Hardoi district
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Hardoi district is a
district A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
situated in the center of
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh (; , 'Northern Province') is a state in northern India. With over 200 million inhabitants, it is the most populated state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It was established in 1950 ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
. The district headquarters is in the city of
Hardoi Hardoi is a city and municipal board in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Hardoi district. History The early history of Hardoi is obscure. The name suggests a Bhar, a Dalit caste of ...
. Hardoi is the third largest district of Uttar Pradesh. It falls under
Lucknow Lucknow (, ) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is also the second largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and division ...
division in the history region of
Awadh Awadh (), known in British historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a region in the modern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, which was before independence known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It is synonymous with the Kośāla region of ...
As of the 2011 census, the total population of Hardoi district is 4,092,845 people, in 730,442 households. It is the 13th-most populous district in Uttar Pradesh.


History

The present-day Hardoi district was created by the British after their takeover of Awadh in 1856. At the time of
Akbar Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (25 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar the Great ( fa, ), and also as Akbar I (), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Hum ...
in the 1500s, the area of the modern district was divided between the sarkars of
Lucknow Lucknow (, ) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is also the second largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and division ...
and Khairabad. Five ''mahal''s were in Lucknow sarkar:
Sandila Sandila is a town and nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as a tehsil headquarters within the district. Located midway between Hardoi and Lucknow, Sandila is a well-connected town with roads le ...
,
Mallanwan Mallawan, also spelled Mallanwan is a town and Nagar Palika Parishad in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It served as the original district headquarters from 1856 to 1858. It is located south of Bilgram, on the road to Unnao. Mallawan is ...
, Kachhandao, "Garanda" (probably a miscopying of Gundwa), and
Bilgram Bilgram is a town and a nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located south of the city of Hardoi, on an elevated bluff that once formed the eastern bank of the Ganges. Important industries in Bilgr ...
. The
Ain-i-Akbari The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' ( fa, ) or the "Administration of Akbar", is a 16th-century detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar, written by his court historian, Abu'l Fazl in the Persian language. It for ...
does list a mahal of Hardoi in Lucknow district, but this was referring to the
Hardoi Hardoi is a city and municipal board in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Hardoi district. History The early history of Hardoi is obscure. The name suggests a Bhar, a Dalit caste of ...
in modern
Rae Bareli district Raebareli district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. The city of Raebareli is the district headquarters. This district is a part of Lucknow Division in Uttar Pradesh state. The total area of Raebareli district is 3,371 S ...
instead of the one in Hardoi district. As for the sarkar of Khairabad, the mahals of
Gopamau Gopamau is a town and nagar panchayat in Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Located just west of the Gomti river, Gopamau is a historic town that once served as a pargana headquarters. Important industries include cap making, tobacco, and ag ...
, Sara, Bawan, Sandi,
Pali Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or ''Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of ''Theravāda'' Buddhism ...
, and Barwar-Anjana were either partially or entirely in the territory of modern Hardoi district. In the following centuries, the administrative setup in the area underwent various changes. The
