Involutive ring

In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a *-algebra (or involutive algebra) is a mathematical structure consisting of two involutive rings and , where is commutative and has the structure of an associative algebra over . Involutive algebras generalize the idea of a number system equipped with conjugation, for example the complex numbers and complex conjugation, matrices over the complex numbers and conjugate transpose, and linear operators over a Hilbert's space and Hermitian adjoints.
However, it may happen that an algebra admits no involution.

Definitions

*-ring

In mathematics, a *-ring is a ring with a map that is an antiautomorphism and an involution.

More precisely, is required to satisfy the following properties:
*
*
*
*
for all in .

This is also called an involutive ring, involutory ring, and ring with involution. The third axiom is implied by the second and fourth axioms, making it redundant.

Elements such that are called ''self-adjoint''.

Archetypical examples of a *-ring are fields of complex numbers and algebraic numbers with complex conjugation as the involution. One can define a sesquilinear form over any *-ring.

Also, one can define *-versions of algebraic objects, such as ideal and subring, with the requirement to be *- invariant: and so on.

Note that *-rings are unrelated to star semirings in the theory of computation.

*-algebra

A *-algebra is a *-ring, with involution * that is an associative algebra over a commutative *-ring with involution , such that .

The base *-ring is often the complex numbers (with * acting as complex conjugation).

It follows from the axioms that * on is conjugate-linear in , meaning
:
for .

A *-homomorphism is an algebra homomorphism that is compatible with the involutions of and , i.e.,
* for all in .

Philosophy of the *-operation

The *-operation on a *-ring is analogous to complex conjugation on the complex numbers. The *-operation on a *-algebra is analogous to taking adjoints in complex matrix algebras.

Notation

The * involution is a unary operation written with a postfixed star glyph centered above or near the mean line:
: , or
: (TeX: x^*),
but not as ""; see the asterisk article for details.

Examples

* Any commutative ring becomes a *-ring with the trivial (identical) involution.
* The most familiar example of a *-ring and a *-algebra over reals is the field of complex numbers where * is just complex conjugation.
* More generally, a field extension made by adjunction of a square root (such as the imaginary unit ) is a *-algebra over the original field, considered as a trivially-*-ring. The * additive inverse, flips the sign of that square root.
* A quadratic integer ring (for some ) is a commutative *-ring with the * defined in the similar way; quadratic fields are *-algebras over appropriate quadratic integer rings.
* Quaternions, split-complex numbers, dual numbers, and possibly other hypercomplex number systems form *-rings (with their built-in conjugation operation) and *-algebras over reals (where * is trivial). Note that neither of the three is a complex algebra.
* Hurwitz quaternions form a non-commutative *-ring with the quaternion conjugation.
* The Matrix ring, matrix algebra of matrix (mathematics), matrices over R with * given by the transpose, transposition.
* The matrix algebra of matrices over C with * given by the conjugate transpose.
* Its generalization, the Hermitian adjoint in the algebra of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space also defines a *-algebra.
* The polynomial ring over a commutative trivially-*-ring is a *-algebra over with .
* If is simultaneously a *-ring, an algebra over a ring (commutative), and , then is a *-algebra over (where * is trivial).
** As a partial case, any *-ring is a *-algebra over integers.
* Any commutative *-ring is a *-algebra over itself and, more generally, over any its #*-objects, *-subring.
* For a commutative *-ring , its quotient ring, quotient by any its #*-objects, *-ideal is a *-algebra over .
** For example, any commutative trivially-*-ring is a *-algebra over its Dual number#Generalization, dual numbers ring, a *-ring with ''non-trivial'' *, because the quotient by makes the original ring.
** The same about a commutative ring and its polynomial ring : the quotient by restores .
* In Hecke algebra of a Coxeter group, Hecke algebra, an involution is important to the Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomial.
* The endomorphism ring of an elliptic curve becomes a *-algebra over the integers, where the involution is given by taking the dual abelian variety, dual isogeny. A similar construction works for abelian variety, abelian varieties with a abelian variety, polarization, in which case it is called the Rosati involution (see Milne's lecture notes on abelian varieties).
Hopf algebra#Examples, Involutive Hopf algebras are important examples of *-algebras (with the additional structure of a compatible comultiplication); the most familiar example being:
* The group Hopf algebra: a group ring, with involution given by .

Non-Example

Not every algebra admits an involution:

Regard the 2×2 matrices over the complex numbers. Consider the following subalgebra:
$\mathcal := \left\$

Any nontrivial antiautomorphism necessarily has the form:
$\varphi_z\left[\begin1&0\\0&0\end\right] = \begin1&z\\0&0\end \quad \varphi_z\left[\begin0&1\\0&0\end\right] = \begin0&0\\0&0\end$
for any complex number $z\in\Complex$.

It follows that any nontrivial antiautomorphism fails to be idempotent:
$\varphi_z^2\left[\begin0&1\\0&0\end\right] = \begin0&0\\0&0\end\neq\begin0&1\\0&0\end$

Concluding that the subalgebra admits no involution.

Additional structures

Many properties of the transpose hold for general *-algebras:
* The self-adjoint, Hermitian elements form a Jordan algebra;
* The skew Hermitian elements form a Lie algebra;
* If 2 is invertible in the *-ring, then the operators and are idempotent, orthogonal idempotents, called ''symmetrizing'' and ''anti-symmetrizing'', so the algebra decomposes as a direct sum of module (algebra), modules (vector spaces if the *-ring is a field) of symmetric and anti-symmetric (Hermitian and skew Hermitian) elements. These spaces do not, generally, form associative algebras, because the idempotents are linear operator, operators, not elements of the algebra.

Skew structures

Given a *-ring, there is also the map .
It does not define a *-ring structure (unless the characteristic (algebra), characteristic is 2, in which case −* is identical to the original *), as , neither is it antimultiplicative, but it satisfies the other axioms (linear, involution) and hence is quite similar to *-algebra where .

Elements fixed by this map (i.e., such that ) are called ''skew Hermitian''.

For the complex numbers with complex conjugation, the real numbers are the Hermitian elements, and the imaginary numbers are the skew Hermitian.

See also

*Semigroup with involution
*B*-algebra
*C*-algebra
*Dagger category
*von Neumann algebra
*Baer ring
*Operator algebra
*Conjugate (algebra)
*Cayley–Dickson construction
*Composition algebra

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:-algebra
Algebras
Ring theory