Indo-Pacific language family
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Indo-Pacific is a hypothetical language
macrofamily In historical linguistics, a macrofamily, also called a superfamily or phylum, is a proposed genetic relationship grouping together language families (also isolates) in a larger scale classification. Campbell, Lyle and Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007), ' ...
proposed in 1971 by
Joseph Greenberg Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages. Life Early life and education Joseph Greenberg was born on ...
and now believed to be spurious. It grouped together the Papuan languages of
New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...
and
Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from Indonesia's New Guinea in the west to Fiji in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Va ...
with the languages of the Andaman Islands (or at least
Great Andamanese The Great Andamanese are an indigenous people of the Great Andaman archipelago in the Andaman Islands. Historically, the Great Andamanese lived throughout the archipelago, and were divided into ten major tribes. Their distinct but closely relate ...
) and, tentatively, the languages of Tasmania, both of which are remote from New Guinea. The valid cognates Greenberg found turned out to be reflexes of the less extensive Trans–New Guinea family. Recently the
Kusunda language Kusunda or ''Kusanda'' (endonym Mihaq ) is a language isolate spoken by a few among the Kusunda people in western and central Nepal. As of 2022, it only has a single fluent speaker, although there are efforts underway to keep the language alive. ...
(and possibly other unclassificated languages), which is generally seen as a language isolate, is also included in the Indo-Pacific proposal. Greenberg did not include "
Australian Australian(s) may refer to: Australia * Australia, a country * Australians, citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia ** European Australians ** Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australians descended principally from British colonists ** Aboriginal A ...
" in his original 1971 proposal.


Proposal

The Indo-Pacific proposal, grouping the
non-Austronesian languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non- Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogr ...
of New Guinea with certain languages spoken on islands to the east and west of New Guinea, was first made by Greenberg in 1971. Greenberg's supporter
Merritt Ruhlen Merritt Ruhlen (May 10, 1944 – January 29, 2021) was an American linguist who worked on the classification of languages and what this reveals about the origin and evolution of modern humans. Amongst other linguists, Ruhlen's work was recognized ...
considers Indo-Pacific an extremely diverse and ancient family, far older than Austronesian, which reflects a migration from southeast Asia that began only 6,000 years ago; he notes that New Guinea was inhabited by modern humans at least 40,000 years ago, and possibly 10,000 to 15,000 years earlier than that.Ruhlen, Merritt. ''The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 1994
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (; 25 January 1922 – 31 August 2018) was an Italian geneticist. He was a population geneticist who taught at the University of Parma, the University of Pavia and then at Stanford University. Works Schooling and po ...
sees Indo-Pacific as a very heterogenous family of 700 languages and suggests that it may be more than 40,000 years old.Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca. ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages''. University of California Press: Berkeley, 2001


Reception

Greenberg's proposal was based on rough estimation of
lexical similarity In linguistics, lexical similarity is a measure of the degree to which the word sets of two given languages are similar. A lexical similarity of 1 (or 100%) would mean a total overlap between vocabularies, whereas 0 means there are no common words. ...
and typological similarity and has not reached a stage where it can be confirmed by the standard
comparative method In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards t ...
, including the reconstruction of a
protolanguage In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family. Proto-languages are usually unattes ...
. The languages of Tasmania are extinct and so poorly attested that many historical linguists regard them as unclassifiable.
Roger Blench Roger Marsh Blench (born August 1, 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist. He has an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge and is based in Cambridge, England. He researches, publishes, and work ...
has dismissed the Indo-Pacific proposal as improbable, observing that while it "purported to be a purely linguistic exercise...it conveniently swept up all the languages of the crinklyhaired populations in the region that were not clearly Austronesian." He writes that despite decades of further research into
Papuan languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non- Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogr ...
and prehistory, Indo-Pacific is still not accepted by specialists and that it "only exists in the eye of the believer."
George van Driem George "Sjors" van Driem (born 1957) is a Dutch linguist associated with the University of Bern, where he is the chair of Historical Linguistics and directs the Linguistics Institute. Education * Leiden University, 1983–1987 (PhD, ''A Gramma ...
(2001) responds as follows: Since Greenberg's work, the languages of New Guinea have been intensively studied by Stephen Wurm. Wurm's Trans–New Guinea languages family includes about 70 percent of the languages Greenberg included in Indo-Pacific, though the internal classification is entirely different. Wurm states that the lexical similarities between Great Andamanese, West Papuan (which is not part of Trans–New Guinea), and certain languages of
Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia on the western part. The Indonesian part, also ...
"are quite striking and amount to virtual formal identity ..in a number of instances", but considers this to be due to a linguistic substratum rather than a direct relationship. Pawley (2008) is the only thorough review of the proposal. He found that all branches of Indo-Pacific except Tasmanian and Andamanese include languages from Trans–New Guinea, and that this explains the more reasonable cognates that Greenberg proposed, but because these Trans–New Guinea languages are mixed in with languages from other families in those branches, cognates linking the branches do not provide support for Greenberg's proposal that all Papuan languages are related.


