Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a

human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of ...

. It is primarily found among populations in

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...

and

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...

. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the

Russian Far East The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a region in Northeast Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent; and is admin ...

South Asia South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;; ...

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historica ...

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of and a population of around 44.5 million ...

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Afric ...

and the

Comoros The Comoros,, ' officially the Union of the Comoros,; ar, الاتحاد القمري ' is an independent country made up of three islands in southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. It ...

. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214. The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...

, and

. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the no ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...

, the

Korean Peninsula Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...

and some populations in

southern China South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning varies with context. A notable feature of South China in comparison to the rest of China is that most of its citizens are not n ...

and Austroasiatic speakers of

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

. It is high in the Melanesian populations of the

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...

and

Moluccas The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located ...

, and shows significant to high frequencies in some populations of

Papuans The indigenous peoples of West Papua in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans, are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands: a first wave from the Malay Arch ...

and

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

. O2 is found at high levels amongst

Han Chinese The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive v ...

Tibeto-Burman The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people spea ...

populations (including many of those in

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

Northeast India , native_name_lang = mni , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_alt = , image_caption = , motto = , image_map = Northeast india.png , ...

, and

Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) an ...

, Mongolians,

Koreans Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply r ...

, Vietnamese, Malays,

Indonesians Indonesians ( Indonesian: ''orang Indonesia'') are citizens or people originally from Indonesia, regardless of their ethnic or religious background. There are more than 1,300 ethnicities in Indonesia, making it a multicultural archipelagic co ...

Filipinos Filipinos ( tl, Mga Pilipino) are the people who are citizens of or native to the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English and/or other ...

, Thais,

Polynesians Polynesians form an ethnolinguistic group of closely related people who are native to Polynesia (islands in the Polynesian Triangle), an expansive region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. They trace their early prehistoric origins to Island Sou ...

East Timorese East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-wester ...

Brunei Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by th ...

an,

Miao people The Miao are a group of linguistically-related peoples living in Southern China and Southeast Asia, who are recognized by the government of China as one of the 56 official ethnic groups. The Miao live primarily in southern China's mountains, in ...

, Hmong, the Naiman tribe of

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also part ...

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

, Kazakhs in the southeast of

Altai Republic The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...

, and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.

Origins

Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in

(see , , , and ) or

(see ) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin ''et al.'' 2015). Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout

North Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago an ...

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most populations in

and

, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part ...

Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes A ...

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

, most of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, and the

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America, North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. ...

, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain subclades of Haplogroup O-M175 do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of

, and

. For example, one study found it at a rate of 65.81% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan, even though the rate among

in general is believed to be only about 9% . It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries O-M175. Karafet ''et al.'' (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214; considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175. An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the

South Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

and

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by ...

, including the

East Africa East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa: Due to the historica ...

n littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% of O-MSY2.2(xM50), while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the

Malagasy people The Malagasy (french: Malgache) are an Austronesian-speaking African ethnic group native to the island country of Madagascar. Traditionally, the population have been divided by subgroups (tribes or ethnicities). Examples include "Highlander ...

with a combined frequency of 34%. O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia. 12% of

Uyghurs The Uyghurs; ; ; ; zh, s=, t=, p=Wéiwú'ěr, IPA: ( ), alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central Asia, Cent ...

, 6.8% of

Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...

(17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of

Torguud The Torghut ( Mongolian: Торгууд, , Torguud), , "Guardsman" are one of the four major subgroups of the Four Oirats. The Torghut nobles traced its descent to the Keraite ruler Tooril; also many Torghuts descended from the Keraites. Hist ...

, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians , 4.1% of

Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( uz, , , , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak mino ...

on average but Uzbeks from

Bukhara Bukhara ( Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city ...

12.1%,

Karakalpaks The Karakalpaks or Qaraqalpaqs (; kaa, Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар, قاراقلپقلر), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan. During the 18th century, they settled in the lower reach ...

(Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% and 4.0% of

Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the ...

. In the Caucasus region it has been found in the

Nogais The Nogais ( Nogai: Ногай, , Ногайлар, ) are a Turkic ethnic group who live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some als ...

6% but 5.3% in the Karan Nogais, it is also found in the

Dargins Dargins or Dargwa (, ''darganti'') are a Northeast Caucasian native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus, and who make up the second largest ethnic group in the North Caucasian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Dargwa language. The ...

of Dargwa speakers at 2.9%. In the Iranic population, it is found in

ian (Esfahan) at 6.3% (), 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan 4.2% in the

Pathans Pashtuns (, , ; ps, پښتانه, ), also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan in the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were historically re ...

in Pakistan () but 1% in Afghanistan (), 3.1% in Burusho (). Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population. 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in other Cape Other Muslim. It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole. Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in

Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived ...

and

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean ...

as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in the

Jamaicans Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. The vast majority of Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African descent, with minorities of Europeans, East Indians, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and others of mixed a ...

at 3.8,

Cubans Cubans ( es, Cubanos) are people born in Cuba and people with Cuban citizenship. Cuba is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic, religious and national backgrounds. Racial and ethnic groups Census The population of Cuba ...

1.5% Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American. Another study gives 0.5% African American. Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).

O-M175*

A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of

and in smaller percentages of

Crimean Tatars , flag = Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg , flag_caption = Flag of Crimean Tatars , image = Love, Peace, Traditions.jpg , caption = Crimean Tatars in traditional clothing in front of the Khan's Palace ...

(1/22 = 4.5%),

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Taj ...

(1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand),

(2/41 = 4.9%),

(1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo, 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm), and

(1/54 = 1.9%) . However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*". and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (, ). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2). A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from

Teheran Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most popul ...

, 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from

Badakhshan Province Badakhshan Province (Persian/ Uzbek: , ''Badaxšān'') is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan in the north and the Pakistani regions of Lowe ...

of Afghanistan, and 1/97

Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.

O-F265 (O1)

O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP. O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP. Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268.

=O-M119 (O1a)

= O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Kra-dai peoples.

=O-M268 (O1b)

= * O-K18 '' NaxiYFull Haplogroup YTree
v5.04 at 16 May 2017'' ** O-CTS4040 *** O-MF56251 ''Observed sporadically in China (

Guangxi Guangxi (; ; alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam ...

,Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O at 23mofang
/ref>

Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020 ...

Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of t ...

Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , also romanized as Chekiang) is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Ji ...

Jiangsu Jiangsu (; ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with it ...

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the Capital city, capital of the China, People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's Li ...

), Thailand ( Phuan,Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O-F175 at TheYtree
/ref> Yuan, Central Thai), Vietnam ( Nùng, Tày)'' *** O-Page59/CTS10887 ''Found among North Han Chinese (5%), East Han Chinese (4%), South Han Chinese (3%) '' **** O-F4070 ***** O-MF106398 ''Observed sporadically in China (Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Shandong)'' ***** O-F779/F993/F3135 ''China, Vietnam ( Lahu), QatarO Y-Haplogroup Project
at Family Tree DNA'' ****** O-MF107014 ''Observed sporadically in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Heilongjiang)'' ****** O-CTS5160/MF61620 ''China ( Han, mostly

Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its ...

)'' ****** O-F2064/F1759 ''China ( Han from

Shandong Shandong ( , ; ; Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal Provinces of China, province of the China, People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in His ...

), Singapore, Vietnam ( Sila, Hanhi,

Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...

