History of Irvine, California

Irvine () is a master-planned city in South Orange County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28, 1971. The city had a population of 307,670 at the 2020 census.

A number of corporations, particularly in the technology and semiconductor sectors, have their national or international headquarters in Irvine. Irvine is also home to several higher education institutions including the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Concordia University, Irvine Valley College, the Orange County Center of the University of Southern California (USC), and campuses of California State University Fullerton (CSUF), University of La Verne, and Pepperdine University.

History

The Gabrieleño indigenous group inhabited Irvine about 2,000 years ago. Gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish explorer, came to the area in 1769, which led to the establishment of forts, missions and cattle herds. The King of Spain parceled out land for missions and private use.

After Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican government secularized the missions and assumed control of the lands. It began distributing the land to Mexican citizens who applied for grants. Three large Spanish/Mexican grants made up the land that later became the Irvine Ranch: Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, Rancho San Joaquin and Rancho Lomas de Santiago.

In 1864, Jose Andres Sepulveda, owner of Rancho San Joaquin, sold to Benjamin and Thomas Flint, Llewellyn Bixby and James Irvine for $18,000 to resolve debts due to the Great Drought. In 1866, Irvine, Flint and Bixby acquired Rancho Lomas de Santiago for $7,000. After the Mexican-American war the land of Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana fell prey to tangled titles. In 1868, the ranch was divided among three claimants as part of a lawsuit: Flint, Bixby and Irvine. The ranches were devoted to sheep grazing. However, in 1870, tenant farming was permitted.

In 1878, James Irvine acquired his partners' interests for $150,000 ($ in dollars ). His stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Santa Ana River. James Irvine died in 1886. The ranch was inherited by his son, James Irvine II, who incorporated it into the Irvine Company. James Irvine II shifted the ranch operations to field crops, olive and citrus crops.

In 1888, the Santa Fe Railroad extended its line to Fallbrook Junction, north of San Diego, and named a station along the way after James Irvine. The town that formed around this station was named Myford, after Irvine's son, because a post office in Calaveras County already bore the family name. The town was renamed Irvine in 1914.

By 1918, of lima beans were grown on the Irvine Ranch. Two Marine Corps facilities, MCAS El Toro and MCAS Tustin, were built during World War II on ranch land sold to the government.

James Irvine II died in 1947 at the age of 80. His son, Myford, assumed the presidency of the Irvine Company. He began opening small sections of the Irvine Ranch to urban development.

The Irvine Ranch played host to the Boy Scouts of America's 1953 National Scout Jamboree. Jamboree Road, a major street which now stretches from Newport Beach to the city of Orange, was named in honor of this event. David Sills, then a young Boy Scout from Peoria, Illinois, was among the attendees at the 1953 Jamboree. Sills came back to Irvine as an adult and went on to serve four terms as the city's mayor.

Myford Irvine died in 1959. The same year, the University of California asked the Irvine Company for for a new university campus. The Irvine Company sold the requested land for $1 and later the state purchased an additional .

William Pereira, the university's consulting architect, and the Irvine Company planners drew up master plans for a city of 50,000 people surrounding the new university. The plan called for industrial, residential and recreational areas, commercial centers and greenbelts. The new community was to be named Irvine; the old agricultural town of Irvine, where the railroad station and post office were located, was renamed East Irvine. The first phases of the villages of Turtle Rock, University Park, Westpark (then called Culverdale), El Camino Real, and Walnut were completed by 1970.

On December 28, 1971, the residents of these communities voted to incorporate a substantially larger city than the one envisioned by the Pereira plan. By January 1999, Irvine had a population of 134,000 and a total area of .

In the 1970s, the mayor was Bill Vardoulis.

After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, a large influx of Vietnamese refugees settled in nearby Fountain Valley, especially in the late 1970s and throughout the 80s, forming a large percentage of Asian Americans in the city.

In late 2003, after a ten-year-long legal battle, Irvine annexed the former El Toro Marine Corps Air Station. This added of land to the city and blocked an initiative championed by Newport Beach residents to replace John Wayne Airport with a new airport at El Toro. Most of this land has become part of the Orange County Great Park.

