|
Tonda Languages
The Tonda languages form a branch of the Yam language family of southern New Guinea. There are over 10 languages. Tonda languages share some areal features are shared with the Kolopom languages. Languages The Tonda languages are: ;Tonda / West Morehead River * Arammba *Central Morehead River: Anta, Kómnzo, Wára, Wérè, Kémä, Kánchá * Warta Thuntai *Bensbach River **Upper Bensbach River *** Mblafe– Ránmo ***Ngarna–Rema **** Nggarna (Sota) **** Rema **Kanum ***Ngkolmpu: Ngkâlmpw/Ngkontar, Bädi ***South Kanum: Bârkâli-Smärki, Tämer Notes (see Evans 2018: 681): *Each terminal bullet point lists a different dialect chain. * Ránmo is linguistically a dialect of Mblafe, but Ránmo speakers consider their language to be a separate, distinct language. * Wérè is linguistically a dialect of Wára, but Wèré speakers consider their language to be a separate, distinct language. Numeral typology Tonda languages are unique for their b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of Motu, from the Austronesian l ...: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Mainland Australia, Australia by the wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua (province), Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua (province), West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mblafe Language
Blafe (Mblafe), also known as Tonda or ''Indorodoro/Yendorador'', is a Papuan language of New Guinea. Dialects are ''Mblafe'' and ''Ránmo''. It is centered in Indorodoro village () of Kandarisa ward (), Morehead Rural LLG, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Mblafe-speaking villages are located along eastern banks of the Bensbach River The Bensbach River is a river in southwestern Papua New Guinea. It is located just to the east of the Maro River in Merauke Regency, Indonesia, and just to the west of the Morehead River in Papua New Guinea. The mouth of the river, Torasi Estua ... and inland areas to the east of the river.John Grummitt, Janell Maste. 2012. A Survey of the Tonda Sub-Group of Languages'. SIL International. References Tonda languages Languages of Western Province (Papua New Guinea) {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Base-6
A senary () numeral system (also known as base-6, heximal, or seximal) has six as its base. It has been adopted independently by a small number of cultures. Like decimal, it is a semiprime, though it is unique as the product of the only two consecutive numbers that are both prime (2 and 3). As six is a superior highly composite number, many of the arguments made in favor of the duodecimal system also apply to senary. In turn, the senary logic refers to an extension of Jan Łukasiewicz's and Stephen Cole Kleene's ternary logic systems adjusted to explain the logic of statistical tests and missing data patterns in sciences using empirical methods. Formal definition The standard set of digits in senary is given by \mathcal_6 = \lbrace 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5\rbrace, with a linear order 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5. Let be the |
Dialect Chain
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language families around the world, when these languages did not spread recently. Some prominent examples include the Indo-Aryan languages across large parts of India, varieties of Arabic across north Africa and southwest Asia, the Turkic languages, the Chinese languages or dialects, and subgroups of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic families in Europe. Leonard Bloomfield used the name dialect area. Charles F. Hockett used the term L-complex. Dialect continua typically occur in long-settled agrarian populations, as innovations spread from their various points of origin as waves. In this situation, hierarchical classifications of varieties are impractical. Inst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tamer Language
Tamer (Tämer) is a Yam language of Yanggandur in southeast Merauke Regency, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... It forms a dialect continuum with Smerki (Smärki), and indeed goes by that name. References Tonda languages Languages of western New Guinea {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smerki Language
Smerki is a Yam language spoken in Rawu Biru, Tomer, Tomerau, and Yakiw in southeast Merauke Regency, Indonesia. Bârkâli (Barkari) and Smärki may be distinct enough to count as separate languages. The Tamer language Tamer (Tämer) is a Yam language of Yanggandur in southeast Merauke Regency, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of ove ... is closely related. References Tonda languages Languages of western New Guinea {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bedi Ngkolmpu Language
Ngkolmpu Kanum, or Ngkontar, is part of a dialect chain in the Yam family spoken by the Kanum people of New Guinea. The Ngkâlmpw (Ngkontar) and moribund Bädi varieties have limited mutual intelligibility In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as an ... may be considered distinct languages. Dialects Languages spoken by the Kanum have variously been referred to as Ngkâlmpw Kanum, Enkelembu, Kenume, and Knwne. Carroll describes three varieties forming a dialect chain. Ngkolmpu is divided into Ngkontar and the moribund variety Baedi (Bädi). Phonology Consonants Ngkolmpu Kanum has 15 consonant phonemes (plus two marginal phonemes) at three points of articulation: bilabial, coronal, and velar. Prenasalized voiceless stops and fricatives contrast with voiceless and nasal re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ngkolmpu Language
Ngkolmpu Kanum, or Ngkontar, is part of a dialect chain in the Yam family spoken by the Kanum people of New Guinea. The Ngkâlmpw (Ngkontar) and moribund Bädi varieties have limited mutual intelligibility In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as an ... may be considered distinct languages. Dialects Languages spoken by the Kanum have variously been referred to as Ngkâlmpw Kanum, Enkelembu, Kenume, and Knwne. Carroll describes three varieties forming a dialect chain. Ngkolmpu is divided into Ngkontar and the moribund variety Baedi (Bädi). Phonology Consonants Ngkolmpu Kanum has 15 consonant phonemes (plus two marginal phonemes) at three points of articulation: bilabial, coronal, and velar. Prenasalized voiceless stops and fricatives contrast with voiceless and nasal re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rema Language
Rema, also known as Bothar, is a nearly extinct Papuan language The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogra ... of New Guinea. References Tonda languages Languages of Western Province (Papua New Guinea) Endangered Papuan languages Severely endangered languages {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nggarna Language
Nggarna (Ngar), or Sota (Sota Kanum), is a Yam language of in the village of Sota in western Morehead Rural LLG, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Despite identifying as Kanum, the language is closer to Rema Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ... across the border in Indonesia than it is to other Kanum languages of Papua New Guinea. References Tonda languages Languages of Western Province (Papua New Guinea) {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ránmo Language
Blafe (Mblafe), also known as Tonda or ''Indorodoro/Yendorador'', is a Papuan language of New Guinea. Dialects are ''Mblafe'' and ''Ránmo''. It is centered in Indorodoro village () of Kandarisa ward (), Morehead Rural LLG, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Mblafe-speaking villages are located along eastern banks of the Bensbach River The Bensbach River is a river in southwestern Papua New Guinea. It is located just to the east of the Maro River in Merauke Regency, Indonesia, and just to the west of the Morehead River in Papua New Guinea. The mouth of the river, Torasi Estua ... and inland areas to the east of the river.John Grummitt, Janell Maste. 2012. A Survey of the Tonda Sub-Group of Languages'. SIL International. References Tonda languages Languages of Western Province (Papua New Guinea) {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bensbach River
The Bensbach River is a river in southwestern Papua New Guinea. It is located just to the east of the Maro River in Merauke Regency, Indonesia, and just to the west of the Morehead River in Papua New Guinea. The mouth of the river, Torasi Estuary, marks part of the extreme southern boundary between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. The river is strongly meandering and rather narrow. From the rivermouth, it stretches in a roughly northeasterly direction, and so is entirely located in PNG territory. It flows through the Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands, including the Tonda Wildlife Management Area. Europeans first discovered the river on 27 February 1893, and it was named after Jacob Bensbach, Dutch Resident at Ternate, by Sir William MacGregor. The local people call it the Torassi (sometimes spelled Torasi). Tonda languages are spoken in the Bensbach River area. See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea *Western Province (Papua New Guinea) * Tonda Wildlife Management Area ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