pargana Pargana ( bn, পরগনা, , hi, परगना, ur, پرگنہ) or parganah, also spelt pergunnah during the time of the Sultanate period, Mughal times and British Raj, is a former administrative unit of the Indian subcontinent and each ...
of
Balamau Balamau is a village in Kachhauna block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located about a mile from the left bank of the Sai river, 25 miles from Hardoi and 4 miles southwest of the namesake Balamau station, which is actually ...
was formed out of Sandila around the end of Akbar's reign, and it included an area of 42 villages cleared from the jungle by a
Kurmi Kurmi is traditionally a non-elite tiller caste in the lower Gangetic plain of India, especially southern regions of Awadh, eastern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar. The Kurmis came to be known for their exceptional work ethic, superior tilla ...
named Balai. The pargana of Barwan was also established at an early date, being split off from Sandi. Kalyanmal became a separate pargana during the reign of
Aurangzeb Muhi al-Din Muhammad (; – 3 March 1707), commonly known as ( fa, , lit=Ornament of the Throne) and by his regnal title Alamgir ( fa, , translit=ʿĀlamgīr, lit=Conqueror of the World), was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire, ruling ...
, when a fort was built there; it had previously been part of Gundwa. Shahabad became a pargana in 1745, almost 70 years after the town itself was established; it was split off from the pargana of Pali. Pachhoha was separated from Pali to become a pargana in about 1840. The pargana of Katiari was formed in the early 1800s by taking some areas belonging to Sandi and some belonging to Pali, and the small pargana of Saromannagar was created in 1803 from parts of Pali and parts of Sara. Mansurnagar was created in 1806 from parts of Sara and Gopamau. Bangar was split off from Bilgram in 1807, when the lowlands (''kachh'') and uplands (''bangar'') of Bilgram were separated. Finally, Barwar-Anjana was entirely dismantled in 1703 and replaced with 9 smaller parganas, including
Pindwara Pindwara is a municipality and tehsil located, nearby Sirohi city in Sirohi District in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Pindwara is one of main financial city of Sirohi district after Abu Road. As of 2011, the population of Pindwara is 24,487. ...
, Pihani, and Alamnagar. Under the
Nawabs of Awadh The Nawab of Awadh or the Nawab of Oudh was the title of the rulers who governed the state of Awadh (anglicised as Oudh) in north India during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Nawabs of Awadh belonged to a dynasty of Persian origin from Nishapu ...
, the area of present-day Hardoi district was divided between several different chaklas. Sandila became a chakla in 1821, consisting of the parganas of Sandila, Mallanwan, Kachhandao, and
Malihabad Malihabad is a town and nagar panchayat in the Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is also the seat of a tehsil and a community development block of the same name. As of 2011, its population was 17,818, in 3,032 households. Malihabad is ...
(the last of which is now in
Lucknow district Lucknow district is a district located in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The city of Lucknow is the district headquarters and the district is part of Lucknow Division. It also is the capital of Uttar Pradesh Lucknow is Bounded on ...
). Hardoi district was first formed after the British annexed Awadh in February 1856, and it was originally called Mallanwan district because its headquarters were at Mallanwan. After the 1857 uprising the seat was moved to Hardoi due to its more central location. At that time, Hardoi district consisted of four
tehsil A tehsil (, also known as tahsil, taluka, or taluk) is a local unit of administrative division in some countries of South Asia. It is a subdistrict of the area within a district including the designated populated place that serves as its administr ...
s: Shahabad, Hardoi, Bilgram, and Sandila. Shahabad tehsil contained eight parganas: Shahabad, Pali, Pachhoha, Saromannagar, Barwan, Mansurnagar, Alamnagar, and Pindarwa-Pihani. Hardoi tehsil contained the parganas of Bangar, Gopamau, Sara, and Bawan. Bilgram tehsil contained the parganas of Bilgram, Mallanwan, Kachhandao, Sandi, and Katiari; and finally, Sandila tehsil comprised the four parganas of Sandila, Gundwa, Kalyanmal, and Balamau. In 1869, Sara pargana was divided into Sara North and Sara South, and Sara North was transferred into Shahabad tehsil, while at the same time Barwan was transferred into Hardoi tehsil.


