''Haemoproteus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of alveolates that are parasitic in

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

s, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoproteus'' was first used in the description of '' H. columbae'' in the blood of the pigeon '' Columba livia'' by Kruse in 1890. This was also the first description of this genus. Two other genera — '' Halteridium'' and '' Simondia'' — are now considered to be synonyms of ''Haemoproteus''. The protozoa are intracellular parasites that infect the

erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "holl ...

. They are transmitted by blood sucking insects including

mosquito Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...

es, biting midges (''

Culicoides ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IF ...

''), louse flies (''

Hippoboscidae __NOTOC__ Hippoboscidae, the louse flies or keds, are obligate parasites of mammals and birds. In this family, the winged species can fly at least reasonably well, though others with vestigial or no wings are flightless and highly apomorphic. As ...

'') and horse-flies (" tabanids", "tabanid flies"). Infection with this genus is sometimes known as pseudomalaria because of the parasites' similarities with ''

Plasmodium ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a ver ...

'' species. Within the genus there are at least 173

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, 5

varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

and 1 subspecies. Of these over 140 occur in birds, 16 in reptiles and 3 in amphibia: 14 orders and 50

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideal ...

of birds are represented. These include gamebirds (''

Galliformes Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are ofte ...

''), waterfowl ('' Anseriformes''), raptors (''

Accipitriformes The Accipitriformes (; from Latin ''accipiter''/''accipitri-'' "hawk", and New Latin ''-formes'' "having the form of") are an order of birds that includes most of the diurnal birds of prey, including hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites, but not f ...

'', ''

Falconiformes The order Falconiformes () is represented by the extant family Falconidae (falcons and caracaras) and a handful of enigmatic Paleogene species. Traditionally, the other bird of prey families Cathartidae (New World vultures and condors), Sagitt ...

'', '' Strigiformes''), pigeons and doves ('' Columbiformes''), and perching birds or songbirds (''

Passeriformes A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by th ...

'').

Taxonomy and systematics

Evolution

The earliest known fossil is of a ''Haemoproteus''-like organism ('' Paleohaemoproteus burmacis'') was found in the abdominal cavity of a female

biting midge Ceratopogonidae is a family of flies commonly known as no-see-ums, or biting midges, generally in length. The family includes more than 5,000 species, distributed worldwide, apart from the Antarctic and the Arctic. Ceratopogonidae are holomet ...

trapped 100 million years ago in

amber Amber is fossilized tree resin that has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects."Amber" (2004). In ...

found in

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

Taxonomic history

The first description of this genus was in 1890 by Kruse who described '' H. columbae'' in the blood of the pigeon '' Columba livia''. McCallum in 1897 showed that the process of exflagellation was part of

sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete ( haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote th ...

in these parasites and thought it probable that the same process occurred in ''

''. The first record of a haemoproteid parasite in a reptile was by Simond in 1901 who gave it the name '' H. metchnikovi''. The Sergent brothers in 1906 showed that the ectoparasitic fly '' Pseudolynchia canariensis'' was the

vector Vector most often refers to: *Euclidean vector, a quantity with a magnitude and a direction *Vector (epidemiology), an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism Vector may also refer to: Mathematic ...

of ''H. columbae''. Aragao in 1908 demonstrated the schizogonic stages of ''H. columbae'' in the endothelial cells of the lungs of

nestling Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight s ...

pigeons infected by the bite of infected ''Pseudolynchia''. It was generally believed that transmission of the parasites was by regurgitation during a blood meal until Adie showed that the parasites develop in the

salivary gland The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. Humans have three paired major salivary glands ( parotid, submandibular, and sublingual), as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands. Salivary ...

s in a fashion analogous to that of ''Plasmodium'' in

es. The genus '' Halterium'' was created by the French parasitologist Alphonse Labbe for a species he observed with gametocytes in

erythrocyte Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "holl ...

s, with pigment granules, and halter-shaped when fully formed. This genus was soon subsumed into the genus ''Haemoproteus''. The genus '' Haemocystidium'' was created to give a name to the haemoproteid of a gecko belonging to the genus ''

Hemidactylus __NOTOC__ ''Hemidactylus'' is a genus of the common gecko family, Gekkonidae. It has 189 described species, newfound ones being described every few years. These geckos are found in all the tropical regions of the world, extending into the subtrop ...