Subdivision

According to Greenberg, Indo-Pacific consists of fourteen families, not counting a few which he could not classify. He suggested a tentative sub-classification into seven groups, listed in bold below. Some languages have not been identified. *
Tasmanian ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...
*
Great Andamanese The Great Andamanese are an indigenous people of the Great Andaman archipelago in the Andaman Islands. Historically, the Great Andamanese lived throughout the archipelago, and were divided into ten major tribes. Their distinct but closely relate ...
: Southern: Chariar, Puchikwar, Kede, Kol, Juwoi; Northern: Beada, Bogijiab, Bale, Biada *Nuclear **Central ***Kapauku–Baliem **** Kapauku (Ekari, Ekagi),
Moni Moni or Mone ( Kamkata-vari: ''Mone''/''Mune''), also known as Mandi (from Prasun) was, after Imra, the second-most important god in the pre-Islamic pantheon of the Nuristani people. With his breath, Imra created Moni and Gish. Moni was believe ...
,
Jabi Jabbi Shareef ( ur, ), is one of the 51 Union Councils (administrative subdivisions) of Khushab District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a cou ...
, Simori, Wolani Paniai_Lakes_family.html" ;"title="Paniai_Lakes_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG
Paniai_Lakes_family">Paniai_Lakes_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Paniai_Lakes_languages">Paniai_Lakes_family****Dem_language.html" "title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes family">Paniai_Lakes_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes family****Dem language">Dem DEM was the ISO 4217 currency code for the Deutsche Mark, former currency of Germany Computing * Digital elevation model, a digital representation of ground-surface topography or terrain ** .dem, a common extension for USGS DEM files * Discret ...
[= TNG Dem] ****Uhunduni language, Uhunduni, Enggipilu language, Enggipilu [= TNG Uhunduni] ****Dani languages, Dani (Ndani) [→ Dani] ****Northern Ngalik language, Northern Ngalik, Oeringoep language, Oeringoep, Sawuri-Hablifuri language, Sawuri-Hablifuri, Southern Ngalik, Peseghem Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_ Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_ Kwerba).html"_;"title="Kwerba_languages.html"_;"title="Dani_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Dani_languages">Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_Kwerba_languages">Kwerba)">Kwerba_languages.html"_;"title="Dani_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Dani_languages">Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_Kwerba_languages">Kwerba)***Highland ****Wurm_&_Laycock's_Kainantu_languages.html" ;"title="Kwerba_languages">Kwerba).html" ;"title="Kwerba_languages.html" ;"title="Dani_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG
Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_Kwerba_languages">Kwerba)">Kwerba_languages.html"_;"title="Dani_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Dani_languages">Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_Kwerba_languages">Kwerba)***Highland ****Wurm_&_Laycock's_Kainantu_languages">Gadsup–Auyana–Awa–Tairoa_+_ Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_Kwerba_languages">Kwerba)">Kwerba_languages.html"_;"title="Dani_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Dani_languages">Dani_+_Isirawa_(probably_Kwerba_languages">Kwerba)***Highland ****Wurm_&_Laycock's_Kainantu_languages">Gadsup–Auyana–Awa–Tairoa_+_Erima_language">Erima_ Erima_is_a_suburb_of_Port_Moresby,_the_capital_city_of_Papua_New_Guinea_ Papua_New_Guinea_(abbreviated_PNG;_,__;__tpi,_Papua_Niugini;__ho,_Papua_Niu_Gini),_officially_the_Independent_State_of_Papua_New_Guinea_(_tpi,_Independen_Stet_bilong__...
,_Tsinyaji_language.html" ;"title="Erima_language.html" "title="Dani languages">Dani + Isirawa (probably Kwerba languages">Kwerba)">Kwerba_languages.html" ;"title="Dani_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Dani languages">Dani + Isirawa (probably Kwerba languages">Kwerba)***Highland ****Wurm & Laycock's Kainantu languages">Gadsup–Auyana–Awa–Tairoa + Erima language">Erima Erima is a suburb of Port Moresby, the capital city of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong ...
, Tsinyaji language">Tsinyaji [= TNG Kainantu + Madang] ****Wurm & Laycock's Goroka languages, Gende–Siane–Gahuku–Kamano–Fore [= TNG Goroka] ****Wurm & Laycock's Chimbu–Wahgi languages, Hagen–Wahgi–Jimi–Chumbu [= Chimbu–Wahgi] ****Wurm & Laycock's Enga– Huli–
Pole Pole may refer to: Astronomy *Celestial pole, the projection of the planet Earth's axis of rotation onto the celestial sphere; also applies to the axis of rotation of other planets *Pole star, a visible star that is approximately aligned with the ...
– Wiru Engan_+_Wiru_(probably_Teberan–Pawaian).html" ;"title="Engan_languages.html" ;"title=" Engan_+_Wiru_(probably_Teberan–Pawaian)">Engan_languages.html"_;"title="_Engan_languages">Engan_+_Wiru_(probably_Teberan–Pawaian)****Karam_language.html" ;"title="Engan languages">Engan + Wiru (probably Teberan–Pawaian)">Engan_languages.html" ;"title=" Engan languages">Engan + Wiru (probably Teberan–Pawaian)****Karam language">Karam (Aförö) [= Madang] ****Kutubu language, Kutubu, Fasu language, Fasu [= Kutubuan] ***McElhanon's Huon languages + Matap language, Matap, Jupna Valley language, Jupna Valley, Kandomin language, Kandomin,
Wantoat Wantoat, named after the Wantoat River, is one of the Finisterre languages of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi ...
Finisterre–Huon.html" ;"title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon">Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon**Northern ***Murik: Murik,
Angoram Angoram is a town and seat of Angoram District in East Sepik Province in north-western Papua New Guinea. The area is noted for its rubber and Theobroma cacao, cocoa plantations and the town is situated on the Sepik River. The town is served by Ango ...
(Tjimundo), Tshamberi, Kambot
Nor–Pondo The Lower Sepik a.k.a. Nor–Pondo languages are a small language family of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by K Laumann in 1951 under the name Nor–Pondo, and included in Donald Laycock's now-d ...
+ Kambot] ***Tami: Sko language, Sko (Seko), Sangke language, Sangke, Arso language, Arso, Njao language, Njao, Wembi language, Wembi, Skofro language, Skofro, Ampas language, Ampas, Waris language, Waris, Vanimo language, Vanimo, Kilmeri, Amanab
Border_ Borders_are_usually_defined_as_geographical_boundaries,_imposed_either_by_features_such_as_oceans_and_terrain,_or_by__political_entities_such_as_governments,_sovereign_states,_federated_states,_and_other_subnational_entities._Political_borders_c_...
_+_Skou_languages.html" ;"title="Border_languages_(New_Guinea).html" "title=" non-TNG Border languages (New Guinea)">Border Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Political borders c ...
 + Skou languages">Skou families + unclassified Molof (Cowan's proposal)] ***Arapeshan: Arapesh language, Arapesh, Kombio language, Kombio, Mountain Arapesh language, Mountain Arapesh, Torricelli language, Torricelli, Bambita language, Bambita, Wom language (Papua New Guinea), Wam, Yambes language, Yambes, Kavu, Valman
Torricelli_family.html" ;"title="Torricelli_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG
Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_ Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_Yessan-Mayo_language">Mayo_Mayo_often_refers_to: *_Mayonnaise,_often_shortened_to_"mayo" *_Mayo_Clinic,_a_medical_center_in_Rochester,_Minnesota,_United_States Mayo_may_also_refer_to: __Places_ _Antarctica *_Mayo_Peak,_Marie_Byrd_Land _Australia *_Division_of_Mayo,_an_Aust_...
,_ Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_Yessan-Mayo_language">Mayo_Mayo_often_refers_to: *_Mayonnaise,_often_shortened_to_"mayo" *_Mayo_Clinic,_a_medical_center_in_Rochester,_Minnesota,_United_States Mayo_may_also_refer_to: __Places_ _Antarctica *_Mayo_Peak,_Marie_Byrd_Land _Australia *_Division_of_Mayo,_an_Aust_...
,_Kwoma_language">Kwoma,_ Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_Yessan-Mayo_language">Mayo_Mayo_often_refers_to: *_Mayonnaise,_often_shortened_to_"mayo" *_Mayo_Clinic,_a_medical_center_in_Rochester,_Minnesota,_United_States Mayo_may_also_refer_to: __Places_ _Antarctica *_Mayo_Peak,_Marie_Byrd_Land _Australia *_Division_of_Mayo,_an_Aust_...
,_Kwoma_language">Kwoma,_Wongamusin_language">Wongamusin,_
Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_Yessan-Mayo_language">Mayo_Mayo_often_refers_to: *_Mayonnaise,_often_shortened_to_"mayo" *_Mayo_Clinic,_a_medical_center_in_Rochester,_Minnesota,_United_States Mayo_may_also_refer_to: __Places_ _Antarctica *_Mayo_Peak,_Marie_Byrd_Land _Australia *_Division_of_Mayo,_an_Aust_...
,_Kwoma_language">Kwoma,_Wongamusin_language">Wongamusin,_ Iwam_+_Abau_language.html"__"title="Iwam_language.html"_;"title="Wongamusin_language.html"_;"title="Kwoma_language.html"_;"title="Yessan-Mayo_language.html"__"title="Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_Yessan-Mayo_language">Mayo_Mayo_often_refers_to: *_Mayonnaise,_often_shortened_to_"mayo" *_Mayo_Clinic,_a_medical_center_in_Rochester,_Minnesota,_United_States Mayo_may_also_refer_to: __Places_ _Antarctica *_Mayo_Peak,_Marie_Byrd_Land _Australia *_Division_of_Mayo,_an_Aust_...
,_Kwoma_language">Kwoma,_Wongamusin_language">Wongamusin,_Iwam_language">Iwam_+_Abau_language">Abau_ Abau_is_a_Papuan_language_spoken_in_southern_Sandaun_Province_of_Papua_New_Guinea,_primarily_along_the_border_with_Indonesia. In_2002,_there_were_estimated_to_be_between_4,500_and_5,000_speakers,_and_this_number_does_not_appear_to_have_declined_s_...
,_Laycock's_
Iwam_+_Abau_language.html"__"title="Iwam_language.html"_;"title="Wongamusin_language.html"_;"title="Kwoma_language.html"_;"title="Yessan-Mayo_language.html"__"title="Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_Yessan-Mayo_language">Mayo_Mayo_often_refers_to: *_Mayonnaise,_often_shortened_to_"mayo" *_Mayo_Clinic,_a_medical_center_in_Rochester,_Minnesota,_United_States Mayo_may_also_refer_to: __Places_ _Antarctica *_Mayo_Peak,_Marie_Byrd_Land _Australia *_Division_of_Mayo,_an_Aust_...
,_Kwoma_language">Kwoma,_Wongamusin_language">Wongamusin,_Iwam_language">Iwam_+_Abau_language">Abau_ Abau_is_a_Papuan_language_spoken_in_southern_Sandaun_Province_of_Papua_New_Guinea,_primarily_along_the_border_with_Indonesia. In_2002,_there_were_estimated_to_be_between_4,500_and_5,000_speakers,_and_this_number_does_not_appear_to_have_declined_s_...
,_Laycock's_
Ndu_+_"Tombenam",_"Malu_language.html"__"title="Ndu_languages.html"_;"title="Iwam_language">Iwam_+_Abau_language.html"__"title="Iwam_language.html"_;"title="Wongamusin_language.html"_;"title="Kwoma_language.html"_;"title="Yessan-Mayo_language.html"__"title="Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family">Torricelli_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Torricelli_languages">Torricelli_family***Ndu–Kwoma:_Yessan-Mayo_language">Mayo_Mayo_often_refers_to: *_Mayonnaise,_often_shortened_to_"mayo" *_Mayo_Clinic,_a_medical_center_in_Rochester,_Minnesota,_United_States Mayo_may_also_refer_to: __Places_ _Antarctica *_Mayo_Peak,_Marie_Byrd_Land _Australia *_Division_of_Mayo,_an_Aust_...
,_Kwoma_language">Kwoma,_Wongamusin_language">Wongamusin,_Iwam_language">Iwam_+_Abau_language">Abau_ Abau_is_a_Papuan_language_spoken_in_southern_Sandaun_Province_of_Papua_New_Guinea,_primarily_along_the_border_with_Indonesia. In_2002,_there_were_estimated_to_be_between_4,500_and_5,000_speakers,_and_this_number_does_not_appear_to_have_declined_s_...
,_Laycock's_Ndu_languages">Ndu_+_"Tombenam",_"Malu_language">Malu_ _is_a_word_in_the_Samoan_language_for_a_female-specific_tattoo_of_cultural_significance._The__covers_the_legs_from_just_below_the_knee_to_the_upper_thighs_just_below_the_buttocks,_and_is_typically_finer_and_delicate_in_design_compared_to_the_,_t_...
"_
[=_non-TNG_Sepik_languages.html" "title="Ndu_languages">Ndu_+_"Tombenam",_"Malu_language.html" "title="Ndu_languages.html" ;"title="Iwam_language">Iwam_+_Abau_language.html" "title="Iwam_language.html" ;"title="Wongamusin_language.html" ;"title="Kwoma_language.html" ;"title="Yessan-Mayo_language.html" "title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli family">Torricelli_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG Torricelli languages">Torricelli family***Ndu–Kwoma: Yessan-Mayo language">Mayo Mayo often refers to: * Mayonnaise, often shortened to "mayo" * Mayo Clinic, a medical center in Rochester, Minnesota, United States Mayo may also refer to: Places Antarctica * Mayo Peak, Marie Byrd Land Australia * Division of Mayo, an Aust ...
, Kwoma language">Kwoma, Wongamusin language">Wongamusin, Iwam language">Iwam + Abau language">Abau Abau is a Papuan language spoken in southern Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea, primarily along the border with Indonesia. In 2002, there were estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 speakers, and this number does not appear to have declined s ...
, Laycock's Ndu languages">Ndu + "Tombenam", "Malu language">Malu is a word in the Samoan language for a female-specific tattoo of cultural significance. The covers the legs from just below the knee to the upper thighs just below the buttocks, and is typically finer and delicate in design compared to the , t ...
"
[= non-TNG Sepik languages">Sepik The Sepik () is the longest river on the island of New Guinea, and the second largest in Oceania by discharge volume after the Fly River. The majority of the river flows through the Papua New Guinea (PNG) provinces of Sandaun (formerly West Se ...
 family] ***Sentani: Sentani language, Sentani, Nafri language, Nafri, Tabla language, Tanahmerah, Nimboran language, Nimboran, Gresik language, Gresik, Kemtuk language, Kemtuk, Kuangsu language, Kuangsu, Waibron Bano-Demenggong language, Waibron Bano-Demenggong, Demta, Mekei, Boven Tor, Kwesten, Mawes, Kaure, Sause
Sentani_+_ Sentani_+_Nimboran_languages">Nimboran_+_ Sentani_+_Nimboran_languages">Nimboran_+_Tor–Kwerba_languages">Tor–Kwerba_+_(possibly_TNG)_Kaure_languages.html" ;"title="Tor–Kwerba_languages.html" ;"title="Nimboran_languages.html" ;"title="Sentani_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG Sentani languages">Sentani + Nimboran languages">Nimboran + Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor–Kwerba + (possibly TNG) Kaure languages">Kaure families] ***Monumbo: Monumbo language, Monumbo, Lilau language, Lilau, Bosngun language, Bosngun, Nubia language, Nubia, Makarob language, Makarob, Igom language, Igom, Gamai language, Gamai, Watam language, Watam, Tanggum, Murusapa, Anaberg, Atemble,
Gapun Gapun is a village in Marienberg Rural LLG, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, located near the mouth of the Sepik River. The language isolate Tayap is traditionally spoken in Gapun by the Tayap people. Gapun village is the sole Tayap settle ...