Geography

Hardoi is the westernmost district of
Awadh Awadh (), known in British historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a region in the modern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, which was before independence known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It is synonymous with the Kośāla region of ...
. Its eastern border is formed by the
Gomti River The Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a tributary of the Ganges. According to beliefs, the river is the son of Rishi Vashishtha and bathing in the Gomti on Ekadashi (the 11th day of the two lunar phases of the Hindu calendar month) can wash awa ...
, which separates it from
Sitapur Sitapur is a city and a municipal board in Sitapur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 90 kilometres north of state capital, Lucknow. The traditional origin for the name is said to be by the King Vikramāditya from Lord ...
and
Lakhimpur Kheri Lakhimpur Kheri district is the largest district in Uttar Pradesh, India, on the border with Nepal. Its administrative capital is the city of Lakhimpur. Lakhimpur Kheri district is a part of Lucknow division, with a total area of . The nation ...
districts. To the south, it borders
Lucknow Lucknow (, ) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is also the second largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and division ...
and
Unnao Unnao is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Unnao district and a part of Lucknow division, between Kanpur and Lucknow. Unnao is a large industrial city with three industrial suburbs around it. ...
districts. On the west, its border is formed partly by the Sendha river until it joins the
Ramganga Ramganga is a tributary of the river Ganges, originating in Uttarakhand state, India. Ramganga West Ramganga West River originates from Dudhatoli or Doodhatoli ranges Course The Ramganga River originates in the southern slopes of Dudhato ...
, and then the district border cuts south to the
Ganges The Ganges ( ) (in India: Ganga ( ); in Bangladesh: Padma ( )). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river to which India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China are the riparian states." is ...
, which then forms the western boundary the rest of the way. There are two main geographic divisions of Hardoi district: the '' kachh'' or lowlands in the west and the '' bangar'' or uplands in the east. The dividing line between them is a high bank of barren sandhills on the east side of the
Garra ''Garra'' is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae. These fish are one example of the "log suckers", sucker-mouthed barbs and other cyprinids commonly kept in aquaria to keep down algae. The doctor fish of Anatolia and the Middle East belo ...
basin, running north-south in the western part of the district. In the east, a broad upland belt with sandy soil overlooks the Gomti. Between them and the river, there is a small area of
tarai , image =Terai nepal.jpg , image_size = , image_alt = , caption =Aerial view of Terai plains near Biratnagar, Nepal , map = , map_size = , map_alt = , map_caption = , biogeographic_realm = Indomalayan realm , global200 = Terai-Duar savanna ...
lowlands with mostly poor sandy soil, some of which is covered by swamps. The uplands are characterized by rolling sandhills, which are often covered with tufts of munj grass several meters tall. These hills are otherwise dry and barren, and they present a constant hazard to the farms below them because they are liable to shift during high winds. They are most prominent in the area around Gopamau. The sandy ridges are broken up by steep ravines, which drain the water that collects in lower-lying areas to the west. In some of those depressions, there are large reedy swamps. Further west is the Sai valley, which consists of alternating patches of loamy and clayey soil. There are many depressions and jhils, stretches of barren usar land, and, historically, scattered patches of dhak jungle. Especially in the north, the banks of the Sai were in many places heavily forested. Further south, both banks of the Sai are high and sandy, although here it is much more fertile than along the Gomti. Between them and the river itself, there are narrow strips of tarai lowlands, vulnerable to flooding. The western border of the bangar uplands is formed by another high bank of barren sandhills, which mark the eastern part of the Garra basin and may have once done the same for the Ganges. This bank is narrow, scoured by many ravines, and slopes steeply down to the kachh lowlands on the west. These lowlands are traversed by many rivers and streams, and they are prone to flooding and often covered by marshes. Continuing westward, the final river that crosses the kachh is the mighty Ganges, whose course often shifts around in its extremely wide bed. The annual floods cover this entire lowlying area, depositing a sandy soil which is less conducive to agriculture than the more loamy deposits of the Garra and Ramganga. Hardoi district was once heavily wooded, especially in the upland areas, but by the turn of the 20th century much of this had been cleared, mostly since the 1870s. The remaining jungle at that time was described as mostly dhak, karaunda, and scrub, with other trees such as the bargad, pipal, pakar,
shisham ''Dalbergia sissoo'', known commonly as North Indian rosewood or ''shisham'', is a fast-growing, hardy, deciduous rosewood tree native to the Indian subcontinent and southern Iran. ''D. sissoo'' is a large, crooked tree with long, leathery leav ...
, and
neem ''Azadirachta indica'', commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus ''Azadirachta'', and is native to the Indian subcontinent and most of the countries in Afr ...
being much less common and "mere relics of the old jungles."