'' in Sri Lanka by Castellani and Willey in 1904. A second species in this genus was described in 1909 by Johnston and Cleland who found pigmented gametocytes in the blood of the Australian tortoise '' Chelodina longicollis''. These species were transferred to ''Haemoproteus'' in 1926 by Wenyon. The genus was resurrected by Garnham in 1966 when he created a new generic name — '' Simondia'' — for the haemoproteids of

chelonia The green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas''), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Chelonia''. Its range exten ...

ns. He followed the opinions of Wenyon, Hewitt and DeGiusti and suggested that all these parasites belonged to the one species — '' Simondia metchnikovi''. He retained the name ''Haemocystidium'' for the haemoproteids of lizards. A different genus of vectors was identified in 1957 by Fallis and Wood when they identified '' H. nettionis'' in '' Culicoides downesi'' Wirth and Hubert in

Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central C ...

, Canada. Levine and Campbell in 1971 moved all the species in ''Simondia'' and ''Haemocystidium'' into ''Haemoproteus'', an opinion that was followed by subsequent authors. The genus ''Haemocystidium'' was resurrected again by Telford in 1996 when he described three new species of protozoa in geckos from

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...

. This genus like those of many protozoa may be further modified once additional DNA sequences are available. For instance, many DNA sequences have been identified for ''Haemoproteus'' in birds around the world in recent years, leading to new knowledge about the previously unknown diversity of this parasite in different regions.

Subgenera

The species infecting avian hosts have been divided into two subgenera — ''Haemoproteus'' and ''Parahaemoproteus'' — a division proposed in 1965 by Bennett ''et al''. These may be distinguished as follows: ': Vectors are hippoboscid flies (''

''). Exflagellation does not occur below 20 degrees Celsius. Mature oocysts have diameters greater than 20 micrometres. The average length of the

sporozoite Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is ...

s is less than 10 micrometres. One end of the sporozoite is more pointed than the other. Although the majority are parasites of the Columbiformes, some species from this subgenus have also been reported in the

Charadriiformes Charadriiformes (, from ''Charadrius'', the type genus of family Charadriidae) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 390 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water an ...

Pelecaniformes The Pelecaniformes are an order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally—but erroneously—defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such n ...

and

Suliformes The order Suliformes (, dubbed "Phalacrocoraciformes" by ''Christidis & Boles 2008'') is an order recognised by the International Ornithologist's Union. In regard to the recent evidence that the traditional Pelecaniformes is polyphyletic, it has ...

. ': Parasites of birds other than the Columbiformes. Vectors are biting midges (''

Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogonidae is a family of flies commonly known as no-see-ums, or biting midges, generally in length. The family includes more than 5,000 species, distributed worldwide, apart from the Antarctic and the Arctic. Ceratopogonidae are holomet ...

''). Exflagellation occurs below . Mature oocysts have diameters less than 20 micrometres. The average length of the sporozoites is greater than 10 micrometres. Both ends of the sporozoite are equally pointed. While it was previously thought that ''Haemoproteus'' was limited to doves and related species, species in this genus have been isolated from frigatebirds.

Species list

Haemoproteus columbae ''Haemoproteus columbae'' is a species of blood parasite related to ''Plasmodium'' and other malaria parasites. Phylogenetic relationships among the Haemosporidia ''Haemoproteus columbae'' is a true member of the genus ''Haemoproteus'', basal t ...

Haemoproteus parabelopolskyi ''Haemoproteus parabelopolskyi '' is a species of parasitic alveolates that infects birds. Seventeen strains of ''H. parabelopolskyi'' are found only in the blackcap, and form a monophyletic group; three further members of that group are found ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus paramultipigmentatus'' *'' Haemoproteus paranucleophilus'' *'' Haemoproteus paruli'' *'' Haemoproteus passeris'' *'' Haemoproteus payevskyi'' *'' Haemoproteus peltocephali'' *'' Haemoproteus peircei'' *'' Haemoproteus pelouri'' *'' Haemoproteus phyllodactyli'' *'' Haemoproteus piresi'' *''

Haemoproteus plataleae ''Haemoproteus plataleae'' is a species of parasitic alveolate eukaryotes that infects ibises and spoonbills. It has been recovered from adult and juvenile American white ibis The American white ibis (''Eudocimus albus'') is a species of bird ...