), Korea'' ******* O-PH2797/CTS1127 ''China (especially Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hebei, Anhui, Beijing, Henan, and Shanghai)'' ******** O-MF66989 ''Observed sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Guizhou, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shanxi) ******** O-PH2506 ''China (Beijing), Japan'' ******* O-Y148532 ''China (Shandong, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan, Beijing, Shaanxi), Afghanistan ( Hazara)'' ******* O-Y239146/MF31164 ''Singapore, Taiwan'' ******* O-Y47392/MF17288 ''China (

)'' ******* O-BY182144/Y157814 ''China (

, Gansu), Taiwan'' ******** O-MF16472/MF148514 ''China (Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, Beijing, Hunan, Jiangsu, etc.)'' ********* O-MF184575 ''China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Jilin Korean)'' ******** O-ACT3266/Y149401 ''China (Shandong, Jiangsu)'' ******* O-PH4822 ''China (

)'' **** O-F417/M1654/CTS469 ''Japan (Tokyo)'' ***** O-F840/F1247/F1378 ****** O-Y185784 ''Singapore'' ****** O-CTS250 ******* O-F2760 ''China (

, Dai)'' ******* O-FGC30081 ''China (

Hubei Hubei (; ; alternately Hupeh) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The p ...

)'' ***** O-CTS1451 ''Korea, China (Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Chongqing, Guangdong, Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Beijing, etc.)'' **** O-CTS9996/PF4341 ''Philippines'' ***** O-PF4341* ''Hunan (Han)'' ***** O-CTS298 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Shanghai, and Liaoning)'' ****** O-F16308 ''China (esp. Hunan)'' ****** O-MF2931 ''China (esp. Zhejiang)'' ***** O-MF14344 ''China (esp. Shaanxi and Anhui)'' ****** O-F1356 ''China (Shandong, Beijing), Vietnam (

from Ho Chi Minh City), South Korea'' ** O-PK4 ***O-F838 ''Found in about 1.4% of

(and esp. in Hunan, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou)'' **** O-CTS3857 ***** O-F714 ****** O-F2081 ''

Shaanxi Shaanxi (alternatively Shensi, see § Name) is a landlocked province of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), N ...

( Han)'' ****** O-F3357 ******* O-F977 ''

Liaoning Liaoning () is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmo ...

'' ******** O-F1199 ''Beijing, Sichuan'' ********* O-ACT7133 ''

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in Southwest China. The official abbreviation of the city, "" (), was approved by the State Co ...

Liwutu, Jiangxi'' ********* O-Y168698 ''Sichuan, Anhui'' ******* O-CTS4052/CTS5664 ''Hunan ( Han)'' ******** O-Y155291 ''Anhui , medieval Turk (''fl.'' ''ca.'' 600 - 900 CE) from the oasis of

Otrar Otrar or Utrar ( kk, Отырар, ''Otyrar'', otəˈɾɑɾ otk, 𐰚𐰭𐱃𐰺𐰢𐰣, Keŋü Tarman), also called Farab, is a Central Asian ghost town that was a city located along the Silk Road in Kazakhstan. Otrar was an important town ...

'' ******** O-CTS2452 ''Guangxi,

Hunan Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangx ...

'' ***** O-F15640/F11242 ''

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...

, Spain (

Burgos Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Burgos. Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence o ...

)'' ****** O-F16212 ******* O-F21414 ''

'' ******** O-F15452 **** O-F15300 ''

Guizhou Guizhou (; Postal romanization, formerly Kweichow) is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in the Southwest China, southwest region of the China, People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the pr ...

Anhui Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze Riv ...

'' ***** O-F14826 ''Hunan ong zhou Tang family' ****** O-MF45275 ''

'' ****** O-Y34152 ******* O-MF43808 ''Sichuan,

'' ******* O-MF37500 ''

'' ******** O-MF43192 ''Sichuan,

'' *** O-M95 **** O-CTS350 ''China (Ningxia, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shaanxi, Anhui, ''etc.'')'' ***** O-CTS350* ''

(

Aichi is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture ...

)'' ***** O-CTS10007/CTS926 ''China (esp.

and Guangdong)'' **** O-M1310 ***** O-Y172653/Y172877 ''Found in China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing) and Japan'' ***** O-F1803/M1348 ''China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, etc.)'' ****** O-ACT721/ACT1038 ''Found sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hainan, Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning, Heilongjiang)'' ****** O-F789/M1283 ''Found in

( Blang, Palaung, Wa, Dai, Yi, Naxi),

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand ...

