Sayyed Hasan Taqizādeh ( fa, سید حسن تقی‌زاده; September 27, 1878 in

Tabriz Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the List of largest cities of Iran, sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quri Chay, Quru River valley in Iran's historic Aze ...

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

– January 28, 1970 in

Tehran Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most popul ...

) was an influential

ian

politician A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking ...

and diplomat, of

Azeri Azerbaijanis (; az, Azərbaycanlılar, ), Azeris ( az, Azərilər, ), or Azerbaijani Turks ( az, Azərbaycan Türkləri, ) are a Turkic people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. They are the second-most numer ...

origin, during the Qajar dynasty under the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah, as well as the Pahlavi dynasty under the reign of

Reza Shah , , spouse = Maryam Savadkoohi Tadj ol-Molouk Ayromlu (queen consort) Turan Amirsoleimani Esmat Dowlatshahi , issue = Princess Hamdamsaltaneh Princess Shams Mohammad Reza Shah Princess Ashraf Prince Ali Reza Prince Gholam Reza P ...

and Mohammad Reza Shah. Taqizadeh was also a prominent scholar; his studies on Iranian calendars remain reference work up until now. Although in the modern political history Taqizadeh is known as a

secular Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin ''saeculum'', "worldly" or "of a generation"), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. Anything that does not have an explicit reference to religion, either negativ ...

politician, who believed that "outwardly and inwardly, in body and in spirit, Iran must become Europeanized", he came from a traditional Islamic

Sayyed ''Sayyid'' (, ; ar, سيد ; ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: ; feminine: ; ) is a surname of people descending from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, sons of Muhammad' ...

-family (descendant of

Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mo ...

). His father, Sayyed Taqi, was a clergyman and when Sayyed Hasan became a mullah, it seemed likely that he would follow in his father's footsteps. From an early age Taqizadeh showed interest in enlightened ideas and the Western concept of

constitutionalism Constitutionalism is "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law". Political organizations are constitutional ...

. This interest can be traced back to the socio-political sphere in which Taqizadeh became an adult. He grew up in Tabriz, the capital city of

East Azerbaijan province East Azerbaijan Province ( fa, استان آذربایجان شرقی ''Āzarbāijān-e Sharqi''; az-Arab, شرقی آذربایجان اوستانی) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in Iranian Azerbaijan, bordering Armeni ...

, which was the gateway to the modern and progressive ideas coming from

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

and especially

Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...

. In the time of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

and after, Taqizadeh was the most influential person in

who supported the interests of

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

against Russia and Britain.

Biography

Secretly Taqizadeh studied French and

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the Western enlightenment and modern political thoughts. Nevertheless, he became mullah and remained one until the period in which the traditional Iranian political and socio-economic system disintegrated and the modern Iranian nation-state was formed. As early as the beginning of his political career he confronted the corrupt and despotic régime of the Qajar princes, who seemed unable to prevent the decay of their dynasty. Convinced of the destructive consequences of the despotism and corruption for the political and socio-economic development of Iran, Taqizadeh actively participated in the Constitutional Revolution (''Mashruteh'' Revolution), which resulted in the foundation of the

Majles The Islamic Consultative Assembly ( fa, مجلس شورای اسلامی, Majles-e Showrā-ye Eslāmī), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the national legislative body of Iran. The P ...

(

Parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...

- مجلس شورای ملی). From this period onwards he developed into a secular enlightened politician. In 1908 his life was saved by

Claude Stokes Colonel Claude Bayfield Stokes (27 October 1875 – 7 December 1948) was an Indian Army officer and diplomat. He served in India and was an intelligence officer with Dunsterforce during the First World War. Stokes was educated at St John's Sc ...

a British military attaché who allowed him to take refuge in the legation compound. He was then secured safe passage to

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

where he worked with

Edward Granville Browne Edward Granville Browne FBA (7 February 1862 – 5 January 1926) was a British Iranologist. He published numerous articles and books, mainly in the areas of history and literature. Life Browne was born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, ...

to lobby parliament for support of the constitutionalist movement. In 1909, under the guidance of Taqizadeh the first modern pro German political party, the ''Ferqeh-ye Demokrat-e Iran'' (

Democratic Party of Iran Iranian Democrat Party or Democrat Party of Iran (DPI; fa, حزب دموکرات ایران, Ḥezb-e Demowkrāt-e Irān) was a short-lived political party in Iran, founded in 1946 and led by Ahmad Qavam. It was the most important party formed by ...