Geography

Irvine borders Tustin to the north, Santa Ana to the northwest, Lake Forest to the east and southeast, Laguna Hills and Laguna Woods to the south, Costa Mesa to the west, and Newport Beach to the southwest. Irvine also shares a small border with Orange to the north on open lands by the SR 261.

San Diego Creek, which flows northwest into Upper Newport Bay, is the primary watercourse draining the city. Its largest tributary is Peters Canyon Wash. Most of Irvine is in a broad, flat valley between Loma Ridge in the north and San Joaquin Hills in the south. In the extreme northern and southern areas, however, are several hills, plateaus and canyons.

Planned city

Los Angeles architect William Pereira and Irvine Company employee Raymond Watson designed Irvine's layout beginning in the late 1950s, which is nominally divided into townships called "villages", separated by six-lane streets. Each township contains houses of similar design, along with commercial centers, religious institutions, and schools. Commercial districts are checker-boarded in a periphery around the central townships.

Pereira originally envisioned a circular plan with numerous artificial lakes and the university in the center. When the Irvine Company refused to relinquish valuable farmland in the flat central region of the ranch for this plan, the university site was moved to the base of the southern coastal hills. The design that ended up being used was based on the shape of a necklace (with the villages strung along two parallel main streets, which terminate at University of California, Irvine (UCI), the "pendant"). Residential areas are now bordered by two commercial districts, the Irvine Business Complex to the west (part of the South Coast Plaza–John Wayne Airport edge city) and Irvine Spectrum to the east. Traces of the original circular design are still visible in the layout of the UCI campus and the two artificial lakes at the center of Woodbridge, one of the central villages.

All streets have landscaping allowances. Rights-of-way for powerlines also serve as bicycle corridors, parks, and greenbelts to tie together ecological preserves. The city irrigates the greenery with reclaimed water.
The homeowners' associations which govern some village neighborhoods exercise varying degrees of control on the appearances of homes. In more restrictive areas, houses' roofing, paint colors, and landscaping are regulated. Older parts of the Village of Northwood that were developed beginning in the early 1970s independently of the Irvine Company, have the distinction of being a larger village that is not under the purview of a homeowners' association. As a result, homeowners in the older Northwood areas do not pay a monthly village association fee; its neighborhoods are generally not as uniform in appearance as those in other villages, such as Westpark and Woodbridge. However, the more tightly regulated villages generally offer more amenities, such as members-only swimming pools, tennis courts, and parks.

In addition to association dues, homeowners in villages developed in the 1980s and later may be levied a Mello-Roos special tax, which came about in the post-Proposition 13 era. For homeowners in these areas, the association dues coupled with the Mello-Roos special tax may add significantly to the cost of living in the city.

Villages

Each of the villages was initially planned to have a distinct architectural theme.

* El Camino Glen
* College Park
* The Colony
* Columbus Grove
* Cypress Village
* Deerfield (mixed styles)
* East Irvine
* El Camino Real (Spanish/Neo-Eclectic)
* Greentree
* Irvine Groves
* Harvard Square
* Heritage Fields
* Laguna Altura
* Lambert Ranch
* Northpark (French Country, Formal French, Italian Country, Formal Italian, Monterey and Spanish Colonial)
* Northpark Square (Spanish Mission)
* Northwood (Bungalow, Craftsman)
* Oak Creek (mixed styles)
* Old Towne Irvine
* Orangetree
* Orchard Hills (Rural Craftsman/Spanish/Tuscan)
* Park Lane
* Parkcrest
* Parkside
* Pavilion Park
* Portola Springs (Spanish/Tuscan)
* Planning Area 40 (Future Village)
* Quail Hill (Spanish/Tuscan)
* Racquet Club
* The Ranch
* Rancho San Joaquin (Shed style)
* Rosegate (Spanish/Tuscan)
* San Marino (Spanish/Tuscan)
* Stonegate (Spanish)
* Shady Canyon (Tuscan Ranch)
* Turtle Ridge (Tuscan)
* Turtle Rock (mixed styles)
* University Hills
* University Park (California Modern)
* University Town Center (mixed styles)
* Walnut (Prairie Style)
* West Irvine (California Modern)
* Westpark (Italian Riviera/Mediterranean)
* The Willows
* Windwood
* Woodbridge (Atlantic Coast)
* Woodbury (Tuscan/Spanish/French)
* Woodbury East (Spanish)