( Malay),

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and e ...

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist s ...

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

Bhutan Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountainou ...

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mo ...

(

Tripura Tripura (, Bengali: ) is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers ; and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 36.71 lakh ( 3.67 million). It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the ea ...

, Ho, Konda Dora, Gond)'' ******* O-M1283* '' Lao Isan'' ******* O-MF600645 ''Gansu (Hui, Dongxiang), Sichuan (

Chengdu Chengdu (, ; simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), alternatively romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese provin ...

), Hunan (

Yiyang Yiyang () is a prefecture-level city on the Zi River in Hunan province, China, straddling Lake Dongting and bordering Hubei to the north. According to the 2010 Census, Yiyang has a population of 4,313,084 inhabitants residing in an area of . Th ...

)'' ******* O-M1368 ''Singapore'' ******** O-M1361 ********* O-MF611153 ''Found sporadically in China (Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangxi)'' ********* O-A22938 ''Vietnam (

from

Ho Chi Minh City , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...

), China (Hong Kong, Qinzhou,

Lijiang Lijiang (), also known as Likiang, is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China. It has an area of and had a population of 1,253,878 at the 2020 census whom 288,787 lived in the built-up area (metro) made of Gucheng ...

)'' ********** O-F2194 ''China (esp. Guangxi, with a few members in Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, etc.)'' ********** O-BY189914 ''China (mostly Guangdong, Guangxi)'' ********** O-F16163 ''China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hubei, etc.), Taiwan'' *********** O-F20644 ''China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Gansu, Hunan, Sichuan, etc.)'' ************ O-SK1646 ''China (mostly Sichuan, but also Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc.)'' ********* O-Y9322 ''China (Dai in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guangdong, Sichuan, etc.)'' ********** O-Y9325 *********** O-Z39485 ''China (Dai, Yi)'' *********** O-Z39490 ************ O-Z39490* ''Indonesia (Yogyakarta, Lebbo), Singapore (Malay)'' ************ O-B421 ''Sichuan, Singapore (Malay), Java ( Dieng), Madhya Pradesh (Gond), Saudi Arabia (ar-Riyāḍ)'' *********** O-Y9033/B426 ''Laos ( Laotian), Thailand ( Blang, Khmu, Lawa, Htin, Padaung Karen,

Tai Dam The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao fro ...

Suay Kuy, also known as Kui, Suay or Kuay ( th, ภาษากูย; km, ភាសាកួយ), is a Katuic language, part of the larger Austroasiatic family spoken by the Kuy people of Southeast Asia. Kuy is one of the Katuic languages with ...

, Khmer,

Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * A ...

, Lao Isan, Soa, Shan, Phutai,

Nyaw The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ, , Isan pronunciation: , Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Nakho ...

S'gaw Karen S’gaw, S'gaw Karen, or S’gaw K’Nyaw, commonly known as Karen, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the S'gaw Karen people of Myanmar and Thailand. A Karenic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, S'gaw Karen is spoken by over 2 mil ...

, Thai, Khon Mueang), Vietnam ( Mang from Mường Tè District,

Ede Ede may refer to: Places * Ede, Netherlands * Ede, Osun, Nigeria People * E De people of Vietnam Given name * Ede Dunai (born 1949), Hungarian footballer * Ede Kallós (1866–1950), Hungarian sculptor * Ede Komáromi (1928–2006), ...

from Krông Buk District and Tuy An District,

from Hoàng Mai District,

Gia Lâm District Gia Lâm is the easternmost rural district (''huyện'') of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Prior to 2003, the district covered the entire area of Long Biên district, which included Long Biên Bridge, Gia Lâm Airport, Gia Lâm railway st ...