), was founded in Iran. Shortly after the outbreak of

, Taqizadeh allied with

against Russia and Britain. In

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...

he established the ''Komiteh-ye Iran'' (Committee of Iran), and together with other prominent Iranian intellectuals, he published the influential periodical '' Kaveh'' (1916–1922), which was distributed in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

as well as in Iran. ''Kaveh'' was a political and literary journal which greatly contributed to the creation of the Iranian consciousness and national identity. This journal emphasized the need for national independence, and internal reforms, especially secular and educational ones. Under the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941), Taqizadeh contributed to the formation of the modern Iranian nation-state. During his political career of seventy years, Taqizadeh served as parliamentarian, governor-general of Khorasan province, minister of Roads and Transportation, minister of Finance, and ambassador to the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

and

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

. Although at the time of the Constitutional Revolution he opposed the formation of the Senate (''Majles-e Sena'', مجلس سنا — defunct since 1979, following adoption of a new constitution), in 1950, during the imperial government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941–1978), he became its President. Taqizadeh described his life as a "tempestuous life" (''Zendegi-ye Tufani''), which he later used as the title of his autobiography. Taqizadeh's views are not characterized by ideological continuity, but by many breaks in the course of his life, which have contributed to the difficulty of writing a consistent account of his life. Taqizadeh was a natural politician. If he was convinced that his alliance with a person or country would further interests of Iran, he often was ready to ally himself with them. Similarly, he would abandon his allies if he believed that his alliance would be detrimental to his country. The following two quotations are indicative of the divergence of views that exist concerning Taqizadeh:

"He aqizadehhad won deserved fame by his fearless independence and wonderful grasp of political affairs. There is something so sympathetic in his face, so attractive, with eyes sparkling with cheerful animation. (...). If I am not mistaken he is of those whose genius is capable of inspiring great enthusiasm, great sacrifices, and whose influence leaves a lasting impression of the history of nations." (
Edward Granville Browne Edward Granville Browne FBA (7 February 1862 – 5 January 1926) was a British Iranologist. He published numerous articles and books, mainly in the areas of history and literature. Life Browne was born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, ...
)

"In which position was Taqizadeh true and sincere? What were the motives of that contradictory behaviour? He was not adept at political truth and honour." ( Fereydun Adamiyat)

Views vary as to the degree to which Taqizadeh served the interests of Iran and her people. Some experts believe that he made the Iranian interests secondary to that of the United Kingdom during the period of the Constitutional Revolution, and to that of Germany during World War I. Others suggest that he allied with the United Kingdom with the intention of protecting Iran against the Russian expansionist policies. They are of the opinion that Taqizadeh was a supporter of the Iranian constitution and that during World War I, he allied with Germany to oppose the Anglo-Russian influence which was aimed at undermining Iran's independence. In addition, they believe that in 1942 Taqizadeh attempted to bring about a close relationship between Iran and the

United States of America The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...

in order to guarantee a balance of powers conducive to Iran's independence.

Chronology of Taqizadeh's life

27 September 1878: Born in Tabriz. 1896: Established the ''Tarbiyat'' (Education) school and a bookshop and set up a pharmacy in collaboration with his friends in Tabriz. 1898: Taught

physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...

at ''Loqmaniya'' in Tabriz. Translated the book '' 'Ajaeb-e Asemani'' (''Astrnomie Populaire'') by

Camille Flammarion Nicolas Camille Flammarion FRAS (; 26 February 1842 – 3 June 1925) was a French astronomer and author. He was a prolific author of more than fifty titles, including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fic ...

. 1899/1900: Studied English at the

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

Memorial School in Tabriz (the

Presbyterian Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism that broke from the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland by John Knox, who was a priest at St. Giles Cathedral (Church of Scotland). Presbyterian churches derive their nam ...

mission school in Tabriz). January 1903 — January 1904: Published the magazine ''Ganjineh-ye Fonun'' (Treasure of Sciences). 1904: Travelled to the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

and

Istanbul ) , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 34000 to 34990 , area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side) , registration_plate = 34 , blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD , blank_i ...

for six months, to

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

for several months and to

Beirut Beirut, french: Beyrouth is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint o ...

for fifty days. Published the discourse ''Tahqiq-e Ahval-e kononi-ye Iran ba Mohakemat-e Tarikhi'' (Research into the contemporary condition of Iran from historical perspective) in newspaper ''Hekmat'' (Wisdom), in

Cairo Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the Capital city, capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, List of ...