Business and commercial areas
* Irvine Business Complex
* Irvine Spectrum (Contemporary/Moroccan)
* Old Town Irvine

Climate

Late spring and early summer in Irvine is subject to the June Gloom phenomenon widespread in southern California, with overcast mornings and occasional drizzle.
Late summer and autumn are warm and mostly dry, with occasional bouts of humid weather extending from Pacific hurricanes off the west coast of Mexico.
Winters are mild, with most winters having no frost, and can be hot and dry when the Santa Ana winds blow. Irvine has a Mediterranean climate wherein precipitation occurs predominantly during the winter months. Because Irvine is close to the coast, different parts of Irvine have different microclimates; for instance, the June Gloom effect is stronger in the southern parts of Irvine, closer to the Pacific Ocean.

It can occasionally snow in the Santa Ana Mountains to the northeast of Irvine. Snow within the lower-lying parts of Irvine is very rare, but the area received three inches of snow in January 1949. A tornado touched down in Irvine in 1991, an event that happens in Orange County more generally approximately once every five years.

Demographics

In 2016, Irvine became the largest city in the continental United States with an Asian American plurality, constituting around 45% of the city's population.Asian influx sparks Irvine's evolution as a multinational city
''Orange County Register'' (September 18, 2016).

2010

The 2010 United States Census reported that Irvine had a population of 212,375. The population density was . The racial makeup of Irvine was 107,215 (50.5%) White, 3,718 (1.8%) African American, 355 (0.2%) Native American, 83,176 (39.2%) Asian, 334 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 5,867 (2.8%) from other races, and 11,710 (5.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19,621 persons (9.2%). Non-Hispanic Whites were 45.1% of the population.

The census reported that 205,819 people (96.9% of the population) lived in households, 5,968 (2.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 588 (0.3%) were institutionalized.

There were 78,978 households, out of which 26,693 (33.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 40,930 (51.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,545 (9.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,978 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,218 (4.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 463 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 18,475 households (23.4%) were made up of individuals, and 4,146 (5.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61. There were 51,453 families (65.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.13.

The age distribution of the population was as follows: 45,675 people (21.5%) under the age of 18, 30,384 people (14.3%) aged 18 to 24, 66,670 people (31.4%) aged 25 to 44, 51,185 people (24.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 18,461 people (8.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.

There were 83,899 housing units at an average density of , of which 39,646 (50.2%) were owner-occupied, and 39,332 (49.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.2%. 109,846 people (51.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 95,973 people (45.2%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2009–2013, Irvine had a median household income of $90,585, with 12.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

2000

The census of 2000 found there were 143,072 people, 51,199 households, and 34,354 families in the city. The population density was 3,098.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,196.2/km²), as of the census. There were 53,711 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 61.1% White, 7.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 1.5% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 29.8% Asian, 1.1% Pacific Islander, 2.5% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races.

There were 51,199 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 persons and the average family size was 3.17.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 14.4% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.

According to 2007 Census Bureau estimates, the median income for a household in the city was $98,923, and the median income for a family was $111,455; these numbers make Irvine the seventh richest city in the US, among cities with population 65,000 or higher. 9.1% of the population and 5.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 6.1% of those under the age of 18 and 5.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

In 2006, the median gross rent paid for housing was $1,660 a month. This was the highest of any place in the United States of more than 100,000 people.
The skyrocketing high cost of housing is a major issue in Irvine and Orange County, as the city council faces pressure to approve future income-subsidized housing projects to meet the demands of working-class citizens.