, and Yên Phong District, Thái from

Điện Biên Phủ Điện Biên Phủ (, meaning: ''Established Frontier Prefecture''), is a city in the northwestern region of Vietnam. It is the capital of Điện Biên Province. The city is best known for the decisive Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, which occu ...

, Giarai from Ayun Pa)'' ************ O-Y9033* ''Indonesia (Jawa Tengah), India (Tripura, Konda Dora), Bangladesh'' ************ O-M6661 ''Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City'' ************ O-YP3930 ''Cambodia, Thailand ( Mlabri,

, Pwo Karen, Tai Yuan), Laos ( Laotian in

Vientiane Vientiane ( , ; lo, ວຽງຈັນ, ''Viangchan'', ) is the capital and largest city of Laos. Vientiane is divided administratively into 9 cities with a total area of only approx. 3,920 square kilometres and is located on the banks of ...

)'' ****** O-F1252 *******O-SK1630/F5504 ''China (esp. Sichuan and Guizhou, accounting for about 0.25% of the entire Chinese population)'' ********O-ACT5802 *********O-MF92614 *********O-F16061 **********O-MF286118 ''Found in two Han Chinese from Guangdong'' **********O-F19607 ***********O-SK1636 ''China (esp. Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Gansu, and Henan)'' ***********O-MF206811 ''China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Henan)'' ***********O-MF91645 ''China (Han from

Mianyang Mianyang (; formerly known as Mienchow) is the second largest prefecture-level city of Sichuan province in Southwest China. Located in north-central Sichuan covering an area of consisting of Jiangyou, a county-level city, five counties, and thr ...

, Tujia from

Zhangjiajie Zhangjiajie (), also known in Tujia language as ''Zhangx jif avlar'' /dzaŋ˩ ji˥ a˩.la˥/, is a prefecture-level city in the northwestern part of Hunan Province, China. It comprises the district of Yongding, Wulingyuan and counties of Cili ...

)'' ***********O-Y68888 ''Russia (

Ryazan Oblast Ryazan Oblast ( rus, Рязанская область, r=Ryazanskaya oblast, p=rʲɪˈzanskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Ryazan, which is the oblast's largest city. Geo ...

)'' ***********O-F5506 '' Hmong (

)'' ******* O-F2924 ******** O-CTS5854 ********* O-Z23810 ********** O-CTS7399 *********** O-Y85641 ''China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang)'' *********** O-Y14024/FGC19706 ''Japan (Tokyo)'' *********** O-FGC19713/Y14026 ''Laos ( Laotian in

and

Luang Prabang Luang Phabang, ( Lao: ຫລວງພະບາງ/ ຫຼວງພະບາງ) or ''Louangphabang'' (pronounced ), commonly transliterated into Western languages from the pre-1975 Lao spelling ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ (ຣ = silent r ...

), Thailand (

, Tai Lue, Nyah Kur, Thai, Eastern Lawa), Vietnam ( Thái from Bá Thước District and Tủa Chùa District, Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District)'' ************ O-FGC19707 ************* O-MF14427 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi)'' ************* O-FGC19716 ''China (

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...

, Guangdong, Hunan, Chongqing)'' ************** O-FGC19718 ''China (esp. Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Guangdong),

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

(

Capiz Capiz, officially the Province of Capiz (Capiznon/ Hiligaynon: ''Kapuoran sang Capiz''; tl, Lalawigan ng Capiz), is a province in the Philippines located in the central section of Western Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Roxas. It ...

)'' ************* O-Z23849 ''China (

Han,

Xishuangbanna Xishuangbanna, Sibsongbanna or Sipsong Panna ( Tham: , New Tai Lü script: ; ; th, สิบสองปันนา; lo, ສິບສອງພັນນາ; shn, သိပ်းသွင်ပၼ်းၼႃး; my, စစ်ဆောင်� ...

Dai,

Zhuang,

Tianjin Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popu ...