Geology

The geology of Hardoi district is fairly unremarkable, with most of the district being covered in Gangetic
alluvium Alluvium (from Latin ''alluvius'', from ''alluere'' 'to wash against') is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings. Alluv ...
like the rest of the Awadh region. In the eastern parts of the district, the surface soil is a reddish clay with an average depth of about 8 feet. Below that is black clay, which is 2 to 10 feet deep. Below that is sandy soil, either grey, white, or yellow and unmixed with clay. In the Sai basin, the sandy layer is closer to the surface; above it is sandy clay, and at the top is a thin layer of yellow clay. For three miles on either side of the Sai, the surface is pure sand. Around the jhils near Pipri, the bottom sandy layer gives way to a bluish, sandy clay, possibly marking an ancient river channel.


Wildlife

The
blackbuck The blackbuck (''Antilope cervicapra''), also known as the Indian antelope, is an antelope native to India and Nepal. It inhabits grassy plains and lightly forested areas with perennial water sources. It stands up to high at the shoulder. Mal ...
is a common site all throughout the district, especially in the area around Gopamau and along the sandy banks of the Gomti.
wolves The wolf (''Canis lupus''; plural, : wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large Canis, canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus, subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' have been reco ...
are also sometimes seen in the ravines along the Gomti and other rivers in the district, but not in especially large numbers.
Nilgai The nilgai (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'') (, literally meaning "blue cow") is the largest Asian antelope and is ubiquitous across the northern Indian subcontinent. It is the sole member of the genus ''Boselaphus'' and was described by Peter Sim ...
s are most common in the tamarisk jungles around Dharampur between the Ganga and Ramganga, but they are also found in the larger dhak jungles to the east and northeast. Rarely,
leopard The leopard (''Panthera pardus'') is one of the five extant species in the genus '' Panthera'', a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, a ...
s are seen in the jungles north of Pihani. The
chital The chital or cheetal (''Axis axis''; ), also known as the spotted deer, chital deer, and axis deer, is a deer species native to the Indian subcontinent. It was first described and given a binomial name by German naturalist Johann Christian Po ...
, or spotted deer, was once fairly common in the area, but by the early 20th century it had "practically disappeared". The
four-horned antelope The four-horned antelope (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), or ''chousingha'', is a small antelope found in India and Nepal. Its four horns distinguish it from most other bovids, which have two horns (with a few exceptions, such as the Jacob sheep). ...
was also formerly native to the area, but the last one known was shot by hunters in 1865.
Jackal Jackals are medium-sized canids native to Africa and Eurasia. While the word "jackal" has historically been used for many canines of the subtribe canina, in modern use it most commonly refers to three species: the closely related black-backed ...
s and
hare Hares and jackrabbits are mammals belonging to the genus ''Lepus''. They are herbivores, and live solitarily or in pairs. They nest in slight depressions called forms, and their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth. The ge ...
s are very common. Common birds in the district include the
grey partridge The grey partridge (''Perdix perdix''), also known as the gray-legged partridge, English partridge, Hungarian partridge, or hun, is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. The scientific name ...
and
quail Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes. The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey, or bevy. Old World quail are placed in the family Phasianidae, and New Wor ...
. The
black partridge The black partridge (''Melanoperdix niger''), also known as the black wood partridge, is a small (up to 27 cm long) partridge with a thick bill, grey legs and dark brown iris. It is the only member of the monotypic genus ''Melanoperdix''. ...
is also found in the grass jungles along the Gomti, as well as a few other scattered areas. During colder months,
snipe A snipe is any of about 26 wading bird species in three genera in the family Scolopacidae. They are characterized by a very long, slender bill, eyes placed high on the head, and cryptic/camouflaging plumage. The ''Gallinago'' snipes have a near ...
are also a common sight.
Geese A goose (plural, : geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family (biology), family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera ''Anser (bird), Anser'' (the grey geese and white geese) and ''Branta'' (the black geese). Some o ...
and
duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form t ...
s inhabit the district's various jhils.
Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary is a bird sanctuary in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The sanctuary is located at a distance of 19 km on Hardoi- Sandi Road in Sandi in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh. Sandi Bird Sanctuary is 1 km from ...
is a freshwater marsh and wildlife sanctuary located in Hardoi district, 19km from the city of Hardoi. It is typical of wetlands in the Indo-Gangetic plains and receives most of its water from monsoon rains. Rich in aquatic plant life and home to a large population of
waterfowl Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which in ...
, the sanctuary is managed jointly by the Office of the Conservator of Forests and local forest and wildlife officials. It is a popular recreation spot and tourist destination. The sanctuary is vulnerable to drought; in 2014 and 2015 it was dry, and the local bird population declined precipitously. It was designated as a
Ramsar site A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance under the Ramsar Convention,8 ha (O) *** Permanent 8 ha (P) *** Seasonal Intermittent < 8 ha(Ts) **


