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Bunu Languages
The Bunu (Punu) are the Yao people who speak Hmongic languages. That is, ''Bunu'' in the broad sense is a cultural rather than linguistic group. Strecker (1987) had classified Bu-Nao language, Bunu proper (Bu-Nao) as a Western (Chuanqiandian) Hmongic language, and the other Bunu (or ''Punuic'') languages—Younuo language, Younuo, Wunai language, Wunai (Hm Nai), and Jiongnai language, Jiongnai (Kiong Nai)—as distinct branches of Hmongic.Strecker, David. 1987.The Hmong-Mien Languages" In ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'', 10 , no. 2: 1-11. Matisoff (2001) grouped all of these together in a ''Bunu'' branch of Hmongic (that is, outside Western Hmongic). Ratliff (2010) returned Bunu proper (Bu-Nao) to Western Hmongic, and moved Jiongnai to its own peripheral branch of Hmongic, but did not address Younuo or Wunai.Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. Mao Zongwu (1997) found that Younuo, Wunai, and Pa-Hng language, P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Kainji Languages
The East Kainji languages are spoken in a compact area of the Jos Plateau in Nigeria, near Jos. There are more than 20 of them, most of which are poorly studied. History East Kainji languages are less internally diverse than some of the other Plateau languages, Plateau branches in the Nigerian Middle Belt (Blench 2007). Historically, the East Kainji branch had been influenced by Chadic languages that no longer exist in the region.Blench, Roger. 2007. Language families of the Nigerian Middle Belt and the historical implications of their distribution'. Presented to the Jos Linguistic Circle in Jos, Nigeria, July 25, 2007. Today, there are at most 100,000 speakers of East Kainji languages, with almost all languages of the languages being threatened by larger languages such as Hausa and English. Although they are morphologically simple, they have 4-level tones instead of the 3-level tones typical of the region. At the time of the Colonial Nigeria, British conquest, several of these l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yao People
The Yao people (its majority branch is also known as Mien; ; vi, người Dao) is a government classification for various minorities in China and Vietnam. They are one of the 55 officially recognised ethnic minorities in China and reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south. They also form one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognised by Vietnam. In China in the last census in 2000, they numbered 2,637,421 and in Vietnam census in 2019, they numbered 891,151. History Early history The origins of the Yao can be traced back 2000 years starting in Hunan. The Yao and Hmong were among the rebels during the Miao Rebellions against the Ming dynasty. As the Han Chinese expanded into South China, the Yao retreated into the highlands between Hunan and Guizhou to the north and Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, and stretching into Eastern Yunnan. Around 1890, the Guangdong government started taking action against Yao in Northwestern Guangdong. The first Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bu-Nao Language
Bu-Nao, or Bunu proper ( ''Bùnǔyǔ''), is a Hmongic (Miao) dialect cluster spoken in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Its speakers are among the ''Bunu'' (): ethnic Yao (Mien) speakers of Miao languages. Classification The Bunu people are the Yao people who speak Hmongic languages. That is, ''Bunu'' in the broad sense is a cultural rather than linguistic group. Strecker (1987) had classified Bu-Nao (Bunu proper) as a Western (Chuanqiandian) Hmongic language, and the other Bunu languages— Younuo (Yuno), Wunai (Hm Nai), and Jiongnai (Kiong Nai)—as distinct branches of Hmongic. Matisoff (2001) grouped all of these together in a ''Bunu'' branch of Hmongic (that is, outside Western Hmongic). Ratliff (2010) returned Bu-Nao to Western Hmongic, and moved Jiongnai to its own peripheral branch of Hmongic, but did not address Younuo or Wunai. Chinese sources generally do not treat the languages as Hmongic because the speakers are not ethnic Miao, but Wang & Deng (2003) class ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Younuo Language
Younuo (also spelled Yuno, ''yōunuò''; autonym: ') is a divergent Hmongic language spoken in Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi, China. Mao (2007:129) reports a total of approximately 4,000 speakers. Classification The classification of Younuo within Hmongic is uncertain, although it may be more closely related to Pa-Hng or She. According to Mao (2007), Younuo is most closely related to Pa-Hng, and forms a branch with it. However, Hsiu's (2015, 2018)Hsiu, Andrew. 2018''Preliminary classification of Hmongic languages'' East Asian Language Phyla Project (EALPP). computational phylogenetic study classifies Younuo as more closely related to She, Jiongnai, and Pana. Demographics Like Pa-Hng speakers, the Younuo are also called "Red Yao" 红瑶, which can refer to various Yao groups speaking different languages. Younuo speakers are also called Shanhua Red Yao 山话红瑶, and number about 4,600 people. Their neighbors, the Pinghua Red Yao 平话红 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wunai Language
Hm Nai (Mandarin: Wunai (唔奈 ''Wúnài''), Cantonese: Ng-nai) is a Hmong-Mien language (Chinese: ''Miao-Yao'' 苗瑶) spoken in western Hunan province, China. There are approximately 5800 people speaking this language, and the number is decreasing. Mao & Li (1997) determined it to be closely related to the Pa-Hng language Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; ''Bāhēng yǔ'') is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam. Classification Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict .... References Bibliography * * Hmongic languages Languages of China {{hm-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jiongnai Language
Kiong Nai (or Jiongnai, ) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Jinxiu County, Guangxi, China. The speakers' autonym is pronounced or ; ' means 'mountain', while ' means 'people'. Mao & Li (2002) believe it to be most closely related to She. Dialects Mao & Li (2002) divide Jiongnai into two major dialects. *Longhua (龙华), spoken in Longhua (龙华村) of Changdong Township (长垌乡) *Liuxiang (六巷), spoken in Liuxiang Township (六巷乡) Jiongnai is spoken in the following villages in three townships of Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County Jinxiu (; za, italic=yes, Ginhsiu) is a county of eastern Guangxi, China, located in an area of relatively high concentrations of the Yao people. It is administered as the Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County of Laibin City. Established in 1952, with the ..., Guangxi. *Liuxiang Township (六巷乡): Liuxiang (六巷), Mengtou (门头), Dadeng (大凳), Huangsang (黄桑), Xincun (新村), and Gupu (古蒲) *Changdong Township (长垌 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pa-Hng Language
Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; ''Bāhēng yǔ'') is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam. Classification Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed.Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai).毛宗武, 李云兵 / Mao Zongwu, Li Yunbing. 1997. 巴哼语研究 / Baheng yu yan jiu (A Study of Baheng a-Hng. Shanghai: 上海远东出版社 / Shanghai yuan dong chu ban she. Names Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names (Mao & Li 1997). *' (巴哼) *' (唔奈) *Red Yao (红瑶) *Flowery Yao (花瑶) *Eight Surname Yao (八姓瑶) In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bahengic Languages
The Bahengic (Pahungic) languages are a divergent branch of the Miao (Hmongic) languages. Speakers are among the ethnic ''Bunu'': Miao-speaking Yao people The Yao people (its majority branch is also known as Mien; ; vi, người Dao) is a government classification for various minorities in China and Vietnam. They are one of the 55 officially recognised ethnic minorities in China and reside in ... of China. Pa-Hng (Baheng) has long been recognized as a divergent language. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family, and Ratliff (2010) found it to be the most divergent Hmongic language that she analyzed.Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. Mao & Li (1997) determined that two poorly known languages are closely related to Pa-Hng, though none are mutually intelligible:毛宗武, 李云兵 / Mao Zongwu, Li Yunbing. 1997. 巴哼语研究 / Baheng yu yan jiu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