Awards and recognition

Irvine was chosen in 2008 by CNNMoney.com as the fourth-best place to live in the United States. In 2012, it was ranked sixth nationally. In September 2011, ''Businessweek'' listed Irvine as the fifth-best city in the United States. Irvine consistently ranks as the safest city in America with a population over 100,000. In 2014, Irvine was named the best-run city in the U.S. by ''24/7 Wall Street''. In March 2017, WalletHub listed Irvine as the third happiest place to live in the United States. In June 2017, Irvine was named tenth best City in America by Niche.com.
In 2019, Irvine was named the 2nd happiest city in America by BusinessInsider, and #18 best place to live by ''Money'' magazine.

In the 21st century, Irvine developed a reputation as a haven for affluent professionals. In 2016, Irvine became the largest city in the continental United States with an Asian American plurality, constituting around 45% of the city's population.

Economy

Irvine's tourism information is coordinated through the ''Destination Irvine'' program run by the Chamber of Commerce. The program provides information on Irvine as a place to vacation and as a destination for meetings, events and other business initiatives. Irvine has been rated one of the top cities for start-up businesses and its strong, fast-growing economy helped place Orange County as one of the top ten fastest growing job markets.

Irvine is also used as a location for film projects. The city government grants free or low-cost filming permits and offers location information to prospective productions.

Top employers

Business

The following companies are headquartered in Irvine:

* Allergan, Inc.
* Alteryx
* BAX Global
* Blizzard Entertainment
* Broadcom Corporation
* CalAmp
* CoreLogic
* CorVel Corporation
* Cylance
* eMachines
* Edwards Lifesciences
* Epicor Software Corporation
* Felt Bicycles
* Ford Motor Company (West Coast design center)
* Gateway, Inc.
* Golden State Foods
* HID
* Ingram Micro
* In-N-Out Burger
* K2 Network
* Karma Automotive
* Kelley Blue Book (subsidiary of Cox Automotive)
* Kofax
* LA Fitness
* Lifted Research Group
* Maruchan, Inc. (a division of Toyo Suisan)
* Meade Instruments
* Masimo
* MindFire, Inc
* NextGen Healthcare
* Obsidian Entertainment
* Paragon Software Group
* Pacific Premier Bank
* Point of View, Inc.
* Printronix
* Quicksilver Software
* Razer
* Ready at Dawn
* Red 5 Studios
* Red Digital Cinema Camera Company
* Rivian
* Ruby's Diner
* Skyworks Solutions
* Spigen
* St. John
* Stüssy
* Superformance, LLC
* Taco Bell (a division of Yum! Brands, Inc.)
* The Habit Burger Grill
* Tillys
* Ultimate Ears
* Vizio
* Western Mutual Insurance Group
* Wimberly Allison Tong & Goo (WATG)
* Xumo
* Yogurtland

The following international companies have their North American headquarters in Irvine:

* Asics
* Atlus
* Bandai Namco Entertainment (American division)
* Bandai Namco Holdings (American division)
* BenQ Corporation
* BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH
* Dahua Technology
* Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
* Hitachi Solutions
* Horiba
* Kia Motors
* KOG Games
* Marukome
* Mazda Motor Corporation
* Nikken Sekkei
* Samsung Electronics (IT and printing division)
* Sega (American division)
* Shimano
* Toshiba Corporation

Arts and culture

The Irvine Global Village Festival

Every October, Irvine hosts the Irvine Global Village Festival to celebrate the diversity among the citizens of Irvine and Orange County. The festival consists of exhibits from local merchants, entertainment from diverse cultures, and sampling of foods from various regions of the world. The event used to be held at Colonel Bill Barber Marine Corps Memorial Park but has since then been moved to the Orange County Great Park.

Irvine Community Television

The Irvine Community Television (ICTV) produces and broadcasts television programs on news, sports, arts, culture, safety for the Irvine community. The motto of ICTV is "For You, About You". ICTV airs on Cox Communications channel 30 and online.