Economy

In 2006 the
Ministry of Panchayati Raj The Ministry of Panchayati Raj is a branch of the Government of India. Ministry of Panchayati Raj looks into all matters relating to the Panchayati Raj and Panchayati Raj Institutions. It was created in May 2004. The ministry is headed by a m ...
named Hardoi one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 34 districts in Awadh, Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).


Divisions

Hardoi district is divided into five
tehsil A tehsil (, also known as tahsil, taluka, or taluk) is a local unit of administrative division in some countries of South Asia. It is a subdistrict of the area within a district including the designated populated place that serves as its administr ...
s - Hardoi, Shahabad, Sawayajpur,
Bilgram Bilgram is a town and a nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located south of the city of Hardoi, on an elevated bluff that once formed the eastern bank of the Ganges. Important industries in Bilgr ...
, and
Sandila Sandila is a town and nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as a tehsil headquarters within the district. Located midway between Hardoi and Lucknow, Sandila is a well-connected town with roads le ...
. These tehsils consist of 19 blocks ( Ahrori, Hariyawan, Sursa, Shahabad, Bharkhani, Bharawan,
Harpalpur Harpalpur is a town and a nagar panchayat in Chhatarpur District in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Before the inauguration of Khajuraho railway station, Harpalpur was the only railway station in Chhatarpur district. The municipality bor ...
,
Bilgram Bilgram is a town and a nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located south of the city of Hardoi, on an elevated bluff that once formed the eastern bank of the Ganges. Important industries in Bilgr ...
, Madhoganj, Mallawan,
Tadiyawan Tadiyawan, also spelled Tandiyawan, is a village and corresponding community development block in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Located 14 km from the city of Hardoi, it hosts a regular market and hosts a Deviji festival on Chaitr ...
, Tondarpur, Kothwan,
Sandila Sandila is a town and nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as a tehsil headquarters within the district. Located midway between Hardoi and Lucknow, Sandila is a well-connected town with roads le ...
,
Behadar Behadar, also Behadar Kala, is a village and corresponding community development block in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. There is a market at Behadar Kalan Hashimpore on Wednesdays and Sundays, with no particular specialisation. The villa ...
, Pihani, Sandi, Kachhauna, Bawan). The district has 1,101
gram panchayat Gram Panchayat () is a basic village-governing institute in Indian villages. It is a democratic structure at the grass-roots level in India. It is a political institute, acting as cabinet of the village. The Gram Sabha work as the general bod ...
s and 2,070 revenue villages (1,907 of them are inhabited and 163 are uninhabited). There are also 191 Nyaya panchayats. The district has 13 towns, including 7
Nagar Palika Parishad In India, a Municipal Council (also known as Municipality, Nagar Palika, or Nagar Palika Parishad) is an Urban Local Body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. However, there are exceptions to that, as previously Nagar Palikas co ...