Monumbo_(branch_of_Torricelli)_+_Ramu_languages.html" "title="Monumbo_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG Monumbo languages">Monumbo (branch of Torricelli) + Ramu languages">Ramu The Ramu River is a major river in northern Papua New Guinea. The headwaters of the river are formed in the Kratke Range from where it then travels about northwest to the Bismarck Sea. Along the Ramu's course, it receives numerous tributaries ...
 & Gapun families] ***Unclassified: Siaute language, Siaute (Olo, Torricelli); Nori language (Papuan), Nori (Skou); Apris language, Apris (Southern Adelbert) **Southern (Kiwaiic) ***Peremka language, Peremka, Bangu, Wandatokwe, Jiminakana, Nausaku, Kebanagara,
Mani Mani may refer to: Geography * Maní, Casanare, a town and municipality in Casanare Department, Colombia * Mani, Chad, a town and sub-prefecture in Chad * Mani, Evros, a village in northeastern Greece * Mani, Karnataka, a village in Dakshi ...

Tonda_family_+_TNG_ Tonda_family_+_TNG_ Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***
Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki*** Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_Dapo_language_(Papuan)">Dapo,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_Dapo_language_(Papuan)">Dapo,_Nombuio_language">Nombuio,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_Dapo_language_(Papuan)">Dapo,_Nombuio_language">Nombuio,_Noraia_language">Noraia,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_Dapo_language_(Papuan)">Dapo,_Nombuio_language">Nombuio,_Noraia_language">Noraia,_Potaia_language">Potaia,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_Dapo_language_(Papuan)">Dapo,_Nombuio_language">Nombuio,_Noraia_language">Noraia,_Potaia_language">Potaia,_Tunjuamu_language">Tunjuamu,_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_Dapo_language_(Papuan)">Dapo,_Nombuio_language">Nombuio,_Noraia_language">Noraia,_Potaia_language">Potaia,_Tunjuamu_language">Tunjuamu,_Nenium_language">Nenium_(Wakamara),_ Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html"__"title="Parb_language.html"_;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html"_;"title="Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki">Suki_language.html"_;"title="Tonda_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Tonda_languages">Tonda_family_+_TNG_Suki_language">Suki***Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan)">Sanana_ Sanana_is_a_town_and_administrative_center_of_Sula_Islands_Regency,_North_Maluku,_Indonesia._This_town_is_located_on_Sulabesi_Island_(formerly_called_Sanana_Island). _Villages Sanana_consists_of_11_villages_ A_village_is_a_clustered_huma_...
,_Dungerwab_language">Dungerwab,_Dorro_language">Dorro,_Dapo_language_(Papuan)">Dapo,_Nombuio_language">Nombuio,_Noraia_language">Noraia,_Potaia_language">Potaia,_Tunjuamu_language">Tunjuamu,_Nenium_language">Nenium_(Wakamara),_Karigari_language">Karigari,_Moi-e_language.html" ;"title="Karigari_language.html" ;"title="Nenium_language.html" ;"title="Tunjuamu_language.html" ;"title="Potaia_language.html" ;"title="Noraia_language.html" ;"title="Nombuio_language.html" ;"title="Dapo_language_(Papuan).html" ;"title="Dorro_language.html" ;"title="Dungerwab_language.html" ;"title="Parb_language">Parb,_Kunja_language_(Papuan).html" "title="Parb_language.html" ;"title="Suki_language">Suki.html" ;"title="Suki_language.html" ;"title="Tonda_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG Tonda languages">Tonda family + TNG Suki language">Suki">Suki_language.html" ;"title="Tonda_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG Tonda languages">Tonda family + TNG Suki language">Suki***Parb language">Parb, Kunja language (Papuan)">Sanana Sanana is a town and administrative center of Sula Islands Regency, North Maluku, Indonesia. This town is located on Sulabesi Island (formerly called Sanana Island). Villages Sanana consists of 11 villages A village is a clustered huma ...
, Dungerwab language">Dungerwab, Dorro language">Dorro, Dapo language (Papuan)">Dapo, Nombuio language">Nombuio, Noraia language">Noraia, Potaia language">Potaia, Tunjuamu language">Tunjuamu, Nenium language">Nenium (Wakamara), Karigari language">Karigari, Moi-e language">Moi-e
[= Kunja (Tonda family) + related Nambu + Mekwei (Nimboran family), none TNG] ***Bugi language (Pahoturi), Bugi, Dabu language, Dabu, Dibolug language, Dibolug, Kibuli language, Kibuli, Ngamai-iki language, Ngamai-iki (Tupadidi), Mbayaka language, Mbayaka (Jindabira), Agöb
Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family*** Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_Teri-Kawalsch_language">Teri-Kawalsch,_
Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_Teri-Kawalsch_language">Teri-Kawalsch,_ Ndom,_Jab_language.html"__"title="Ndom_language.html"_;"title="Teri-Kawalsch_language.html"_;"title="Keladdar_language.html"_;"title="Riantana_language.html"_;"title="Kimaghama_language.html"_;"title="Koneraw_language.html"_;"title="Komelom_language.html"_;"title="Moraori_language.html"_;"title="Kanum_language.html"_;"title="Ngowugar_language.html"_;"title="Toro_language_(Papuan).html"_;"title="Jei_language.html"_;"title="ahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_Teri-Kawalsch_language">Teri-Kawalsch,_Ndom_language">Ndom,_Jab_language">Jab_ A_jab_is_a_type_of__punch_used_in__martial_arts._Several_variations_of_the_jab_exist,_but_every_jab_shares_these_characteristics:_while_in_a_fighting_stance,_the_lead_fist_is_thrown_straight_ahead_and_the_arm_is_fully_extended_from_the_side_of__...
_(Jelmek),_ Ndom,_Jab_language.html"__"title="Ndom_language.html"_;"title="Teri-Kawalsch_language.html"_;"title="Keladdar_language.html"_;"title="Riantana_language.html"_;"title="Kimaghama_language.html"_;"title="Koneraw_language.html"_;"title="Komelom_language.html"_;"title="Moraori_language.html"_;"title="Kanum_language.html"_;"title="Ngowugar_language.html"_;"title="Toro_language_(Papuan).html"_;"title="Jei_language.html"_;"title="ahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_Teri-Kawalsch_language">Teri-Kawalsch,_Ndom_language">Ndom,_Jab_language">Jab_ A_jab_is_a_type_of__punch_used_in__martial_arts._Several_variations_of_the_jab_exist,_but_every_jab_shares_these_characteristics:_while_in_a_fighting_stance,_the_lead_fist_is_thrown_straight_ahead_and_the_arm_is_fully_extended_from_the_side_of__...
_(Jelmek),_Makleu_language">Makleu_
[=_non-TNG_Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.html" ;"title="Makleu_language.html" ;"title="Ndom_language">Ndom,_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_Teri-Kawalsch_language">Teri-Kawalsch,_Ndom_language">Ndom,_Jab_language">Jab_ A_jab_is_a_type_of__punch_used_in__martial_arts._Several_variations_of_the_jab_exist,_but_every_jab_shares_these_characteristics:_while_in_a_fighting_stance,_the_lead_fist_is_thrown_straight_ahead_and_the_arm_is_fully_extended_from_the_side_of__...
_(Jelmek),_Makleu_language">Makleu_
[=_non-TNG_Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages">Morehead_&_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_Teri-Kawalsch_language">Teri-Kawalsch,_Ndom_language">Ndom,_Jab_language">Jab_ A_jab_is_a_type_of__punch_used_in__martial_arts._Several_variations_of_the_jab_exist,_but_every_jab_shares_these_characteristics:_while_in_a_fighting_stance,_the_lead_fist_is_thrown_straight_ahead_and_the_arm_is_fully_extended_from_the_side_of__...
_(Jelmek),_Makleu_language">Makleu_
[=_non-TNG_Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages">Morehead_&_Bulaka_River_languages">Bulaka_River_families_+_TNG_ Pahoturi_family.html"_;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family">Pahoturi_languages.html"_;"title="_non-TNG_Pahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family***Jei_language">Jei,_Toro_language_(Papuan)">Toro,_Ngowugar_language">Ngowugar,_Kanum_language">Kanum,_Moraori_language">Moraori,_Komelom_language">Komelom_(Mombum),_Koneraw_language">Koneraw,_Kimaghama_language">Kimaghama,_Riantana_language">Riantana,_Keladdar_language">Keladdar,_Teri-Kawalsch_language">Teri-Kawalsch,_Ndom_language">Ndom,_Jab_language">Jab_ A_jab_is_a_type_of__punch_used_in__martial_arts._Several_variations_of_the_jab_exist,_but_every_jab_shares_these_characteristics:_while_in_a_fighting_stance,_the_lead_fist_is_thrown_straight_ahead_and_the_arm_is_fully_extended_from_the_side_of__...
_(Jelmek),_Makleu_language">Makleu_
[=_non-TNG_Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages">Morehead_&_Bulaka_River_languages">Bulaka_River_families_+_TNG_Mombum_languages">Mombum,_Kolopom_languages.html" ;"title="Mombum_languages.html" ;"title="Bulaka_River_languages.html" ;"title="Jab_language.html" "title="Ndom_language.html" ;"title="Teri-Kawalsch_language.html" ;"title="Keladdar_language.html" ;"title="Riantana_language.html" ;"title="Kimaghama_language.html" ;"title="Koneraw_language.html" ;"title="Komelom_language.html" ;"title="Moraori_language.html" ;"title="Kanum_language.html" ;"title="Ngowugar_language.html" ;"title="Toro_language_(Papuan).html" ;"title="Jei_language.html" ;"title="ahoturi_languages">Pahoturi_family.html" ;"title="Pahoturi_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG Pahoturi languages">Pahoturi family">Pahoturi_languages.html" ;"title=" non-TNG Pahoturi languages">Pahoturi family***Jei language">Jei, Toro language (Papuan)">Toro, Ngowugar language">Ngowugar, Kanum language">Kanum, Moraori language">Moraori, Komelom language">Komelom (Mombum), Koneraw language">Koneraw, Kimaghama language">Kimaghama, Riantana language">Riantana, Keladdar language">Keladdar, Teri-Kawalsch language">Teri-Kawalsch, Ndom language">Ndom, Jab language">Jab A jab is a type of punch used in martial arts. Several variations of the jab exist, but every jab shares these characteristics: while in a fighting stance, the lead fist is thrown straight ahead and the arm is fully extended from the side of ...