Haemoproteus syrnii ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Ancient Greek, Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The nam ...

Life cycle

Haemoproteus ilanpapernai parasite130095-fig1

The infective stage is the

which is present in the

s of the vector. Once the vector bites a new host, the sporozoites enter the blood stream and invade endothelial cells of

blood vessel The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away ...

s within various tissues including those of the lung,

liver The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it ...

and

spleen The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The word spleen comes .

. Within the endothelial cells, the sporozoites undergo asexual reproduction becoming

schizont Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is ...

s. These in turn produce numerous merozoites which penetrate the

s and mature into either female gametocytes ( macrogametocytes) or male gametocytes ( microgametocytes). Gametocytes can then be ingested by another blood-sucking insect where they undergo

in the

midgut The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is called the "midgut loop". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut a ...

of the insect to produce oocysts. The oocysts rupture and release numerous sporozoites that invade the salivary gland and serve as a focus of subsequent infection for another host once the insect takes its next blood meal.

Description

Only gametocytes are found in the

blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the cir ...

. Asexual reproduction occurs in body organs, especially the

. The organisms occupy the majority of the

cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. ...

, leaving the light magenta, finely granular, pink nucleus centrally located. Taxonomy of this genus is difficult as there are few distinct morphological differences between the recognised species. Many of them were described under the 'one species-one host' hypothesis which is now thought to be potentially misleading. The morphological features most commonly used to describe a species include the number of pigment granules, the degree of encirclement of the host nucleus, the size of the parasite, the degree of host nucleus displacement and the degree of host cell enlargement. DNA studies should help to clarify this area but to date have rarely been undertaken. The gametocytes have five basic forms: *thin gametocytes with incomplete margins ('' H. balearicae'', '' H. pelouri'') *halterial gametocytes ('' H. maccullumi'') *thick sausage shaped gametocytes that fill most of the host cell and displace the host nucleus laterally ('' H. halyconis'', '' H. plataleae'') *gametocytes that encircle the host nucleus and fill the host cell ('' H. telfordi'') *straight gametocytes that normally occur in anucleate cells and are almost as long as the host cell ('' H. enucleator'')

Diagnostic criteria

* Gametocytes are only present within

s * Gametocytes have a "halter-shaped" appearance with little displacement of the host nucleus *

Schizont Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is ...

s are not seen on peripheral blood smears * Multiple pigment granules ( hemozoin) are present within the erythrocytes Pigment granules are refractile and yellow to brown in colour.

Pathology

Infections with most ''Haemoproteus'' species appear to produce subclinical infections. Post-mortem findings include enlargement of the

spleen The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The word spleen comes .

and

kidney The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blo ...

s. These organs may appear chocolate-brown due to hemozoin deposition. Cytologic imprints may reveal schizont-laden endothelial cells. Some species of ''Haemoproteus'' will also form large, cyst-like bodies within the skeletal muscles that resembling those seen with ''

Sarcocystis ''Sarcocystis'' is a genus of protozoan parasites, with many species infecting mammals, reptiles and birds. Its name is dervived from Greek ''sarx'' = flesh and ''kystis'' = bladder. The lifecycle of a typical member of this genus involves two ...

'' species infections. Pigeons infected with '' H. columbae'' may develop enlarged

gizzard The gizzard, also referred to as the ventriculus, gastric mill, and gigerium, is an organ found in the digestive tract of some animals, including archosaurs (pterosaurs, crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, birds), earthworms, some gastropods, so ...

s; and

anemia Anemia or anaemia (British English) is a blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen due to a lower than normal number of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin. When anemia comes on slowly, t ...

has been recorded. Flocks of bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus'') may become infected with '' H. lophortyx''. Infected birds may suffer from reluctance to move, ruffled appearance, prostration and death. Other findings include parasitemia and anemia. Large megaloschizonts may be present in skeletal muscles, particularly those of the thighs and back. The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing outbreaks may be over 20%. Experimental infection of turkeys with '' H. meleagridis'' resulted in lameness, diarrhea, depression, emaciation, anorexia and occasionally anemia. Muscovey ducks infected with '' H. nettionis'' suffered lameness, dyspnea and sudden death. In other avian species, anemia and anorexia have been reported occasionally. Importantly, new records of ''Haemoproteus'' are discovered constantly and should still be monitored for effects on host condition.