s (municipal boards) and 6
Nagar Panchayat A nagar panchayat (town panchayat; ) or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 ...
s. There was previously also the
census town In India and some other countries, a census town is designated as a town that satisfies certain characteristics. India In India, a census town is one which is not statutorily notified and administered as a town, but nevertheless whose population ...
of Som, but it was reclassified as a village for the 2011 census. The current towns in the district are listed below: This district is a district of the Lucknow Commissionary in Uttar Pradesh Province of India, it is situated in between 26-53 to 27-46 north latitude and 79-41 to 80-46 east longitude. Its north border touches
Shahjahanpur district Shahjahanpur district is a districts of Uttar Pradesh India. It is a part of Bareilly division. It was established in 1813 by the British Government. Previously it was a part of district Bareilly. Geographically the main town is Shahjahanpur ...
and
Lakhimpur Kheri Lakhimpur Kheri district is the largest district in Uttar Pradesh, India, on the border with Nepal. Its administrative capital is the city of Lakhimpur. Lakhimpur Kheri district is a part of Lucknow division, with a total area of . The nation ...
district. Lucknow (capital of U.P.) and
Unnao Unnao is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Unnao district and a part of Lucknow division, between Kanpur and Lucknow. Unnao is a large industrial city with three industrial suburbs around it. ...
are situated at the southern border. The western border touches
Kanpur Kanpur or Cawnpore ( /kɑːnˈpʊər/ pronunciation (help·info)) is an industrial city in the central-western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Founded in 1207, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations o ...
(industrial city of U.P.) and
Farrukhabad district Farrukhabad district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in Northern India. The town of Fatehgarh is the district headquarters. The district is part of Kanpur Division. Farrukhabad is situated between Lat. 26° 46' N & 27° 43' N and Lo ...
and on the eastern border the
Gomati River Gomati, which means, among other things, "full of water", may refer to: Geography * Gomati district, a district of Tripura state, India * Gomati monastery, a monastery in Khotan, Turkistan, see Buddhism in Khotan * Gomati Lake, a lake in Vadtal, du ...
separates the district from the
Sitapur district Sitapur district is one of the districts which is situated in Uttar Pradesh state of India, with Sitapur town as the district headquarters. Sitapur district is a part of Lucknow division. History Sitapur was first constituted as a district ...
. 'Nemisharayan, the Pilgrim of
Dvapara Yuga ''Dvapara Yuga'' ( Dwapara Yuga), in Hinduism, is the third and third best of the four ''yugas'' (world ages) in a ''Yuga Cycle'', preceded by ''Treta Yuga'' and followed by ''Kali Yuga''. ''Dvapara Yuga'' lasts for 864,000 years (2,400 divine y ...
(3rd age)' is just 45 km from district headquarters. The length of this district from northwest to southeast is 125.529 km and width from east to west is 74.83 km., the area 5947 km2.