 (Jelmek), Makleu language">Makleu
[= non-TNG Morehead and Upper Maro River languages">Morehead & Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River families + TNG Mombum languages">Mombum, Kolopom languages">Kolopom, & Morori families] ***Kiwai language, Kiwai, Ipikoi language, Ipikoi, Hibaradai language, Hibaradai, Waia language, Hiwi, Urama language, Urama, Iwainu language, Iwainu, Goaribari language, Goaribari, Kerewa language, Kerewa, Turama,
Era River The Era is a river in Tuscany in Italy. It rises near Volterra and flows into the Arno river at Pontedera. The Era is 54 km long, and its main tributaries are: (to the left) Cascina river, Ragone torrent, Sterza torrent, and (to the right) C ...
, Mawata, Domori, Wabuda, Sisiame, Pirupiru, Dibiri,
Karami Karami (Arabic كرامي) is an Arabic-based Lebanese surname, particularly that of a famous Lebanese Sunni Muslim political family. It is often francicised in the media as Karamé. It is to be differentiated from the Classical Arabic term Karam ...
, Eme-eme (Pepeha), Mahigi, Tureture, Tapapi (Tapari), Buniki
Inland_Gulf_+_possibly_TNG_ Inland_Gulf_+_possibly_TNG_Kiwaian_languages">Kiwaian_+_non-TNG_Waia.html" ;"title="Kiwaian_languages.html" ;"title="Inland_Gulf_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Inland_Gulf_+_possibly_TNG_Kiwaian_languages">Kiwaian_+_non-TNG_Waia">Kiwaian_languages.html"_;"title="Inland_Gulf_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Inland_Gulf_languages">Inland_Gulf_+_possibly_TNG_Kiwaian_languages">Kiwaian_+_non-TNG_Waia***Barika_[probably_Barikewa_language.html" ;"title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf + possibly TNG Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian + non-TNG Waia">Kiwaian_languages.html" ;"title="Inland_Gulf_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf + possibly TNG Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian + non-TNG Waia***Barika [probably Barikewa language">Barikewa], Dugeme language, Dugeme, Karima language, Karima, Foraba language, Foraba, Ro language, Ro (Keai, Worugi), Sesa language, Sesa, Tumu language, Tumu (Dumu, Kibiri)
[= TNG Turama–Kikorian family + possibly TNG Folopa] *** Kunini language, Kunini, Masingara, Oriomo, Jibu, Miriam, Gijara
Eastern_Trans-Fly_family.html" ;"title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly family">Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly family**Southwestern (Marind–Ok) ***Awju: Awju Sjiagha, Awju Jenimu (Oser), Awju Pisa Awyu–Dumut_family.html" ;"title="Awyu–Dumut_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG
Awyu–Dumut_family">Awyu–Dumut_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Awyu–Dumut_languages">Awyu–Dumut_family***Kukukuku:_ Awyu–Dumut_family">Awyu–Dumut_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Awyu–Dumut_languages">Awyu–Dumut_family***Kukukuku:_Kukukuku_language">Kukukuku_ The_Angu_or_Änga_people,_also_called_Kukukuku_(pronounced_"cookah-cookah")_are_a_small_and_previously_violent_and__cannibal_group_speaking_a_number_of__related_languagesEthnologue:_Languages_of_the_World,_Sixteenth_Edition,_M._Paul_Lewis,_editor_...
,_ Awyu–Dumut_family">Awyu–Dumut_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Awyu–Dumut_languages">Awyu–Dumut_family***Kukukuku:_Kukukuku_language">Kukukuku_ The_Angu_or_Änga_people,_also_called_Kukukuku_(pronounced_"cookah-cookah")_are_a_small_and_previously_violent_and__cannibal_group_speaking_a_number_of__related_languagesEthnologue:_Languages_of_the_World,_Sixteenth_Edition,_M._Paul_Lewis,_editor_...
,_Ashavi_language">Ashavi,_ Awyu–Dumut_family">Awyu–Dumut_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Awyu–Dumut_languages">Awyu–Dumut_family***Kukukuku:_Kukukuku_language">Kukukuku_ The_Angu_or_Änga_people,_also_called_Kukukuku_(pronounced_"cookah-cookah")_are_a_small_and_previously_violent_and__cannibal_group_speaking_a_number_of__related_languagesEthnologue:_Languages_of_the_World,_Sixteenth_Edition,_M._Paul_Lewis,_editor_...
,_Ashavi_language">Ashavi,_Madinava_language">Madinava_[=_TNG_Angan_languages.html" ;"title="Madinava_language.html" ;"title="Ashavi_language.html" ;"title="Kukukuku_language.html" "title="Awyu–Dumut languages">Awyu–Dumut family">Awyu–Dumut_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Awyu–Dumut languages">Awyu–Dumut family***Kukukuku: Kukukuku language">Kukukuku The Angu or Änga people, also called Kukukuku (pronounced "cookah-cookah") are a small and previously violent and cannibal group speaking a number of related languagesEthnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth Edition, M. Paul Lewis, editor ...
, Ashavi language">Ashavi, Madinava language">Madinava [= TNG Angan languages">Angan] ***Tirio: Tirio language (Papuan), Tirio, Tagota language (Papua New Guinea), Tagota, Pisirami language, Pisirami, Arama language (Tirio), Arama, Anima language, Anima [= TNG Tirio languages, Tirio family] ***Ok Ok.html" ;"title=" TNG Ok languages, Ok"> TNG Ok + Awin–Pa languages, Awin–Pa + Awyu–Dumut families****
Digul The Digul River () is a major river in southern Papua province, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea. It is the fourth longest river in New Guinea after Sepik River, Mamberamo River and Fly River. With a total length of and has a drainage b ...
,
Aran Aran m Places Azerbaijan Villages and municipalities: * Aran, Aghjabadi * Aran, Lerik * Aran, Shaki * Aran, Tovuz * Aran, Yevlakh Iran * Aran, Alborz, a village in Alborz Province * Aran, Nain, a village in Isfahan Province * Aran, K ...
, Niinati, Metomka, Lower Muiu, Muju, Kandam, Iongom, Upper Tedi, Awin, Eastern Tedi, Western Donaldson, Upper Fly, Upper Muju, Marapka **** Telefol, Unkia, "Plain Country" Awin**** Mandobo, Dumut, Kaeti, Wambon ***Marind Marind_+_perhaps_non-TNG_Bulaka_River_languages.html" ;"title="Marind_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Marind languages">Marind + perhaps non-TNG Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River familiesJabga is not Marind, but no words from it appear in Greenberg's proposal.] ****Marind language, Marind (Tugeri, incl. Gawir & Boven Mbian) ****Jaqai language, Jaqai, Sohur language, Sohur ****Boazi language, Boazi, Dea language (Boazi), Dea, Konmak language, Konmak (village Y), Lake Murray language, Lake Murray, Jabga, Babwa (village Z), Gabgab,
Biak Biak is an island located in Cenderawasih Bay near the northern coast of Papua, an Indonesian province, and is just northwest of New Guinea. Biak is the largest island in its small archipelago, and has many atolls, reefs, and corals. The large ...
(village X) *West **Western *** Yava (Mantembu & Saweroe) non-TNG, possible isolate*** Kapaur (Iha), Baham (Patimuni), Karas West_Bomberai_family.html" ;"title="West_Bomberai_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG West_Bomberai_family">West_Bomberai_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_West_Bomberai_languages">West_Bomberai_family*** West_Bomberai_family">West_Bomberai_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_West_Bomberai_languages">West_Bomberai_family***Ajamaru_language">Ajamaru,_ West_Bomberai_family">West_Bomberai_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_West_Bomberai_languages">West_Bomberai_family***Ajamaru_language">Ajamaru,_Asli-Sidi_language">Asli-Sidi,_ West_Bomberai_family">West_Bomberai_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_West_Bomberai_languages">West_Bomberai_family***Ajamaru_language">Ajamaru,_Asli-Sidi_language">Asli-Sidi,_Maibrat_language">Maibrat,_ West_Bomberai_family">West_Bomberai_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_West_Bomberai_languages">West_Bomberai_family***Ajamaru_language">Ajamaru,_Asli-Sidi_language">Asli-Sidi,_Maibrat_language">Maibrat,_Aitinjo_language">Aitinjo_[=_non-TNG_Mai_Brat_languages.html" ;"title="Aitinjo_language.html" ;"title="Maibrat_language.html" ;"title="Asli-Sidi_language.html" ;"title="Ajamaru_language.html" ;"title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai family">West_Bomberai_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai family***Ajamaru language">Ajamaru, Asli-Sidi language">Asli-Sidi, Maibrat language">Maibrat, Aitinjo language">Aitinjo [= non-TNG Mai Brat languages">Mai Brat family] ***Madik language, Madik, Karon language (Papuan), Karon, Waipu language, Waipu, Moi language, Moi, Seget language, Seget, Kalabra language, Kalabra, Moraid language, Moraid, Tehit language, Tehit, Moi language, Waliem
Bird's Head The Bird's Head Peninsula ( Indonesian: ''Kepala Burung'', nl, Vogelkop) or Doberai Peninsula (''Semenanjung Doberai''), is a large peninsula that makes up the northwest portion of the island of New Guinea, comprising the Indonesian provinces ...
family] ***Meninggo language, Meninggo (Meax), Mansibaber language, Mansibaber, Manikion language, Manikion, Mantion language, Mantion, Amberbaken language, Amberbaken, Faranjao language, Faranjao, Mairasi language, Mairasi, Etna Bay, Mogetemin isidentifiedThe name Mogetemin is used for both Maibrat and Konda (Ogit