Filming location

According to the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), the following productions were partially or entirely filmed in Irvine:

Libraries

Irvine has three public libraries: Heritage Park Regional Library, University Park Library, and Katie Wheeler Library. The Heritage Library serves as the regional reference library for Central Orange County and has a strong business and art focus while the University Park Library has 95,745 books, including a substantial Chinese collection. Katie Wheeler was the granddaughter of James Irvine, and the library is a replica of the house owned by Irvine in which she grew up. Additionally, most UCI Libraries are open to the public.

Points of interest

* Ayn Rand Institute
* Boomers! (formerly Palace Park)
* California State University Fullerton, Irvine Campus
* Concordia University, Irvine
* Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising, Orange County Campus
* Heritage Park
* Irvine Spectrum Center
* Irvine Valley College
* Islamic Center of Irvine
* Mariners Church
* Mason Park
* Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial
* Orange County Great Park
* Pao Fa Temple
* Saddleback Church, Irvine Campuses
* The Market Place
* University of California, Irvine
* University of California, Irvine, Arboretum

Sports

Irvine is home to USA Water Polo, the national governing body of the sport of water polo.

Parks and recreation

Irvine has community parks and neighborhood parks. The community parks have public facilities located on each site. Neighborhood parks provide open space and some recreational amenities within the various villages of Irvine. Northwood Community Park in particular has recently made a unique addition: The Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial is the first memorial in the US ever built before the wars were over. It lists the U.S. military dead from Iraq and Afghanistan, and when dedicated on November 14, 2010, listed over 5,700 names (among the 8,000 available spaces). Also uncommon in the history of war monuments, it will be updated yearly.

Community parks

* Alton Athletic Park
* Colonel Bill Barber Marine Corps Memorial Park
* Deerfield Community Park
* Harvard Athletic Park
* Harvard Skatepark
* Heritage Park
* Hicks Canyon Park
* Jeffrey Open Space Trail
* Lakeview Senior Center
* Las Lomas Community Park
* David Sills Lower Peters Canyon Park
* Northwood Community Park
* Oak Creek Community Park
* Portola Springs Community Park
* Quail Hill Community Park
* Rancho Senior Center
* Turtle Rock Community Park
* University Community Park
* Windrow Community Park
* Mike Ward Community Park – Woodbridge
* Woodbury Community Park

Neighborhood parks

* Alderwood Park
* Blue Gum Park
* Brywood Park
* Canyon Park
* Carrotwood Park
* Chaparral Park
* Citrusglen Park
* College Park
* Comstock Park
* Coralwood Park
* Creekview Park
* Discovery Park
* Dovecreek Park
* Flagstone Park
* Hoeptner Park
* Homestead Park
* Knollcrest Park
* Lomas Valley Park
* Meadowood Park
* Orchard Park
* Orchard View Park
* Pepperwood Park
* Pinewood Park
* Plaza Park
* Presley Park
* Racquet Club Park
* Ranch Park
* Ridgeview Park
* San Carlo Park
* San Leandro Park
* San Marco Park
* Settler's Park
* Silkwood Park
* Silverado Park
* Sweet Shade Park
* Sycamore Park
* Tomato Springs Park
* Trailwood Park
* Tree Top Park
* Valencia Park
* Valley Oak Park
* Village Park
* Voyager Park
* Willows Park
* Woodside

Other public spaces within Irvine, not part of the city parks department, include William R. Mason Regional Park, Aldrich Park in the UC Irvine campus, and the San Joaquin Wildlife Sanctuary.

Government

Local government

Irvine is a charter city, operating under a Council/Manager form of government.

City Council

The City Council consists of the Mayor and four City Council members. The Mayor serves a two-year term and Council members serve four-year terms. The city has a two-term limit for elected officials. Elections are held every two years, on even-numbered years. During each election, two Council members and the Mayor's seat is up for consideration. The City Council appoints the City Manager, who functions as the chief administrator of the city. The City Council sets the policies for the city, and the City Manager is responsible for implementing the policies. The City Council appoints volunteers that serve on various advisory boards, commissions and committees.