)'' ********** O-CTS651/CTS10484 ''Thailand (

Tai Khün Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' * Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisation ...

, Phuan, Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Eastern Lawa, Lao Isan, Thai), Laos ( Laotian in

), Vietnam ( Dao and Nùng from

Hoàng Su Phì District Huang (; ) is a Chinese surname that originally means and refers to jade people were wearing and decorating in ancient times. While ''Huáng'' is the pinyin romanization of the word, it may also be romanized as Hwang (Korean surname), Hwang, Wong ...

, Tày from Krông Pắk District, Hà Quảng District, and Đình Lập District)'' *********** O-CTS10484* ''China (

)'' *********** O-PH4310 ''China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Beijing), Singapore'' *********** O-Z1018 ''China (Hunan,

Dai, Guangxi)'' ********* O-Z23781 ''China (

Henan Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is a ...

)'' ********** O-F4229 ''Singapore'' *********** O-F809 ''China (

Dai,

)'' ************ O-Z23795 ''China (esp.

)'' ************* O-MF223122 ''China (

Linyi Linyi () is a prefecture-level city in the south of Shandong province, China. As of 2011, Linyi is the largest prefecture-level city in Shandong, both by area and population, Linyi borders Rizhao to the east, Weifang to the northeast, Zibo t ...

)'' ************* O-A22937 ************** O-BY50703 *************** O-MF169272 ''China (

Daurs The Daur people (Khalkha Mongolian: Дагуур, ''Daguur''; ) are a Mongolic people in Northeast China. The Daur form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognised in the People's Republic of China. They numbered 131,992 according to the la ...

Qiqihar Qiqihar () is the second-largest city in the Heilongjiang province of China, in the west central part of the province. The built-up (or metro) area made up of Longsha, Tiefeng and Jianhua districts had 959,787 inhabitants, while the total populat ...

Harbin Harbin (; mnc, , v=Halbin; ) is a sub-provincial city and the provincial capital and the largest city of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, as well as the second largest city by urban population after Shenyang and largest c ...

Heihe Heihe (; ; Russian: Хэйхэ) is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province, China, located on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur (Heilong) River, across the river from Blagoveshchensk. At the 2020 census, 1 ...

Hulunbuir Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China ...

Xilingol League Xilingol, Xilin Gol, Shiliin Gol or Xilinguole Aimag/League (; mn, , , , ) is one of 3 leagues of Inner Mongolia. The seat is Xilinhot, and the area is . The league's economy is based on mining and agriculture. Xilingol borders Mongolia to t ...

)'' *************** O-MF226417 ''China (

Hangzhou Hangzhou ( or , ; , , Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), also Chinese postal romanization, romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang, China. It is located in the northwestern part of the prov ...

)'' ************** O-MF61630 ''China (Baoji, Hanzhong, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Yantai, Shaoxing)'' ************* O-F2517 ''China (Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, etc.)'' ************** O-MF5664 ************** O-Z23790 ******** O-M111/M88 ''Found frequently among Vietnamese,

Tai peoples Tai peoples are the populations who speak (or formerly spoke) the Tai languages. There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with the largest ethnic groups being Dai, Thais, Isan, Tai Yai (Shan), Lao, Tai Ahom, a ...

( Bouyei, Zhuang, Nùng, Tày, Thái people in Vietnam, Lao, Northeastern Thai,

Northern Thai Kam Mueang ( nod, , กำเมือง) or Northern Thai language ( th, ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ) is the language of the Northern Thai people of Lanna, Thailand. It is a Southwestern Tai language that is closely rela ...

,Bing Su, Li Jin, Peter Underhill, ''et al.'' (2000), "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome." ''PNAS'', vol. 97, no. 15, 8225–8228. general population of

Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populati ...

), Lachi, Lô Lô,

Hani Hani may refer to: People * Hani (name) * Hani (producer), a record producer and remixer from New York City * Hani (singer), a South Korean singer and member of EXID * Hani people, an ethnic group of China and Vietnam Places * Hani, an island in ...