The vocabulary in Greenberg is clearly Maibrat, but the placement here looks to be an inherited classification for Konda. Konda language (Papuan), Konda, Jahadian, Puragi, Kampong-Baru, Solowat, Itigo, Bira, Najarago, Tarof, Barau, Arandai, Mor
East_Bird's_Head_+_Amberbaken_+_ East_Bird's_Head_+_Amberbaken_+_Mairasi_languages">Mairasi_families_+_Maibrat_(spurious)_+_TNG_South_Bird's_Head_languages.html" ;"title="Mairasi_languages.html" ;"title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head + Amberbaken + Mairasi languages">Mairasi families + Maibrat (spurious) + TNG South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head + Mor families] **North Halmahera: Loda language, Loda, Tobelo language, Tobelo, Tabaru language, Tabaru, Isam language, Isam, Pagu language, Pagu, Tololiku language, Tololiku, Wai language, Wai (Waioli), Sau, Modole, Galela,
Ternate Ternate is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the ''de facto'' provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the ...
,
Tidore Tidore ( id, Kota Tidore Kepulauan, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. Part of North Maluku Province, the city includes the island ...

North_Halmahera_family.html" ;"title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera family">North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera family**Timor–Alor:
Bunak The Bunak (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake) people are an ethnic group that live in the mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political boundary between West Timor, Indonesia, particularly in Lamaknen District and East Timor. ...
, Abui,
Makasai Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai) is a Papuan language spoken by about 100,000 people in the eastern part of East Timor, in the districts of Baucau (district), Baucau and Viqueque (district), Viqueque, just to the west ...
, Oirata
Timorese_languages.html" ;"title="Timor–Alor_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Timorese_languages">Timor–Alor_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Timor–Alor_languages">Timorese_languages*Eastern **Afoa:_ Timorese_languages">Timor–Alor_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Timor–Alor_languages">Timorese_languages*Eastern **Afoa:_Afoa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)">Afoa,_ Timorese_languages">Timor–Alor_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Timor–Alor_languages">Timorese_languages*Eastern **Afoa:_Afoa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)">Afoa,_Tauata_language">Tauata,_ Timorese_languages">Timor–Alor_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Timor–Alor_languages">Timorese_languages*Eastern **Afoa:_Afoa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)">Afoa,_Tauata_language">Tauata,_Goilala_language">Goilala,_ Timorese_languages">Timor–Alor_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Timor–Alor_languages">Timorese_languages*Eastern **Afoa:_Afoa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)">Afoa,_Tauata_language">Tauata,_Goilala_language">Goilala,_Ambo_language_(Papuan)">Ambo,_ Timorese_languages">Timor–Alor_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Timor–Alor_languages">Timorese_languages*Eastern **Afoa:_Afoa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)">Afoa,_Tauata_language">Tauata,_Goilala_language">Goilala,_Ambo_language_(Papuan)">Ambo,_Deba_language">Deba_
[=_Goilalan_languages.html" ;"title="Deba_language.html" ;"title="Ambo_language_(Papuan).html" ;"title="Goilala_language.html" ;"title="Tauata_language.html" ;"title="Afoa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea).html" ;"title="Timor–Alor languages">Timorese languages">Timor–Alor_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Timor–Alor languages">Timorese languages*Eastern **Afoa: Afoa language (Papua New Guinea)">Afoa, Tauata language">Tauata, Goilala language">Goilala, Ambo language (Papuan)">Ambo, Deba language">Deba
[= Goilalan languages">Goilalan family] **Kovio: Kovio language (Papuan), Kovio, Kuepa language, Kuepa, Oru-Lopiko language, Oru-Lopiko, Kunimaipa language, Kunimaipa, Sini language, Sini, Biaru language, Biaru, Goiefu language, Goiefu
Goilalan.html" ;"title=" Goilalan"> Goilalan languages, Goilalan family**Fuyuge: Fuyuge (Mafulu), Kambesi (Tauada), Sikube (Kambana), Korona, Onunge, Agita, Vovoi, Gomali language, Gomali
Goilalan.html" ;"title=" Goilalan languages, Goilalan"> Goilalan languages, Goilalan family**Koita: Biagi language, Biagi, Uabari language, Uabari, Iarumi language, Iarumi, Karukaru language, Karukaru, Mogoni language, Mogoni, Agi language (Koiali), Agi, Isurara [typo for Isurava language, Isurava], Suku (Amaseba), Minjori, Kagi, Favele, Wowonga, Kokila, Eikiri, Koiari,
Uberi The Uberi were a Celtic tribe dwelling near the source of the Rhône river, in the modern-day Canton of Valais ( Switzerland), during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Along with the Nantuates, Veragri and Seduni, the Uberi were part of the V ...
,
Koita Kitta or Koita ( el, Κοίτα) is a village in the Mani peninsula, Laconia, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Oitylo. It is built on top of a hill, overlooking the sea. Kitta is known for its many Maniot pyrgoi (war towers). Partial ...
, Iworo, Maiari, Gosisi (Tobiri),
Itu The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies. It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Unio ...
, Hagari, Neneba, Barai (Managalaski), Seramina, Suambe
Numba Numba is an open-source JIT compiler that translates a subset of Python and NumPy into fast machine code using LLVM, via the llvmlite Python package. It offers a range of options for parallelising Python code for CPUs and GPUs, often with only ...
], Wamai language (Papuan), Wamai, Nigubaiba language, Nigubaiba, Kotoi language, Kotoi
[= Koiarian languages, Koiarian + Manubaran languages, Manubaran families] **Mailu: Mailu language, Mailu (Magi), Domara language, Domara, Nemea,
Dom Dom or DOM may refer to: People and fictional characters * Dom (given name), including fictional characters * Dom (surname) * Dom La Nena (born 1989), stage name of Brazilian-born cellist, singer and songwriter Dominique Pinto * Dom people, an et ...
(Domu), Merani, Morawa, Magori, Binahari, Monomor, Keveri, Moikoidi, Bauwaki, Kororo, Neme, Boli, Doriaidi, Buari, Okaudi, Bori, Saroa, Yabura, Avini, Lauwa, O'oku, Lauuna, Gebi, Orai-iu
Mailuan_+_ Mailuan_+_Manubaran_languages">Manubaran_+_Yareban_languages.html" ;"title="Manubaran_languages.html" ;"title="Mailuan_languages.html" ;"title=" Mailuan languages">Mailuan + Manubaran languages">Manubaran + Yareban languages">Yareban families, maybe Baruga, and crypto-Austronesian Magori & Keapara] **Elema: Haira language, Elema (Haira), Kairi-Kaura language, Kairi-Kaura, Uaripi language, Uaripi, Toaripi language, Toaripi (Motumotu), Milareipi language, Milareipi, Orokolo language, Orokolo
Eleman.html" ;"title=" Eleman"> [ Eleman family**Dimuga: Dimuga (Nawp), Tevi, Kanamara, Gwoiden, Makiara
Dagan family**Binandere: Binandere, Mambare
Musa_River_ _ The_Musa_is_a_river_on_the_eastern_side_of_the_Papuan_Peninsula,_in_Papua_New_Guinea.__It_is_one_of_the_primary_rivers_on_Oro_Province.___Its_mouth_exits_into_Dyke_Ackland_Bay_Dyke_Ackland_Bay_is_a_large_bay_in_the_Oro_Province_of_Papua_New_Guin_...
,_ Musa_River_ _ The_Musa_is_a_river_on_the_eastern_side_of_the_Papuan_Peninsula,_in_Papua_New_Guinea.__It_is_one_of_the_primary_rivers_on_Oro_Province.___Its_mouth_exits_into_Dyke_Ackland_Bay_Dyke_Ackland_Bay_is_a_large_bay_in_the_Oro_Province_of_Papua_New_Guin_...
,_Aiga_language">Aiga_ The_American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts_(AIGA)_is_a_professional_organization_for__design._Its_members_practice_all_forms_of_communication_design,_including_graphic_design,__typography,__interaction_design,__user_experience,_branding_and_identity_...
,_Yoda_[Yǒda/Koriri,_geographically_Hunjara_language.html" ;"title="Aiga_language.html" "title="Musa_River_language_(Binanderean).html" "title="mbiguous Musa River language (Binanderean)">Musa River The Musa is a river on the eastern side of the Papuan Peninsula, in Papua New Guinea. It is one of the primary rivers on Oro Province. Its mouth exits into Dyke Ackland Bay Dyke Ackland Bay is a large bay in the Oro Province of Papua New Guin ...
, Aiga language">Aiga The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) is a professional organization for design. Its members practice all forms of communication design, including graphic design, typography, interaction design, user experience, branding and identity ...
, Yoda [Yǒda/Koriri, geographically Hunjara language">Hunjara], Berepo [presumably Binandere language, Binandere], Amara [presumably Binandere language, Binandere], Adaua [possibly Baruga language, Baruga], Yema-Yarawa language, Yema-Yarawa, Mawai language, Mawai, Yega, Tain-Daware, Jegasa-Sarau, Jauwa (Dobodura), Hunjara, Tsia, Giumu, Tahari (incl. Aru & Duvera dialects), Maiheari, Upper Musa, Bargua, Totore
Binanderean_family_+_Akoye.html" ;"title="Binanderean_languages.html" ;"title=" Binanderean_family_+_Akoye">Binanderean_languages.html"_;"title="_Binanderean_languages">Binanderean_family_+_Akoye**Mulaha:_ Binanderean_family_+_Akoye">Binanderean_languages.html"_;"title="_Binanderean_languages">Binanderean_family_+_Akoye**Mulaha:_Mulaha_language">Mulaha_(Iaibu),_
Binanderean_family_+_Akoye">Binanderean_languages.html"_;"title="_Binanderean_languages">Binanderean_family_+_Akoye**Mulaha:_Mulaha_language">Mulaha_(Iaibu),_Manukolu_language">Manukolu_(Lakume),_ Binanderean_family_+_Akoye">Binanderean_languages.html"_;"title="_Binanderean_languages">Binanderean_family_+_Akoye**Mulaha:_Mulaha_language">Mulaha_(Iaibu),_Manukolu_language">Manukolu_(Lakume),_Garia_dialect_(Kwale)">Garia_ Garia__(_Bengali:গড়িয়া)_is_a_neighborhood_in_southern_Kolkata,_West_Bengal,_India._It_is_bordered_by_the_neighborhoods_of_Jadavpur_in_the_north,_Bansdroni/Tollygunge_in_the_north-west,__Santoshpur/_Mukundapur_in_the_north-east_a_...
,_ Binanderean_family_+_Akoye">Binanderean_languages.html"_;"title="_Binanderean_languages">Binanderean_family_+_Akoye**Mulaha:_Mulaha_language">Mulaha_(Iaibu),_Manukolu_language">Manukolu_(Lakume),_Garia_dialect_(Kwale)">Garia_ Garia__(_Bengali:গড়িয়া)_is_a_neighborhood_in_southern_Kolkata,_West_Bengal,_India._It_is_bordered_by_the_neighborhoods_of_Jadavpur_in_the_north,_Bansdroni/Tollygunge_in_the_north-west,__Santoshpur/_Mukundapur_in_the_north-east_a_...
,_Kwale_language">Kwale_
[=_Kwalean_languages.html" ;"title="Kwale_language.html" ;"title="Garia_dialect_(Kwale).html" "title="Manukolu_language.html" ;"title="Mulaha_language.html" ;"title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean family + Akoye">Binanderean_languages.html" ;"title=" Binanderean languages">Binanderean family + Akoye**Mulaha: Mulaha language">Mulaha (Iaibu), Manukolu language">Manukolu (Lakume), Garia dialect (Kwale)">Garia Garia ( Bengali:গড়িয়া) is a neighborhood in southern Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Jadavpur in the north, Bansdroni/Tollygunge in the north-west, Santoshpur/ Mukundapur in the north-east a ...
, Kwale language">Kwale
[= Kwalean languages">Kwalean family] **Namau language, Namau (Maipua) [an isolate, perhaps Eleman] *Northeast (Madang): Langtub language, Langtub, Panim language, Panim, Mis language, Mis, Bongu language, Bongu, Gorendu language, Gorendu, Bogadjim language, Bogadjim, Sungumana (Sungum), Wuong, Wenke, Uom, Jimjam Anjam.html"_;"title="Anjam_language.html"_;"title="eographically_Anjam_language">Anjam">Anjam_language.html"_;"title="eographically_Anjam_language">AnjamIdentified_with_Jimajima_language.html" ;"title="Anjam_language">Anjam.html" ;"title="Anjam_language.html" ;"title="eographically Anjam language">Anjam">Anjam_language.html" ;"title="eographically Anjam language">AnjamIdentified with Jimajima language">Jimajima (Dagan family) by Glottolo

