Greuze exhibited his ''Aveugle trompé'', upon which, presented by

Pigalle Pigalle may refer to: Places ;Paris, France *Quartier Pigalle, an area in Paris around the Place Pigalle, on the border between the 9th and the 18th arrondissements *Place Pigalle, public square in the Quartier Pigalle at the foot of the Montmartre ...

the sculptor, he was immediately ''agréé'' by the Academy. Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Gitarzysta

Towards the close of the same year, he left France for Italy, in company with the Abbé Louis Gougenot. Gougenot had some acquaintance with the arts, and was highly valued by the Academicians, who, during his journey with Greuze, elected him an honorary member of their body on account of his studies in

mythology Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or origin myths. Since "myth" is widely used to imply that a story is not objectively true, the identification of a narra ...

and

allegory As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory t ...

; his acquirements in these respects are said to have been largely utilized by them, but to Greuze they were of doubtful advantage, and he lost rather than gained by this visit to Italy in Gougenot's company. He had undertaken it probably in order to silence those who taxed him with ignorance of great models of style, but the Italian subjects which formed the entirety of his contributions to the Salon of 1757 showed that he had been put on a false track, and he speedily returned to the source of his first inspiration.

Relations with the Academy

In 1759, 1761 and 1763 Greuze exhibited with ever-increasing success; in 1765 he reached the zenith of his powers and reputation. In that year he was represented with at least thirteen works, amongst which may be cited ''La Jeune Fille qui pleure son oiseau mort'', ''La Bonne Mère'', ''Le Mauvais fils puni'' (Louvre) and ''La Malediction paternelle'' (Louvre). The Academy took occasion to press Greuze for his diploma picture, the execution of which had been long delayed, and forbade him to exhibit on their walls until he had complied with their regulations. "I have read the letter," said

Diderot Denis Diderot (; ; 5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the '' Encyclopédie'' along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a promi ...

, "which is a model of honesty and reverence; I have seen Greuze's response, which is a model of vanity and impertinence: he should have backed it up with a masterpiece, and that's precisely what he didn't do." Greuze wished to be received as a historical painter and produced a work which he intended to vindicate his right to despise his qualifications as a genre artist. This unfortunate canvas (''Sévère et Caracalla'') was exhibited in 1769 side by side with Greuze's portrait of ''Jeaurat'' and his admirable ''Petite Fille au chien noir''. The Academicians received their new member with all due honours, but at the close of the ceremonies the Director addressed Greuze in these words: "Sir, the Academy has accepted you, but only as a genre painter; the Academy has respect for your former productions, which are excellent, but she has shut her eyes to ''this'' one, which is unworthy, both of her and of you yourself." Greuze, greatly incensed, quarrelled with his confreres, and ceased to exhibit until, in 1804, the

Revolution In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...

had thrown open the doors of the Academy to all the world. In the following year, on 4 March 1805, he died in the Louvre in great poverty. He had been in receipt of considerable wealth, which he had dissipated by extravagance and bad management (as well as embezzlement by his wife) so that during his closing years he was forced to solicit commissions which his enfeebled powers no longer enabled him to carry out with success. "At the funeral of the long-neglected old man, a young woman deeply veiled and overcome with emotion plainly visible through her veil, laid upon the coffin, just before its removal, a bouquet of immortelles and withdrew to her devotions. Around the stem was a paper inscribed: "These flowers offered by the most grateful of his students are emblems of his glory. It was Mlle Mayer, later the friend of Prudhon." The brilliant reputation which Greuze acquired seems to have been due, not to his accomplishments as a painter – for his practice is evidently that current in his own day – but to the character of the subjects which he treated. That return to nature which inspired

Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...

's attacks upon an artificial civilization demanded expression in art.