Effect on vectors

''H. columbae'' infects rock pigeons ('' Columba livia'') and is

ed by a hippoboscid fly ('' Pseudolynchia canariensis''). Both sexes of vector can transmit the parasite. Species of the ''

Hippoboscoidea Hippoboscoidea is a superfamily of the Calyptratae. The flies in this superfamily are blood-feeding obligate parasites of their hosts. Four families are often placed here: * Glossinidae - Tsetse flies * Hippoboscidae - Ked flies * Nycteribiidae ...

'' the superfamily to which ''Ps. canariensis'' belongs do not lay eggs. Instead the larvae hatch ''in utero'', are fed internally by 'milk glands' and pass through three morphological stages before being deposited to pupate. The survival of female flies is significantly reduced when they were infected with the parasite. In contrast no effect is seen on male fly survival. Additionally the females produce fewer offspring when infected but the quality of the offspring does not seem to be affected.

Host records

Avian hosts

*''H. anthi'' — yellow wagtails ('' Motacilla flava'') *''H. antigonis'' — Florida sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis pratensis'') *''H. balearicae'' — black crowned crane ('' Balearica pavonina gibbericeps'', '' B. p. pavonina''), Florida sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis pratensis'') *''H. bambusicolae'' — bamboo partridge ('' Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox'') *''H. beckeri'' — gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) belopolskyi'' — blackcaps (''

Sylvia atricapilla The Eurasian blackcap (''Sylvia atricapilla''), usually known simply as the blackcap, is a common and widespread typical warbler. It has mainly olive-grey upperparts and pale grey underparts, and differences between the five subspecies are sm ...

'') *''H. bennetti'' — greater yellownape ('' Picus flavinucha'') *''H. borgesi'' — red cockaded woodpecker ('' Picoides borealis'') *''H. brachiatus'' — saker falcon ('' Falco cherrug'') *''H. bucerotis'' — red billed hornbill (''

Tockus erythrorhynchus The northern red-billed hornbill (''Tockus erythrorhynchus'') is a species of hornbill in the family Bucerotidae. It is found from southern Mauritania through Somalia and northeast Tanzania. There are five species of red-billed hornbills recogniz ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) canachites'' — grouse *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) catharti'' — turkey vulture ('' Cathartes aura'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) coatneyi'' — bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola''), white-crowned sparrows ('' Zonotrichia leucophrys'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) columbae'' — Japanese black wood pigeons ('' Columba janthina''), pigeon ('' Columba livia''), doves ('' Columbina talpacoti'', '' Scardafella squammata'', '' Zenaida auriculata''), laughing dove ('' Stigmatopelia senegalensis''), eastern white-winged doves ('' Z. asiatica asiatica''), mourning doves ('' Z. macroura'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) concavocentralis'' — hawfinch ('' Coccothraustes coccothraustes'') *''H. cornuata'' — coppersmith barbet ('' Megalaima haemacephala'') *''H. crumenium'' — wood stork ('' Mycteria americana'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) cyanomitrae'' — olive sunbird ('' Nectarinia olivacea'', ''Cyanomitra olivacea'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) danilewskyi'' — blue jays ('' Cyanocitta cristata'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) desseri'' — blossom headed parakeet ('' Psittacula roseata'') *''H. dicruri'' — fork tailed drongo ('' Dicrurus adsimilis''), crested drongos ('' D. forficatus'') *''H. elani'' — Cooper's hawk ('' Accipiter cooperii''), sharp shinned hawk ('' A. striatus'') *''H. enucleator'' — kingfisher ('' Ispidina picta'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) fringillae'' — rufous-winged ('' Aimophila carpalis''), house finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus''), hawfinch ('' Coccothraustes coccothraustes''), oriental magpie robin ('' Copsychus saularis''), dark-eyed juncos (''

Junco hyemalis The dark-eyed junco (''Junco hyemalis'') is a species of junco, a group of small, grayish New World sparrows. This bird is common across much of temperate North America and in summer ranges far into the Arctic. It is a very variable species, much ...