Akha Akha or Ikaw may refer to: *Akha, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran *Akha, alternate name of Dinan, Mazandaran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran * Akha people * Akha language * Akha Bhagat (1615–1674; aka Akha Rahiyadas Soni) a m ...

, Bunu,

She people The She people (; Shehua: ; Cantonese: , Fuzhou: ) are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The She are the largest ethnic minority in Fujian, Zhejiang, and J ...

Cambodians The Khmer people ( km, ជនជាតិខ្មែរ, ) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Cambodia. They comprise over 90% of Cambodia's population of 17 million.

, Kuy, Bru, and Htin, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Bai, Yi,

Bamar The Bamar (, ; also known as the Burmans) are a Sino-Tibetan ethnic group native to Myanmar (formerly Burma) in Southeast Asia. With approximately 35 million people, the Bamar make up the largest ethnic group in Myanmar, constituting 68% of th ...

, Jingpo, Lahu, Tujia,

Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...

, Pathen, Yao, Hlai,

Taiwanese aborigines Taiwanese may refer to: * Taiwanese language, another name for Taiwanese Hokkien * Something from or related to Taiwan ( Formosa) * Taiwanese aborigines, the indigenous people of Taiwan * Han Taiwanese, the Han people of Taiwan * Taiwanese peo ...

(especially Bunun), the Philippines, Malaysia (

Kota Kinabalu , image_skyline = , image_caption = From top, left to right, bottom:Kota Kinabalu skyline, Wawasan intersection, Tun Mustapha Tower, Kota Kinabalu Coastal Highway, the Kota Kinabalu City Mosque, the Wism ...

Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...

(

Banjarmasin ) , translit_lang1 = Other , translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi , translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين , settlement_type = City , motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...

Chamic The Chamic languages, also known as Aceh–Chamic and Achinese–Chamic, are a group of ten languages spoken in Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia) and in parts of Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan, China. The Chamic languages are a subgroup of Malay ...

-speaking peoples ( Cham from Bình Thuận,

, Jarai), and

Kiribati Kiribati (), officially the Republic of Kiribati ( gil, ibaberikiKiribati),Kiribati
''The Wor ...

'' ********* O-M111/M88* ''

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thail ...

( Htin, Lawa),

( Jarai, Brao, Kachac, Khmer, Lao, Lun),

( De'ang)'' ********* O-F2524 ********** O-F2524* ''Jiangsu'' ********** O-F2346 *********** O-F2890 ''Thailand ( Khon Mueang, Phuan, Shan, Htin,

, Thai, Lawa, Lao Isan,

), Vietnam (

from

, Tày from Lục Yên District)'' ************ O-F2890* ''

'' ************ O-Z24048 ************* O-F18990 ''

Jiangxi Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...

, Xishuangbanna ( Dai)'' ************* O-Z24050 ************** O-Z24050* ''Xishuangbanna ( Dai)'' ************** O-ACT7172 ''

'' ************** O-Y151536 *************** O-Z22028 ''

'' *************** O-Y151537 **************** O-Y151537* ''

'' **************** O-ACT523 ***************** O-ACT505 ''

'' ***************** O-ACT502 ''

'' *********** O-F2758 ''

(

, Lahu, Dao, Pathen, Tày, Thái,

, Giarai),

( Kuy, Tampuan, Khmer),

( Phutai, Bru,

, Phuan,

, Shan, Khon Mueang,

, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Htin, Lawa, Khmu, Kaleun,

, Thai),

( Laotian in

( Bulang, De'ang)'' ************ O-F2758* ''China (

)'' ************ O-Z24083 ************* O-Z24083* ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' ************* O-Z24089 ************** O-SK1627/Z24091 ''Vietnam ( Lô Lô from

Mèo Vạc District The Miao are a group of linguistically-related peoples living in Southern China and Southeast Asia, who are recognized by the government of China as one of the 56 official ethnic groups. The Miao live primarily in southern China's mountains, in ...

