Harry Campbell (1860 – 8 July 1938) was a British

physician A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...

pathologist Pathology is the study of the causal, causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when us ...

and writer.

Biography

Campbell was born in

Margaretting Margaretting is a village and civil parish in the Chelmsford district, in the county of Essex, England. The population of the village taken at the 2011 Census was 847. The village is located on the B1002 road approximately four miles from Chelmsfo ...

. He was educated at

Carshalton Carshalton () is a town, with a historic village centre, in south London, England, within the London Borough of Sutton. It is situated south-southwest of Charing Cross, in the valley of the River Wandle, one of the sources of which is Carshalton ...

and in

Neuwied Neuwied () is a town in the north of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, capital of the District of Neuwied. Neuwied lies on the east bank of the Rhine, 12 km northwest of Koblenz, on the railway from Frankfurt am Main to Cologne. Th ...

."Harry Campbell"
Royal College of Physicians. He qualified from

St Bartholomew's Hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital, commonly known as Barts, is a teaching hospital located in the City of London. It was founded in 1123 and is currently run by Barts Health NHS Trust. History Early history Barts was founded in 1123 by Rahere (died ...

and obtained MRCS (1881),

MBBS Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery ( la, Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae; abbreviated most commonly MBBS), is the primary medical degree awarded by medical schools in countries that follow the tradition of the United King ...

(1882) and

M.D. Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin ''Medicinae Doctor'') is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a professional degree. T ...

(1885). He married Nora Lacy. He worked as a physician and pathologist at North-West London Hospital (1886–1909) and West End Hospital for Nervous Diseases (1896–1924).Anonymous. (1938). ''Harry Campbell, M.D., F.R.C.P., Consulting Physician, West End Hospital For Nervous Diseases, London''. ''

The British Medical Journal ''The BMJ'' is a weekly peer-reviewed medical trade journal, published by the trade union the British Medical Association (BMA). ''The BMJ'' has editorial freedom from the BMA. It is one of the world's oldest general medical journals. Origina ...

'' 2 (4045): 153–154. He was a Fellow of the

Royal Anthropological Institute The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (RAI) is a long-established anthropological organisation, and Learned Society, with a global membership. Its remit includes all the component fields of anthropology, such as biolo ...

.Anonymous. (2005). ''Dental Anthropology: The British Diet''. ''

Anthropology Today ''Anthropology Today'' is a bimonthly Peer review, peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Royal Anthropological Institute. The journal was established in 1985 and publishes papers that apply anthropological a ...

'' 21 (2): 27–29. He retired as physician in 1919. From 1918 to 1933, he was the editor of the ''

Medical Press and Circular ''Medical Press and Circular'' was a medical publication from Dublin, Ireland. It was established in 1866 with the merger of the ''Dublin Medical Press'' and the ''Medical Circular''. Its masthead featured a Latin language version of the Cicero mo ...

''. Campbell was elected a

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) is a British professional membership body dedicated to improving the practice of medicine, chiefly through the accreditation of physicians by examination. Founded by royal charter from King Henry VIII in 1 ...

of London in 1896. Cambell was a member of the

British Medical Association The British Medical Association (BMA) is a registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom. The association does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council. The association's headquar ...

and contributed articles to the ''

British Medical Journal ''The BMJ'' is a weekly peer-reviewed medical trade journal, published by the trade union the British Medical Association (BMA). ''The BMJ'' has editorial freedom from the BMA. It is one of the world's oldest general medical journals. Origi ...

''. In 1904, Campbell authored a series of articles, ''The Evolution of Man's Diet'' in ''

The Lancet ''The Lancet'' is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It is also the world's highest-impact academic journal. It was founded in England in 1823. The journal publishes original research articles, ...

'' journal. He also contributed articles to the book, ''A System of Diet and Dietetics'' which was positively reviewed in the ''

Journal of the American Medical Association ''The Journal of the American Medical Association'' (''JAMA'') is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association. It publishes original research, reviews, and editorials covering all aspects of bio ...