''), American redstarts ('' Setophaga ruticilla'') *''H. forresteri'' — rufous-headed ground-roller ('' Atelornis crossleyi'') *''H. gabaldoni'' — Muscovy duck (''

Cairina moschata The Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata'') is a large duck native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United Sta ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) garnhami'' — sparrows *''H. goodmani'' — pitta-like ground-roller ('' Atelornis pittoides'') *''H. greineri'' — wood ducks (''

Aix sponsa The wood duck or Carolina duck (''Aix sponsa'') is a species of perching duck found in North America. The drake wood duck is one of the most colorful North American waterfowl. Description The wood duck is a medium-sized perching duck. A typi ...

''), common mergansers ('' Mergus merganser''), common pochard (''

Aythya ferina The common pochard (; ''Aythya ferina'') is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek '' aithuia'', an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin ''ferina'', "wild game", ...

'') *''H. handai'' — lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo ('' Cacatua sulphurea''), plum-headed parakeet ('' Psittacula cyanocephala''), ring necked parakeet ('' Psittacula krameri manillensis'') *''H. himalayanus'' — rufous sibia ('' Heterophasia capistrata'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homobelopolskyi'' — red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis''), black headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus''), red billed quelea (''

Quelea quelea The red-billed quelea (; ''Quelea quelea''), also known as the red-billed weaver or red-billed dioch, is a small—approximately long and weighing —migratory, sparrow-like bird of the weaver family, Ploceidae, native to Sub-Saharan Africa. ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homopalloris'' - wood warblers ('' Phylloscopus sibilatrix'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homovelans'' — grey-faced woodpecker ('' Picus canus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) hudaidensis'' — blue checked bee-eater ('' Merops superciliosus persicus'' Pallas) *''H. ilanpapernai'' — spotted wood owl ('' Strix seloputo''), Brown Hawk-Owl ('' Ninox scutulata'') *''H. iwa'' — great frigatebirds ('' Fregata minor''), magnificent frigatebirds ('' F. magnificens'') *''H. janovyi'' — whitebacked vulture ('' Gyps africanus''), hooded vulture ('' Necrosyrtes monachus''), white-headed vulture ('' Trigonoceps occipitalis'') lappet faced vulture ('' Torgos tracheliotus'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) jenniae'' — swallow tailed gull ('' Creagrus furcatus'') *''H. khani'' — crested drongos ('' Dicrurus forficatus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) lanii'' — red backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio''), woodchat shrike ('' L. senator'') *''H. lari'' — Caspian gulls ('' Larus cachinnans'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) lophortyx'' — California quail (''

Callipepla californica The California quail (''Callipepla californica''), also known as the California valley quail or Valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest or '' plume'', made of six feathers, tha ...

''), scaled quail ('' Callipepla squamata''), bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus'') *''H. maccallumi'' — mourning doves ('' Zenaida macroura'') *''H. macrovacuolatus'' — black-bellied whistling duck ('' Dendrocygna autumnalis'') *''H. madagascariensis'' — hook billed vanga ('' Vanga curvirostris'') *''H. majoris'' — Swainson's thrush ('' Catharus ustulatus''), blue tit (''

Cyanistes caeruleus The Eurasian blue tit (''Cyanistes caeruleus'') is a small passerine bird in the tit (bird), tit family, Paridae. It is easily recognisable by its blue and yellow plumage and small size. Eurasian blue tits, usually resident bird, resident and ...

''), collared flycatcher ('' Ficedula albicollis''), pied flycatcher ('' F. hypoleuca'') *''H. mansoni'' — blue grouse ('' Dendragapus obscurus''), ptarmigan ('' Lagopus lagopus'') *''H. meleagridis'' — turkey ('' Meleagris gallopavo'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) micronuclearis'' — red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis''), black headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus''), red billed quelea (''

'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) multipigmentatus'' — Galapagos dove ('' Zenaida galapagoensis'') *''H. motacillae'' — yellow wagtails ('' Motacilla flava'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) multivolutinus'' — tambourine dove ('' Turtur timpanistria'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) nettionis'' — wood ducks (''

''), blue-winged teals ('' Anas discors''), Pekin duck (''

Anas platyrhynchos The mallard () or wild duck (''Anas platyrhynchos'') is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Arge ...

''), lesser scaups (''

Aythya affinis The lesser scaup (''Aythya affinis'') is a small North American diving duck that migrates south as far as Central America in winter. It is colloquially known as the little bluebill or broadbill because of its distinctive blue bill. The origin of ...