Demographics

According to the 2011 census Hardoi district has a
population Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using a ...
of 4,092,845, roughly equal to the nation of
Lebanon Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus li ...
or the US state of
Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...
. This gives it a ranking of 51st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its
population growth rate Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to ...
over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.39%. Hardoi has a
sex ratio The sex ratio (or gender ratio) is usually defined as the ratio of males to females in a population. As explained by Fisher's principle, for evolutionary reasons this is typically about 1:1 in species which reproduce sexually. Many species devia ...
of 868
females Female (symbol: ♀) is the sex of an organism that produces the large non-motile ova (egg cells), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete during sexual reproduction. A female has larger gametes than a male. Females a ...
for every 1000 males (the 62nd-highest ratio in Uttar Pradesh) and a
literacy rate Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In other words, huma ...
of 64.6%.(51st in the state). Scheduled Castes made up 31.14% of the population. Additionally, 15.9% of the district's population is in the 0-6 age group as of 2011. In 1901, the population of Hardoi district was 1,092,834 and Hardoi had 12,174 inhabitants. By the time, the main city was Shahabad with 20,036 inhabitants,
Mallanwan Mallawan, also spelled Mallanwan is a town and Nagar Palika Parishad in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It served as the original district headquarters from 1856 to 1858. It is located south of Bilgram, on the road to Unnao. Mallawan is ...
11,158. The predominant language spoken in Hardoi district is the
Kannauji Kannauji is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kannauj region of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Kannauji is closely related to Hindustani, with a lexical similarity of 83–94% with Hindi. Some consider it to be a dialect of Hindustani, ...
dialect of Hindi. This sets it apart from the other districts in Awadh, where the
Awadhi Awadhi (; ), also known as Audhi (), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern India and Nepal. It is primarily spoken in the Awadh region of present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. The name ''Awadh'' is connected to Ayodhya, the ancient city, w ...
dialect is spoken. However, in the eastern parts of Hardoi district, the form of Kannauji spoken is very close to the form of Awadhi spoken in neighbouring Unnao and Sitapur districts. At the time of the
2011 Census of India The 2011 Census of India or the 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all buildings. Information ...
, 97.43% of the population in the district spoke
Hindi Hindi (Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been de ...
(or a related language) and 2.45%
Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
''


Religion

The majority of Hardoi district's population are
Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism.Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
s. The proportion of Hindus in the district is high for Awadh, but lower than some districts such as
Unnao Unnao is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Unnao district and a part of Lucknow division, between Kanpur and Lucknow. Unnao is a large industrial city with three industrial suburbs around it. ...
,
Raebareli Raebareli is a city in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Raebareli district and a part of Lucknow Division. The city is situated on the banks of the Sai river, southeast of Lucknow. It possesses many arc ...
, and Pratapgarh. Most Hindus in Hardoi district do not belong to any particular sect, which have relatively few followers compared to other districts.
Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
s are most numerous in the district's old historic towns, although they are still usually in the minority there. Shahabad and
Sandila Sandila is a town and nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as a tehsil headquarters within the district. Located midway between Hardoi and Lucknow, Sandila is a well-connected town with roads le ...
are home to high proportions of Muslims, while in
Hardoi Hardoi is a city and municipal board in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Hardoi district. History The early history of Hardoi is obscure. The name suggests a Bhar, a Dalit caste of ...
itself the proportion is lower. Over 90% of the district's Muslims practice
Sunni Islam Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagre ...
; the proportion that practices
Shia Islam Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, m ...
is somewhat higher than average for the region, but not especially so.


Notable people

Notable people from the district include: *
Brajesh Pathak Brajesh Pathak (born 25 June 1964) is an Indian politician and Member of 18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh, Currently he is serving as the Deputy Chief Minister & Cabinet Minister of Legislative, Justice, Rural Engineering service in ...
– Cabinet Minister in
Government of Uttar Pradesh The Government of Uttar Pradesh (ISO: Uttar Pradesh Sarkār; often abbreviated as GoUP) is the subnational government of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh with the governor as its appointed constitutional head of the state by the President of I ...
. * Nitin Agrawal – Cabinet Minister in
Government of Uttar Pradesh The Government of Uttar Pradesh (ISO: Uttar Pradesh Sarkār; often abbreviated as GoUP) is the subnational government of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh with the governor as its appointed constitutional head of the state by the President of I ...
. *
Babu Mohan Lal Verma Mohan Lal Verma was a leader of Indian independence movement and a lifelong follower of Mahatma Gandhi. After independence he was appointed as MLC - Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council, State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) f ...
– local leader of the
Indian independence movement The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British Raj, British rule in India. It lasted from 1857 to 1947. The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged ...
from 1932, and member of the national legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha) 1956-1967 * Rajpal Kashyap – Member of
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council (Hindi: ''Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad'') is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Uttar Pradesh, a state in India. Uttar Pradesh is one of the six states in India, where the state legislature is ...


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Hardoi District Districts of Uttar Pradesh Lucknow division