''. Campbell authored the book ''What is Wrong With British Diet?'', in 1936. Campbell argued that the British diet was too heavy in cereal foods, cooked vegetables and puddings which provided inadequate

mastication Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth. It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow a more efficient break down by enzymes. During the mastication process, th ...

. He believed that habitual consumption of soft "pappy" foods and "pultaceous puddings" caused undersized jaws and dental disease. He recommended a pre-agricultural diet that consisted of

animal product An animal product is any material derived from the body of an animal. Examples are fat, flesh, blood, milk, eggs, and lesser known products, such as isinglass and rennet. Animal by-products, as defined by the USDA, are products harvested or man ...

s and raw vegetables. He wrote that the "British diet errs mainly in containing an excess of cereals and starchy foods generally, and a dearth of animal and raw vegetable foods."Campbell, Harry. (1936). ''Introduction''. In ''What Is Wrong with British Diet? Being an Exposition of the Factors Responsible for the Undersized Jaws and Appalling Prevalence of Dental Disease Among British Peoples''. London: William Heinemann. Campbell wrote several medical research papers on mastication and the physiology of the jaw bones, jaw muscles and teeth formation in children and this is reflected in the series published in ''The Lancet'', Observations on Mastication I-III in 1903. He died in

Norwood, North Yorkshire Norwood is a civil parish in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 UK census, Norwood parish had a population of 200, increasing to 216 at the 2011 Census. The parish lies on the eastern side of the Washbu ...

Bickiepegs

Campbell established in 1925, after he retired from the medical profession, manufacturing natural

rusks A rusk is a hard, dry biscuit or a twice-baked bread. It is sometimes used as a teether for babies. In some cultures, rusk is made of cake, rather than bread: this is sometimes referred to as cake rusk. In the UK, the name also refers to a wh ...

which he called Bickiepegs in

Welwyn Garden City Welwyn Garden City ( ) is a town in Hertfordshire, England, north of London. It was the second garden city in England (founded 1920) and one of the first new towns (designated 1948). It is unique in being both a garden city and a new town and ...

. Bickiepegs biscuits are made from wheat flour, wheat germ and water. The finger shaped product was designed to help babies cut the back and front teeth whilst exercising the jaw muscles, bones and gums. The company Bickiepegs Healthcare still exists 95 years on and bakes to the original recipe from its factory in

Aberdeenshire Aberdeenshire ( sco, Aiberdeenshire; gd, Siorrachd Obar Dheathain) is one of the 32 Subdivisions of Scotland#council areas of Scotland, council areas of Scotland. It takes its name from the County of Aberdeen which has substantially differe ...

."Bickiepegs History"
Bickiepegs.com. Retrieved 2021-02-26.

Selected publications

''The Causation Of Disease''
(1889)
''Headache, and Other Morbid Cephalic Sensations''
(1894)
''Respiratory Exercises in the Treatment of Disease''
(1899)
''Observations on Mastication''
(''The Lancet'', 1903) *''The Evolution of Man's Diet''
''Part 1''''Part 2''''Part 3''''Part 4''''Part 5''''Part 6''''Part 7''
''The Lancet'', 1904)
''On Treatment''
(1907)
''Alcohol in Health and Disease''
(''A System of Diet and Dietetics'', 1908)
''The Cause and Prevention of Dental Caries''
(''American Dental Journal'', 1908)
''The Evolution of Man's Diet''
(''A System of Diet and Dietetics'', 1908)
''Aids to Pathology''
(1915)
''Food Economics in Relation to the War''
(''The Lancet'', 1916)
''General Observations on Diet''
(''Detroit Medical Journal'', 1920)
''Evolution, Past and Future''
(1923) *''Fundamental Principles in Treatment'' (1924) *''What Is Wrong With British Diet?'' (1936)

Biography

Bickiepegs

Selected publications

References

Further reading