but this contradicts the location in Ray. Burumana language, Burumana, Koliku language, Koliku, Kaliko language (Papuan), Kaliko,
Male Male (symbol: ♂) is the sex of an organism that produces the gamete (sex cell) known as sperm, which fuses with the larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male organism cannot reproduce sexually without access to ...
, Damun, Shongu,
Banara ''Banara'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae (formerly in Flacourtiaceae). Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of October 2022: *'' Banara acunae'' *'' Banara arguta'' *'' Banara axilliflora'' *'' B ...
(Moando), Tombenam (also in Ndu), Dagoi, Bonaputa-Mapu, Bunubun, Ulingan, Vanembere, Bunu (Saker), Rempin (A'e), Englam, Em,
Ate Ate or ATE may refer to: Organizations * Active Training and Education Trust, a not-for-profit organization providing "Superweeks", holidays for children in the United Kingdom * Association of Technical Employees, a trade union, now called the Nat ...
, Kemba, Bawaipa, Misdao, Maragum, Nupanob (Botelkude), Matepi
Madang Madang (old German name: ''Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen'') is the capital of Madang Province and is a town with a population of 27,420 (in 2005) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. It was first settled by the Germans in the 19th century. Histo ...
family] *East Papuan languages, Pacific **Bougainville ***Uasi language, Uasi [isolate] ***KKRE: Rotokas language, Rotokas, Konua language, Konua, Eivo language, Eivo, Keriaka language, Keriaka North Bougainville"> North Bougainville family***NNSB: Buin, NKK ( Nasioi, Koianu, Koromira), STB ( Telei, Siwai, Baitsi) South_Bougainville_family**New_Britain *** South_Bougainville_family**New_Britain ***[ Sulka_[unclassified.html"_;"title="Sulka_language.html"_;"title="South_Bougainville_languages">South_Bougainville_family**New_Britain ***Sulka_language">Sulka_[unclassified">Sulka_language.html"_;"title="South_Bougainville_languages">South_Bougainville_family**New_Britain ***Sulka_language">Sulka_[unclassified***Idne_language.html" ;"title="ulka_language">Sulka_[unclassified.html" ;"title="Sulka_language.html" ;"title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville family**New Britain ***Sulka language">Sulka [unclassified">Sulka_language.html" ;"title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville family**New Britain ***Sulka language">Sulka [unclassified***Idne language">Idne [AN] ***New Ireland: Letatan language, Letatan–Limalua language, Limalua, Panaras language, Panaras [isolate] ***Baining language, Baining ***Taulil language, Taulil–Butam language, Butam Baining.html" ;"title=" Baining"> Baining languages, Baining family**Central Melanesian ***Central Solomons: Bilua, Baniata, Laumbe, Savo Central_Solomons_family***
Central_Solomons_family*** Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language.html"__"title="Santa_Cruz_languages.html"_;"title="Central_Solomons_languages">Central_Solomons_family***Santa_Cruz_languages">Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language">Reef_ A_reef_is_a_ridge_or__shoal_of_rock,__coral_or_similar_relatively_stable_material,_lying_beneath_the_surface_of_a_natural_body_of_water._Many_reefs_result_from_natural,_abiotic_processes—_deposition_of_sand,_wave_erosion_planing_down_rock_o_...
,_Ndeni_( Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language.html"__"title="Santa_Cruz_languages.html"_;"title="Central_Solomons_languages">Central_Solomons_family***Santa_Cruz_languages">Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language">Reef_ A_reef_is_a_ridge_or__shoal_of_rock,__coral_or_similar_relatively_stable_material,_lying_beneath_the_surface_of_a_natural_body_of_water._Many_reefs_result_from_natural,_abiotic_processes—_deposition_of_sand,_wave_erosion_planing_down_rock_o_...
,_Ndeni_(Noole_language">Noole,_ Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language.html"__"title="Santa_Cruz_languages.html"_;"title="Central_Solomons_languages">Central_Solomons_family***Santa_Cruz_languages">Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language">Reef_ A_reef_is_a_ridge_or__shoal_of_rock,__coral_or_similar_relatively_stable_material,_lying_beneath_the_surface_of_a_natural_body_of_water._Many_reefs_result_from_natural,_abiotic_processes—_deposition_of_sand,_wave_erosion_planing_down_rock_o_...
,_Ndeni_(Noole_language">Noole,_Banua_language">Banua,_ Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language.html"__"title="Santa_Cruz_languages.html"_;"title="Central_Solomons_languages">Central_Solomons_family***Santa_Cruz_languages">Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language">Reef_ A_reef_is_a_ridge_or__shoal_of_rock,__coral_or_similar_relatively_stable_material,_lying_beneath_the_surface_of_a_natural_body_of_water._Many_reefs_result_from_natural,_abiotic_processes—_deposition_of_sand,_wave_erosion_planing_down_rock_o_...
,_Ndeni_(Noole_language">Noole,_Banua_language">Banua,_Nea_language">Nea,_Nabalue_language.html" ;"title="Nea_language.html" ;"title="Banua_language.html" ;"title="Noole_language.html" ;"title="Santa_Cruz_languages">Santa_Cruz:_Reef_language.html" "title="Santa_Cruz_languages.html" ;"title="Central Solomons languages">Central Solomons family***Santa Cruz languages">Santa Cruz: Reef language">Reef A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral or similar relatively stable material, lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water. Many reefs result from natural, abiotic processes— deposition of sand, wave erosion planing down rock o ...
, Ndeni (Noole language">Noole, Banua language">Banua, Nea language">Nea, Nabalue language">Nabalue) [= AN] The following were left unclassified: *[various languages suspected to be in Northern]: Senagi language, Senagi & Komberatoro language, Komberatoro; Busa language (Papuan), Busa; Urim language, Urim; Kwanga language, Kwanga (Kwanga);
Yuri Yuri may refer to: People and fictional characters Given name *Yuri (Slavic name), the Slavic masculine form of the given name George, including a list of people with the given name Yuri, Yury, etc. *Yuri (Japanese name), also Yūri, feminine Jap ...
; Fas; Amto
Senagi,_Torricelli,_Sepik,_Pauwasi,_Fas,_Amto–Musan,_and_Busa_families.html" ;"title="Senagi_languages.html" ;"title="
Senagi,_Torricelli,_Sepik,_Pauwasi,_Fas,_Amto–Musan,_and_Busa_families">Senagi_languages.html"_;"title="_Senagi_languages">Senagi,_Torricelli,_Sepik,_Pauwasi,_Fas,_Amto–Musan,_and_Busa_families*Arare_language.html" "title="Senagi languages">Senagi, Torricelli, Sepik, Pauwasi, Fas, Amto–Musan, and Busa families">Senagi_languages.html" ;"title=" Senagi languages">Senagi, Torricelli, Sepik, Pauwasi, Fas, Amto–Musan, and Busa families*Arare language">Arare Arare may refer to: *Norimaki Arare or Arale Norimaki, the main character in ''Dr. Slump'' media *Arare (food), a bite-sized Japanese rice cracker *Japanese destroyer Arare, a warship sunk in 1942 {{disambig ...
[possibly Western] [= TNG Kayagar] *Kamoro [possibly Western]: Kajakaja language (Asmat), Kajakaja, Asmat language, Asmat, Mimika language, Mimika, Asienara language, Asienara, Nagramandu language, Nagramandu, Sempan language, Sempan, Kamoro,
Iria , stylized as ''I・Я・I・A ZЁIЯAM THE ANIMATION'', is a six-episode original video animation (OVA) anime series produced by Ashi Productions and directed by Tetsurō Amino. The series serves as a prequel to the original live-action film ' ...
, Angandi
Asmat–Kamoro_family.html" ;"title="smat–Kamoro_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Asmat–Kamoro_family">smat–Kamoro_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Asmat–Kamoro_languages">Asmat–Kamoro_family*Tori_ Asmat–Kamoro_family">smat–Kamoro_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Asmat–Kamoro_languages">Asmat–Kamoro_family*Tori_[possibly_Western">Asmat–Kamoro_languages">Asmat–Kamoro_family">smat–Kamoro_languages.html"_;"title="_TNG_Asmat–Kamoro_languages">Asmat–Kamoro_family*Tori_[possibly_Western_"South_River"_(Südfluss)_[likely_Duvle_language.html" ;"title="ossibly_Western.html" ;"title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro family">smat–Kamoro_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro family*Tori [possibly Western">Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro family">smat–Kamoro_languages.html" ;"title=" TNG Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro family*Tori [possibly Western "South River" (Südfluss) [likely Duvle language">Duvle], Tori language (Papuan), Tori, Pauwi language, Pauwi II, Tori Aikwakai language, Tori Aikwakai, Sidjuai language, Sidjuai, Pauwi language, Pauwi I, Borumessu language, Borumessu
Lakes_Plain_family_+_Yoke_+_Burmeso.html" ;"title="Lakes_Plain_languages.html" ;"title=" Lakes_Plain_family_+_Yoke_+_Burmeso">Lakes_Plain_languages.html"_;"title="_Lakes_Plain_languages">Lakes_Plain_family_+_Yoke_+_Burmeso*Kauwerawet:_ Lakes_Plain_family_+_Yoke_+_Burmeso">Lakes_Plain_languages.html"_;"title="_Lakes_Plain_languages">Lakes_Plain_family_+_Yoke_+_Burmeso*Kauwerawet:_Kauwerawet_language">Kauwerawet,_ Lakes_Plain_family_+_Yoke_+_Burmeso">Lakes_Plain_languages.html"_;"title="_Lakes_Plain_languages">Lakes_Plain_family_+_Yoke_+_Burmeso*Kauwerawet:_Kauwerawet_language">Kauwerawet,_Koassa_language">Koassa_[=_Kwerba_languages.html" ;"title="Koassa_language.html" ;"title="Kauwerawet_language.html" ;"title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain family + Yoke + Burmeso">Lakes_Plain_languages.html" ;"title=" Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain family + Yoke + Burmeso*Kauwerawet: Kauwerawet language">Kauwerawet, Koassa language">Koassa [= Kwerba languages">Kwerba family] *Gogodala [probably in Southern New Guinea]: Gogodala language, Gogodala, Gaima language, Gaima, Waruna language, Waruna, Adiba language, Adiba, Girara language, Girara
[= TNG Gogodala languages, Gogodala family] * Sumeri language, Tanahmerah NG
Rossel Island Rossel Island (named after de Rossel, a senior officer on the French expedition of d'Entrecasteaux, 1791-1793; also known as Yela) is the easternmost island of the Louisiade Archipelago, within the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. Tree Isl ...
solate Aurama– Huaruha ossibly TNG Mumeng I– Mumeng II N
Tate Tate is an institution that houses, in a network of four art galleries, the United Kingdom's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the U ...
NG Eleman "Williams River" Weri:_Goilalan,_possibly_TNG.html" ;"title="Weri_language.html" ;"title="vidently Weri:_Goilalan,_possibly_TNG">Weri_language.html"_;"title="vidently_Weri_language">Weri:_Goilalan,_possibly_TNG_Ondoro_language.html" ;"title="Weri language">Weri: Goilalan, possibly TNG">Weri_language.html" ;"title="vidently Weri language">Weri: Goilalan, possibly TNG Ondoro language">Ondoro [TNG Koiarian]


