The illusory continuity of tones is the

auditory illusion Auditory illusions are false perceptions of a real sound or outside stimulus. These false perceptions are the equivalent of an optical illusion: the listener hears either sounds which are not present in the stimulus, or sounds that should not be p ...

caused when a tone is interrupted for a short time, during which a narrow band of noise is played. The noise has to be of a sufficiently high level to effectively mask the gap, unless it is a gap transfer illusion. Whether the tone is of constant, rising or decreasing pitch, the

ear An ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of ...

perceives the tone as continuous if the discontinuity is masked by noise. Because the human ear is very sensitive to sudden changes, however, it is necessary for the success of the illusion that the

amplitude The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplit ...

of the tone in the region of the discontinuity not decrease or increase too abruptly. While the inner mechanisms of this illusion is not well understood, there is evidence that supports activation of primarily the auditory cortex is present.

Relation to Other Auditory Illusions

Illusory continuity is antagonistic with

illusory discontinuity Illusory discontinuity is an auditory illusion in which a continuous ongoing sound becomes inaudible during a brief, non-masking noise. The illusion is perceived only by some listeners, but not by others, reflecting individual variation in he ...

. While illusory continuity restores perceptual continuity of obscured sounds, illusory discontinuity disrupts the perception even if the sound is indeed continuous. Listeners strongly susceptible to illusory discontinuity do not perceive illusory auditory continuity.

Requirements of the Illusion

Auditory induction in the brain is used to create a sense of illusory continuity, when a background noise is interrupted by a foreground noise. Even when the foreground noise is completely removed and replaced, listeners still report being able to hear the foreground sound that was removed. This is true with speech, which is done using prior knowledge of speech patterns from mere exposure. However, the neural networks often show no sign of interruption when this occurs. Even when the sound is completely removed and replaced, the neural networks show no sign of the sound being interrupted. There does seem to be limitations to this, however, as the sound that masks the original foreground stimulus needs to have appropriate composition and intensity. The illusion is dependent on all of the factors involved with the illusion, not just the individual components of the illusion. The foreground and background noise must both be fitting to the criteria required for this illusion, and not just one or the other. Essentially, a sound in the foreground that is interrupted without the gap being filled by some other background noise is perceived is discontinuous, but if another sound is present during this gap, the sound is perceived as continuous. This effect is dependent on the duration, loudness, and bandwidth of the noise, with loud, short gap having the strongest illusory effect. If the gap is too long or the occluding sound too short, the illusory effect will wear off.

The Brain and the Illusion

Animal models suggest that the

auditory cortex The auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other vertebrates. It is a part of the auditory system, performing basic and higher functions in hearing, such as possible relations to ...

is the primary cause for this auditory illusion. However, it has been shown that the human brainstem also supports auditory continuity even before the auditory cortex is involved. Other areas of the brain that are involved in this illusion are the left posterior angular gyrus,

superior temporal sulcus The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is the sulcus separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the brain. A sulcus (plural sulci) is a deep groove that curves into the largest part of the brain, ...

Broca's area Broca's area, or the Broca area (, also , ), is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant Cerebral hemisphere, hemisphere, usually the left, of the Human brain, brain with functions linked to speech production. Language processing in the brai ...

, and the

anterior insula The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe, parietal and frontal lobes) within each brain hemisphere, ...

. These brain regions "repair" the lost sound using past experiences and context subconsciously, creating this illusion. The brain takes in the context that is given before the sound is obscured, and these areas of the brain work to "fill in" that gap with prior knowledge.

The Gap Transfer Illusion

The gap transfer illusion is very similar to this illusion; it is where an ascending tone is interrupted by another descending tone, yet only the ascending tone is perceived when the two tones intersect. This occurs only when the crossing slides have the same slope, sound spectrum, intensity (or possibly slightly lower for descending tone), and sound pressure level. This illusion causes an illusion of two tones intersecting into one. This gap needs to be about 40 ms or less. This seems to be the only way that a soundless gap is perceived, usually an occluding sound must be present for the sound to have an illusory effect.

References

External links

Audio example illustrating the continuity illusion.
{{Music psychology Auditory illusions