According to the city's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for FY2014–2015, as of June 30, 2015, the city has net assets of $2.59 billion. FY2014–15 revenues totaled $395.2 million, with property tax accounting for $50.7 million and sales tax accounting for $58.8 million. As of June 30, 2015, the city's governmental funds reported combined ending fund balances of $960.9 million.

The structure of the management and coordination of city services is:

City departments

The city of Irvine is served by eight departments. These departments are responsible for managing and performing all of the business of the City Hall and its services:

* City Manager
* City Clerk
* Administrative Services
* Community Development
* Community Services
* Public Safety
* Public Works
* Transportation

Services

Services provided by the city include:

* Animal control
* Building and safety regulation and inspection
* General administrative services
* Planning and zoning
* Public facility/capital improvement construction
* Recreation and cultural programs
* Refuse collection and recycling
* Street lighting
* Street maintenance
* Landscape maintenance and transportation management
* Redevelopment and Housing

Support services are provided through other agencies including: Irvine Unified School District, Tustin Unified School District, Southern California Edison, Irvine Ranch Water District, and Orange County Fire Authority.

State and federal

In the California State Senate, Irvine is in . In the California State Assembly, it is split between , and .

During the 2011 redistricting, Irvine became part of California's 45th congressional district. The 45th District is represented by .

Politics

According to the Orange County Registrar of Voters, as of March 8, 2021, Irvine has 150,014 registered voters. Of those, 60,212 (40.14%) were registered Democrats, 37,510 (25.00%) were registered Republicans, and 45,913 (30.61%) have declined to state a political party/are independents.

Irvine voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election from 1976 to 2004. However, starting in 2008, Irvine has voted for the Democratic candidate by a comfortable margin in each presidential election. In 2020, Democratic candidate Joe Biden won 64.3% of the vote in Irvine to Republican Donald Trump's 33.6%.

Emergency services

Irvine contracts with the County of Orange for fire and medical services. Fire protection in Irvine is provided by the Orange County Fire Authority with ambulance service by Falk Ambulance. Law enforcement is provided by the Irvine Police Department (IPD). The IPD operates in a suburban city rated as having one of the lowest violent crime rates among cities with over 100,000 inhabitants by the FBI every year since 2005. The University of California Police Department also has jurisdiction – including arrest power – in areas of the city near the UC Irvine campus, while the California State University Police Department has similar jurisdiction in areas of the city near the CSU Fullerton Irvine campus. Irvine Valley College also maintains its own on campus police department.

Education

Primary and secondary education

Most of Irvine is located in the Irvine Unified School District (IUSD). The five high schools in IUSD are University High School, Irvine High School, Northwood High School, Woodbridge High School, and Portola High School. Arnold O. Beckman High School is located in Irvine but is administered by Tustin Unified School District. The five high schools in IUSD, as well as Beckman High School, have consistently placed in the upper range of Newsweek's list of the Top 1,300 U.S. Public High Schools. Tarbut V' Torah, a Jewish day school, is also located in Irvine.

Irvine is also home to elementary and middle schools, including two alternative, year round, open enrollment K-8 schools, Plaza Vista and Vista Verde. Parts of the north and west of the city are within the Tustin Unified School District. A very small portion of the city, near Orange County Great Park, is located within the Saddleback Valley Unified School District.

Colleges and universities

Irvine is home to the University of California, Irvine, which is the second-newest campus (established 1965) in the UC system after University of California, Merced. Other higher education institutions in Irvine include California Southern University, Concordia University, Westcliff University, Irvine Valley College, Fuller Theological Seminary, FIDM, The Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising, Orange County Campus, Stanbridge University, and a satellite campus of California State University, Fullerton. Chapman University and Soka University of America are in adjacent cities.

According to the 2000 United States Census, Irvine is ranked 7th nationwide, among cities with populations of at least 100,000, for having the highest percentage of people who are at least 25 years old with doctoral degrees, with 3,589 residents reporting such educational attainment.