. October 1905: Returned to Tabriz. September 1906: Arrived in Tehran. Published some articles in ''Neda-ye Vatan'' (Voice of Nation). October 1906: Elected by merchants of Tabriz as deputy to the First Majles. Published articles in '' Sur-e Esrafil'' (whose editor,

Mirza Jahangir Khan Mirzā Jahāngir Khān (≈1870, or 1875, Shiraz — June 23, 1908, Tehran) ( fa, میرزا جهانگیرخان), also known as Mirzā Jahāngir Khān Shirāzi and Jahāngir-Khān-e Sūr-e-Esrāfil, was an Iranian writer and intellectual, and ...

, of Bábí background, was killed following Mohammad Ali Shah's

coup d'état A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, m ...

of June 23, 1908) and ''Mosavat'' (Equality). June 1908: Was exiled from Iran by Mohammad Ali Shah; left for Europe. September 1908: Organised political activities against Mohammad Ali Shah in the United Kingdom. November 1908: Returned to Tabriz. August 1909: Arrived in Tehran after the victory of ''Mojaheds''. Membership to the "Temporarily Board of Directors". Elected deputy to the Second Majles. October 1909: Deputy to the Second Majles and parliamentary leader of ''Ferqeh-ye Demokrat-e Iran'' (Democratic Party of Iran). 1910: Left (forced to leave Tehran) for Tabriz after the assassination of

Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani ( fa, سیدعبدالله بهبهانی, 1840–1910) was a Shi'a theologian and a prominent leader of the constitutional movement. He was born in Najaf and was educated by scholars such as Morteza Ansari. During the co ...

(one of two prime ''Mojahed'' leaders of the revolution, the other being Sayyed Mohammad Tabātabā'i). Stayed for some months in Tabriz. October 1910: Arrived in

, staying there for almost two years. 1911: Left Istanbul for Europe. June 1913: Left for New York, staying for nineteen months in the United States of America. Published four political articles in French about the political situations of Iran, Ottoman and

Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...

countries in ''Revue du Monde Musulman'' (Study of the Muslim World). January 1915: Left the United States of America for Germany (

), travelling through

the Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

. January 1916 — March 1922: Published the periodical '' Kaveh'' (Blacksmith) in collaboration with such important writers as Sayyed Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh (son of Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani) and

Hossein Kazemzadeh Hussein, Hussain, Hossein, Hossain, Huseyn, Husayn, Husein or Husain (; ar, حُسَيْن ), coming from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-S-i-N ( ar, ح س ی ن, link=no), is an Arabic name which is the diminutive of Hassan, meaning "good", " ...

(who later became editor of the nationalist paper ''Iranshahr'' ). :Image:Malek al-Motakallemin.jpg January 1922 — July 1923: Went, as deputy of the Iranian State, to

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...

for formation of a friendship agreement. Stayed for one and a half year in Moscow. 1923: Married to his German wife, whom he called by the name '' 'Atiyeh'' (Gift). July 1924: Returned to Iran. Elected deputy to the Fifth Majles. Became member of the ''Ma'aref'' (Cultural Affairs) Commission. June 1926: Travelled to the United States of America as official Iranian representative to the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition of 1926. Membership of the "Council of Founders" of the "Society of National Opuses". 1927: Returned to Iran. Elected deputy to the Sixth Majles. 1928: Became Governor-general of Khorasan province. 1929: Became Iranian

Minister Plenipotentiary An envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, usually known as a minister, was a diplomatic head of mission who was ranked below ambassador. A diplomatic mission headed by an envoy was known as a legation rather than an embassy. Under the ...

to London. March 1930: Returned to Iran. Accepted to become Minister of Roads and Transport. August 1930 — August 1933: Was Minister of Finance. April 1933: Signing of the prolongation of the oil-concession. November 1933 — July 1934: Became Iranian Minister Plenipotentiary to Paris. 1934: Travelled to the United Kingdom for his Lecture at Royal Society of Arts about the Iranian situation. End of his duties assigned to him by the Iranian embassy in Paris. Left for Berlin, staying there for fifteen months. 1935: Was Iranian Deputy at the "International Association of

Orientalists In art history, literature and cultural studies, Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects in the Eastern world. These depictions are usually done by writers, designers, and artists from the Western world. In particular, Orientalist p ...

" in

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

. 1936: Went to

London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...

to teach at the then School of Oriental Studies ( SOAS),

University of London The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree ...