Legacy

Diderot, in ''Le Fils naturel and Père de famille'', tried to turn the vein of domestic drama to account on the stage; that which he tried and failed to do, Greuze, in painting, achieved with extraordinary success, although his works, like the plays of Diderot, were affected by that very artificiality against which they protested. The touch of melodramatic exaggeration, however, which runs through them finds an apology in the firm and brilliant play of line, in the freshness and vigour of the flesh tints, in the enticing softness of expression, by the alluring air of health and youth, by the sensuous attractions, in short, with which Greuze invests his lessons of

bourgeois The bourgeoisie ( , ) is a social class, equivalent to the middle or upper middle class. They are distinguished from, and traditionally contrasted with, the proletariat by their affluence, and their great cultural and financial capital. ...

morality. ''La Jeune Fille à l'agneau'' was bought at the Pourtal's sale in 1865 for at least a million francs. One of Greuze's pupils, Madame Le Doux, imitated with success the manner of her master; his daughter and granddaughter, Madame de Valory, also inherited some traditions of his talent. Madame de Valory published in 1813 a comédie-vaudeville, ''Greuze, ou l'accorde de village'', to which she prefixed a notice of her grandfather's life and works, and the Salons of Diderot also contain, besides many other particulars, the story at full length of Greuze's quarrel with the Academy. Four of the most distinguished engravers of that date, Massard père, Flipart, Gaillard and Levasseur, were specially entrusted by Greuze with the reproduction of his subjects, but there are also excellent prints by other engravers, notably by Cars and Le Bas. Greuze was the father of painter Anna-Geneviève Greuze, who was also his pupil.

Cultural references

In the second chapter of

Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician. He created the character Sherlock Holmes in 1887 for ''A Study in Scarlet'', the first of four novels and fifty-six short stories about Ho ...

Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a " consulting detective" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and ...

story '' The Valley of Fear'', Holmes' discussion of his enemy

Professor Moriarty Professor James Moriarty is a fictional character and criminal mastermind created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to be a formidable enemy for the author's fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. He was created primarily as a device by which Doyle coul ...

involves a Greuze painting in his possession, intended to illustrate Moriarty's wealth despite his small legitimate salary as an academic. A 1946 episode of the radio series ''

The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ''The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes'' is a radio drama series which aired in the USA from 1939 to 1950, it ran for 374 episodes, with many of the later episodes considered lost media. The series was based on the Sherlock Holmes stories by Ar ...

'' entitled "The Girl With the Gazelle" centers around the theft of a fictional Greuze painting of the same name, masterminded by

. In the sixth part of '' The Leopard'', a novel by the Italian writer

Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, 11th Prince of Lampedusa, 12th Duke of Palma, GE (; 23 December 1896 – 23 July 1957) was an Italian writer and the last Prince of Lampedusa. He is most famous for his only novel, '' Il Gattopardo'' (first publish ...

, the Prince of Salina watches a Greuze painting, ''La Mort du Juste'', and he starts thinking about death (as the "safety exit" which relieves older men of their anxieties) and judges that the pretty girls surrounding the dying man and the "disorder of their clothes suggested sex more than sorrow ... were the real subject of the picture." In the sixteenth chapter of

E. M. Forster Edward Morgan Forster (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970) was an English author, best known for his novels, particularly ''A Room with a View'' (1908), ''Howards End'' (1910), and ''A Passage to India'' (1924). He also wrote numerous short stori ...

's novel ''Maurice'', Clive mentions that he finds himself unable to approach Greuze's "subject matter" from anything more than purely aesthetic perspective, contrasting Greuze's work with that of Michelangelo in the process. In chapter 31, when Maurice visits Dr Barry, there are copies of Greuze on the walls. Chinese author Xiao Yi mentions Greuze's work ''The Broken Pitcher'' throughout the first half of her novel ''Blue Nails''. ''The Broken Pitcher'' is also mentioned in the first scene of the

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and lite ...

play, ''

The Respectful Prostitute ''The Respectful Prostitute'' (french: La Putain respectueuse) is a French play by Jean-Paul Sartre, written in 1946, which observes a woman, a prostitute, caught up in a racially tense period of American history. The audience understands that t ...

''. Greuze is mentioned in the song "(We All Wear A) Green Carnation",

Noël Coward Sir Noël Peirce Coward (16 December 189926 March 1973) was an English playwright, composer, director, actor, and singer, known for his wit, flamboyance, and what ''Time'' magazine called "a sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and ...

's celebration of camp and queerness, from his 1929 operetta ''

Bitter Sweet Bittersweet, bitter-sweet, or bitter sweet may refer to: Biology * A vine in the nightshade family, ''Solanum dulcamara'' * Some species of vines in the genus ''Celastrus'', including American bittersweet (''C. scandens'') and Oriental bitters ...