, La Chí and Nùng from

, Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District, Tày from Chợ Đồn District and Đăk Mil District,

from Ea Kar District,

from Nghĩa Hưng District), Thailand ( Soa, Saek, Phutai,

, Nyah Kur, Khmer, Lawa, Lao Isan,

, Thai), Laos ( Laotian in

)'' *************** O-Z24091* ''China (

Hebei Hebei or , (; alternately Hopeh) is a northern province of China. Hebei is China's sixth most populous province, with over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. The province is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and ...

Dai), Vietnam (

from

)'' *************** O-Y26364 **************** O-Y26364* ''Thailand ( Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province)'' **************** O-Y26370 ''China ( Tujia), Vietnam (

from

)'' ************** O-F923 *************** O-F923* ''Xishuangbanna ( Dai), Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' *************** O-Z24154 ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' *************** O-CTS2022 **************** O-CTS2022* ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' **************** O-F3053 ''Thailand ( Tai Lue, Khon Mueang)'' ***************** O-F3053* ''Cambodian'' ***************** O-F4383/F1399 ''Vietnam ( Nùng from

)'' ****************** O-F4383/F1399* ''China ( Han from

), Singapore'' ****************** O-F14994 ''Vietnam (

from

), Singapore'' ****************** O-F2415 ''Thailand ( Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Lao Isan,

, Thai), China ( Dai from Xishuangbanna,

Yongbei Zhuang Yongbei Zhuang is a Zhuang variety including the dialects of Yongning North, Binyang, Hengxian, and Pingguo dialects. 'Yongbei' 邕北 is Chinese and here means North of the Yongjiang river; in other contexts it can stand for the north of Yongnin ...

from

, Han from

)'' * O-M176 ** O-M176(x47z): Found frequently among

, with a moderate distribution among

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Eve ...

, Hezhe,

, Japanese,

Manchus The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...

Micronesians The Micronesians or Micronesian peoples are various closely related ethnic groups native to Micronesia, a region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. They are a part of the Austronesian ethnolinguistic group, which has an Urheimat in Taiwan. Ethn ...

, Ryukyuans, Sibe, Thais, Udegeys, Vietnamese. ** O-47z: Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among

s, Thais.

O-M122 (O2)

Found frequently among populations of

, and culturally Austronesian regions of

, with a moderate distribution in

. *O-M122 **O-CTS1754 ''East & Southeast Asia'' ***O-F953/F1886 ''Philippines'' ****O-F953* ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' ****O-F1024 *****O-F1024* ''Guangxi'' *****O-Y29790 ''Liaoning, Fujian'' **O-M324 ***O-L465 ****O-CTS727 *****O-F915 ******O-F915* ''Shanxi'' ******O-Y14462 *******O-Y14462* ''Guangdong'' *******O-CTS1936 ''Beijing, Ho Chi Minh City'' *******O-A18267 ********O-A18029 ''China'' ********O-ACT6559 ''Hebei'' *****O-CTS3709 ******O-CTS11209 *******O-CTS11209* ''Han from Hunan'' *******O-L599 ''Han from Hunan, Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Tujia'' ******O-F2640 *******O-F2640* ''Beijing'' *******O-CTS11210 ********O-CTS11210* ''Han from Hunan'' ********O-CTS2432 ''Han from Hunan'' ****O-JST002611/CTS2483 *****O-CTS2483* ''China,Y-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> Japan,

Origins

Distribution

O-M175*

O-F265 (O1)

=O-M119 (O1a)

=O-M268 (O1b)

O-M122 (O2)

= O-M324 (O2a)

= O-F742 (O2b)

Language families and genes

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Original Research Publications

Phylogenetic trees

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA O subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Notes

References

Sources for conversion tables

Further reading

External links