Transportation

Automotive

Streets and intersections owned by the city have trademark mahogany signage and are fiber optically linked to the city's ''Irvine Traffic Research and Control Center'' (ITRAC). Traffic cameras and ground sensors monitor the flow of traffic throughout the city and automatically adjust signal timing to line up traffic, allowing more vehicles to avoid red lights. Several major highways pass through Irvine (Interstate 5, and Interstate 405, California State Route 73, California State Route 133, California State Route 241, and California State Route 261). Major arteries through Irvine are built out widely and run in a northeasterly direction with speed limits higher than . As a result of the signal timing, wide streets, and road layout, Irvine's side streets are capable of handling a higher volume of traffic than other cities in Orange County.

In 2015, 5.0 percent of Irvine households lacked a car; this percentage decreased to 4.0 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Irvine averaged 1.83 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.

Mass transit and freight services

Bus and shuttle services

Local bus routes are operated by the Orange County Transportation Authority.

The city of Irvine has operated its own mass-transit bus service called the iShuttle since 2008. Four weekday commuter shuttles serve major employers, residential areas, shopping centers, and transportation facilities. Two lines, Route A and Route B, connect the Tustin Metrolink Station to the Irvine Business Complex area. Route A provides service between the Tustin Metrolink Station and John Wayne Airport with stops along Von Karman Avenue. Route B heads along Jamboree Road before continuing through Main Street and Michelson Drive. The remaining two lines, Route C and Route D, offer connections between the Irvine Station and the Irvine Spectrum Area, which includes major employers, the Irvine Spectrum Center, and residential communities The Park and The Village. Route C follows Irvine Center Drive and ends at the Capital Group campus, while Route D serves the Irvine Spectrum Center, Kaiser Permanente – Irvine Medical Center, and Hoag Hospital Irvine.

Passenger rail

Irvine is served by commuter rail to Los Angeles, San Diego, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties at both the Irvine and Tustin stations of the Metrolink Orange County Line and the Inland Empire–Orange County Line. OCTA is currently implementing a major service increase on the Orange County line, with trains approximately every 30 minutes during weekday commuting hours. Amtrak trains run approximately every 60 to 90 minutes all days of the week along the Pacific Surfliner route between San Diego and Los Angeles. Amtrak trains stop only at Irvine station, unlike Metrolink, which stops at both Irvine and Tustin station. Rail2Rail monthly passes allow commuters to use both Metrolink and Amtrak services, standard tickets are specific to a single operator. A four-story parking structure was recently completed at the Irvine station as part of a station renovation.

At one time Irvine intended to build a tram / guideway, but in February 2009 the city of Irvine canceled the project. Initially plans were underway to connect the Orange County Great Park to the Irvine Spectrum Center and surrounding businesses with a fixed-route transit system, also stopping at the Irvine Transportation Center (Irvine Station). In 2008, two possible routes were selected, but neither will be developed now. The entire $128 million in funding will be returned to the Measure M fund, and be available for other cities in Orange County.

Freight rail

A major contributing factor to the growth of Irvine was by freight rail provided by ATSF (now BNSF) Transportation. The Venta Spur was Irvine's first spur. Built in the 1920s, it moved citrus from three processing plants in what is now Northwood to the rest of the country. The processing plants were essentially Irvine's first and biggest employers of the time.

The plants started to go out of business in the 1970s and the spur was abandoned in 1985. In 1999, following its donation to the city of Irvine, it was turned into the Venta Spur bike trail.

The Irvine Industrial Spur is the second railroad spur in Irvine. It serves various industries in Irvine's Business Complex. It currently sees little to no movement and the Irvine planning department is considering turning it into a bike path.

Bikeways

Irvine offers a system of bicycle lanes and trails to encourage the use of bikes as a means of transportation. There are of off-road bicycle trails and of on-road bicycle lanes in Irvine.

Notable people

Sister cities

Irvine has four sister cities:

* Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
* Taoyuan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
* Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
* Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea

References

External links

Archival collections

Guide to the East Irvine Historic Resources Documentation Photographs, 1988.
Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
Guide to the George Leidal Collection on the City of Irvine.
Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

Other

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Cities in Orange County, California
Planned cities in the United States
Populated places established in 1971
Incorporated cities and towns in California
1971 establishments in California