'': "We believe in Art, / Though we’re poles apart / From the fools who are thrilled by Greuze. / We like Beardsley and Green Chartreuse. / (...) Faded boys, jaded boys, come what may, / Art is our inspiration / And as we are the reason for the “Nineties” being gay, / We all wear a green carnation."

Exhibitions

Edgar Munhall Edgar Joseph Munhall (March 14, 1933 – October 17, 2016) was an American art historian and Curator Emeritus of the Frick Collection. Early life and education Munhall was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He initially trained as an artist a ...

organized the first major exhibition devoted to the artist: "Jean-Baptiste Greuze, 1725-1805" (1976-1977). The exhibition opened at the

Wadsworth Atheneum The Wadsworth Atheneum is an art museum in Hartford, Connecticut. The Wadsworth is noted for its collections of European Baroque art, ancient Egyptian and Classical bronzes, French and American Impressionist paintings, Hudson River School lands ...

in Hartford and then traveled to the California Legion of Honor in San Francisco and the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Dijon. In 2002, the first exhibition of Greuze's drawings was held at

The Frick Collection The Frick Collection is an art museum in New York City. Its permanent collection (normally at the Henry Clay Frick House, currently at the Frick Madison) features Old Master paintings and European fine and decorative arts, including works by ...

in New York. It was also organized by Munhall, who wrote the catalog.

Gallery

File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze - The lazy boy.jpg, ''

The Lazy Boy ''The Lazy Boy'' (French - ''Le Petit Paresseux'') is a 1755 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Jean-Baptiste Greuze, now in the Musée Fabre in Montpellier Montpellier (, , ; oc, Montpelhièr ) is a city in southern France near the ...

'', 1755 File:Mme Georges Gougenot de Croissy, née Vïrany de Varennes.jpg, Mme Georges Gougenot de Croissy, née Vïrany de Varennes, 1757 File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze (French - The Laundress (La Blanchisseuse) - Google Art Project.jpg, '' The Laundress (La Blanchisseuse)'', 1761 File:Comte d'Angiviller.jpg, '' Comte d'Angiviller'', 1763 Image:Mozart painted by Greuze 1763-64.jpg, W. A. Mozart, 1763–64.

Yale University Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the w ...

File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze - Septimius Severus and Caracalla - WGA10673.jpg, '' Septime Sévère et

Caracalla Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname "Caracalla" () was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor ...

''. 1769,

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the '' Venus de Milo''. A central ...

File:La_malediction_paternelle.jpg, '' The Father's Curse'', 1770 File:Greuze, Jean-Baptiste - Portrait of Count Stroganov as a Child - 1778.jpg, ''Portrait of Count Stroganov as a Child'', 1778 File:Broken Eggs MET DP-12952-001.jpg, '' Broken Eggs'', 1756, Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Lille_PdBA_greuze_psyche_amour.JPG, '' Cupid Crowned by Psyche'', 1785-1790 File:Jeanne Philiberte Ledoux, by Jean-Baptiste Greuze.jpg, ''Jeanne Philiberte Ledoux'', c. 1790 File:Nicolas-Pierre-Baptiste Anselme, called Baptiste aîné by Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725 - 1805).jpg, ''Nicolas-Pierre-Baptiste Anselme'', c. 1790 File:Les deux amies de Jean-Baptiste Greuze.jpg, ''The Two Friends'', 18th-century File:Greuze jeune fille ruban bl.jpg, ''Young girl with blue ribbon'', second half of 18th century File:Portrait of Marquise de Chauvelin - Jean Baptiste Greuze.png, ''Portrait of Marquise de Chauvelin'', date unknown File:Greuze-Le petit mathématicien.JPG, ''Le petit mathématicien'' or ''The young mathematician'', date unknown File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze The Hermit, Or The Distributor Of Rosaries.jpg, ''The hermit'' or ''The distributor of rosaries'', date unknown

References and sources

;References ;Sources * Normand, ''J. B. Greuze'' (1892). * Munhall, Edgar. ''Jean-Baptiste Greuze, 1725-1805'' (1976). * Emma Barker, ''Greuze and the Painting of Sentiment'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). . * *

External links

*
Works and literature
at PubHist
''Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution''
a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Greuze (see index) {{DEFAULTSORT:Greuze, Jean-Baptiste 1725 births 1805 deaths People from Tournus Burials at Montmartre Cemetery 18th-century French painters French male painters French portrait painters 18th-century French male artists