. Taqizadeh was a temporary member of the teaching staff of Iranian and Persian Studies alongside

Vladimir Minorsky Vladimir Fyodorovich Minorsky (russian: Владимир Фёдорович Минорский; – March 25, 1966) was a Russian Orientalist best known for his contributions to the study of Persian, Lurish and Kurdish history, geography, ...

, A. J. Arberry and W. B. Henning. He briefly moved with SOAS to

University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the world's third oldest surviving university and one of its most pr ...

when SOAS was evacuated to there at the beginning of the

. October 1941: Became Iranian ambassador to the United Kingdom. Was Chairman of the Iranian delegation to the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...

in connection with the case of Azerbaijan. 1945: Protest to the United Nations in connection with the Russian occupation of Tabriz. October 1947: Elected deputy from Tabriz to the Fifteenth Majles. Was Chairman of the Iranian Board at the Congress of Orientalists (

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a College town, university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cam ...

, United Kingdom), Chairman of the Iranian Board at International Congress of Avicenna (

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. I ...

), Chairman of International Congress of Avicenna (

). 1949 — 1967: Deputy at the Senate. Chairman of Senate. 1954: Was Scientific adviser and member of the Board of Directors of the "Translation Institution and Book Publication". 1954: Participated in the International Congress of Orientalists in Cambridge (United Kingdom). 1957: Chairman of the Iranian Board at Congress of Orientalists (

Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Ha ...

). Went to the United States of America for teaching at

Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...

. 1958: Was Chairman of the Iranian Society of Philosophy and Humanities. Participated in the establishment of an offset printing-house. 1966: Was Chairman of the first International Congress of Iranists (Tehran). 28 January 1970: Died in Tehran.

Notes

References

* Sepehr H. Joussefi, ''Seyyed Hasan Taqizadeh: a Political Biography in the Context of Iranian Modernization'', Master Thesis (

University of Utrecht Utrecht University (UU; nl, Universiteit Utrecht, formerly ''Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht'') is a public research university in Utrecht, Netherlands. Established , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2018, it had an enrollme ...

The Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

, 1998)

* Nikki R. Keddie, with a section by

Yann Richard Yann is a French male given name, specifically, the Breton form of "Jean" (French for "John"). Notable persons with the name Yann include: __NOTOC__ In arts and entertainment *Yann Martel (born 1963), Canadian author *Yann Moix (born 1968), Fr ...

, ''Modern Iran: Roots and results of revolution'', revised and updated edition (

Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Sta ...

Press,

New Haven New Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut and is part of the New York City metropolitan area. With a population of 134,023 ...

, 2003). * A locust's leg. ''Studies in honour of S. H. Taqizadeh'', pp. vii and 250 (Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., London, 1962). For a review of this work see: M. J. Dresden, ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 260–262 (1965)

Books by Taqizadeh

* S. H. Taqizadeh, ''Old Iranian Calendars'' (Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1938). , . * Payam Nabarz, and S. H. Taqizadeh, ''The Persian 'Mar Nameh': The

Zoroaster Zoroaster,; fa, زرتشت, Zartosht, label= Modern Persian; ku, زەردەشت, Zerdeşt also known as Zarathustra,, . Also known as Zarathushtra Spitama, or Ashu Zarathushtra is regarded as the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism. He is ...

ian 'Book of the Snake', Omens and Calendar and The Old Iranian Calendar'' (Twin Serpents,

Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...

, 2006). , .

External links

* Sepehr H. Joussefi, ''Seyyed Hasan Taqizadeh: a Political Biography in the Context of Iranian Modernization'', Master Thesis (University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1988)

* S. H. Taqizadeh, ''Old Iranian Calendars'' (Printed and published under the patronage of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1938)

* A short biography of S. H. Taqizadeh in Persian

* ''Images of Revolution. The Constitutionalist Revolution: 1906-1909.'

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taqizadeh, Hassan 1878 births 1970 deaths Iranian Shia clerics Iranian secularists Iranian diplomats Government ministers of Iran Presidents of the Senate of Iran People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution Liberalism in Iran Politicians from Tabriz Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom Ambassadors of Iran to France Democrat Party (Persia) politicians Revival Party politicians Deputies of Tabriz for National Consultative Assembly Members of the 1st Iranian Majlis Members of the 2nd Iranian Majlis Members of the 3rd Iranian Majlis Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 20th-century Iranian politicians