Comparison

This classification was never widely accepted, and was largely passed over for that of Stephen Wurm. They do not agree well. For example, *Greenberg's North New Guinea family corresponds to four of Wurm's families: Sko, Sepik–Ramu, Torricelli, and the Northern branch of Trans–New Guinea; *Greenberg's West New Guinea family corresponds to four of Wurm's: East Bird's Head, Geelvink Bay, the South Bird's Head and West Bomberai branches of Trans–New Guinea, and the Bird's Head branch of West Papuan. The few similarities are retentions from earlier linguists' work: *Greenberg's Northeast New Guinea family and Wurm's Madang–Adelbert Range branch of Trans–New Guinea reflect
John Z'graggen John Z'graggen (born Hans Anton Z'graggen on 24 June 1932 in Schattdorf, Canton of Uri, Switzerland; died 20 May 2013 in Menzingen, Switzerland) was a Swiss Roman Catholic priest, missionary, linguist, and anthropologist known for his extensive wo ...
's Madang–Adelbert Range, *Greenberg's Eastern New Guinea family and Wurm's Eastern Main-Section branch of Trans–New Guinea both preserve Tom Dutton's Southeast New Guinea family.


Notes


References

*Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis." In ''Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 8: Linguistics in Oceania'', edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, 808-71. The Hague: Mouto

(Reprinted in Greenberg, ''Genetic Linguistics'', 2005, 193–27

Family tree
available at the Linguist List MultiTree Project
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*Greenberg, Joseph H. 2005. ''Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method'', edited by William Croft. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *O'Grady, Dobrovolsky, Katamba. 1997. ''Contemporary Linguistics.'' *Usher, Timothy. "A comparison of Greenberg's and Wurm's classifications." In Greenberg, ''Genetic Linguistics'', 2005, 261–269. (Systematic tabulation of the two sets of results.) *Wurm, Stephen A. 1982. ''The Papuan Languages of Oceania.'' Tübingen: Gunter Narr. {{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Pacific Languages Proposed language families Scientific racism