''), common pochard (''

''), ring-necked ducks (''

Aythya collaris The ring-necked duck (''Aythya collaris'') is a diving duck from North America commonly found in freshwater ponds and lakes. The scientific name is derived from Greek , an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Arist ...

''), Muscovey duck (''

''), trumpeter swans (''

Cygnus buccinator The trumpeter swan (''Cygnus buccinator'') is a species of swan found in North America. The heaviest living bird native to North America, it is also the largest extant species of waterfowl, with a wingspan of 185 to 250 cm (6 ft 2 in to 8 ft 2 in ...

'') *''H. nisi'' — Cooper's hawk ('' Accipiter cooperii''), sharp shinned hawk ('' A. striatus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) nucleofascialis'' — red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis''), black headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus''), red billed quelea (''

'') *''H. noctuae'' — snowy owls ('' Nyctea scandiaca''), spotted owl ('' Strix occidentalis'') *''H. orioli'' — golden oriole ('' Oriolus oriolus'') *''H. oryzivorae'' — oriental magpie robin ('' Copsychus saularis''), Indian silverbill ('' Lonchura malabarica''), tricoloured munia ('' L. malacca ruboniger''), scaly-breasted munia ('' L. punctulata''), baya weaver (''

Ploceus philippinus The baya weaver (''Ploceus philippinus'') is a weaverbird found across the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. of these birds are found in grasslands, cultivated areas, scrub and secondary growth and they are best known for their hanging ret ...

''), jungle babbler ('' Turdoides striata'') *''H. palumbus'' — pigeon ('' Columba palumbus palumbus'') *''H. pallidus'' — pied flycatcher (''

Ficedula hypoleuca The European pied flycatcher (''Ficedula hypoleuca'') is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. One of the four species of Western Palearctic black-and-white flycatchers, it hybridizes to a limited extent with the collared ...

''), collared flycatcher ('' F. albicollis'') *''H. pallidulus'' — blackcap (''

'') *''H. parabelopolskyi'' — blackcap (''

'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) paramultipigmentatus'' — Socorro common ground dove ('' Columbina passerina socorroensis'') *''H. passeris'' — Israeli house sparrow ('' Passer domesticus biblicus'') *''H. pasteris'' — pied myna ('' Sturnus contra''), grey headed myna ('' S. malabaricus'') *''H. pastoris'' — greater blue eared glossy starling ('' Lamprotornis chalybaeus''), pied myna ('' Sturnus contra'') *''H. payevskyi'' — great reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus''), marsh warbler ('' A. palustris'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) piresi'' — pigeon ('' Columba livia'') *''H. plataleae'' — glossy ibis ('' Plegadis falcinellus'') *''H. pratosi'' — Ahanta francolin ('' Francolinus ahantensis'') *''H. pratasi'' — helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') *''H. prognei'' — purple martin ('' Progne subis'') *''H. psittaci'' — African grey parrot ('' Psittacus erithacus'') *''H. raymundi'' — eastern olive sunbird ('' Nectarinia olivacea'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) sacharovi'' — eastern white-winged doves ('' Zenaida asiatica asiatica''), mourning doves ('' Z. macroura'') *''H. sangunis'' — red whiskered bulbul ('' Pycnonotus jocosus emeria'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) sanîosdiasï'' — chicken (''

Gallus gallus The red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus'') is a tropical bird in the family Phasianidae. It ranges across much of Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia. It was formerly known as the Bankiva or Bankiva Fowl. It is the species that gave rise to the ...

'') *''H. silvaï'' — guinea fowl ('' Numida meleagris mitrata'') *''H. sylvae'' — great reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus'') *''H. syrnii'' — tawny owl ('' Strix aluco''), spotted owl ('' S. occidentalis''), European scops owl ('' Otus scops'') *''H. telfordi'' — MacQueen's bustards ('' Chlamydotis macqueenii''), rufous-crested bustards ('' Eupodotis ruficrista''), great bustard ('' Otis tarda'') *''H. tendeiroi'' — MacQueen's bustards ('' Chlamydotis macqueenii''), rufous-crested bustards ('' Eupodotis ruficrista''), great bustard ('' Otis tarda'') *''H. tinnunculi'' — American kestrel ('' Falco sparverius''), Chimango caracara ('' Milvago chimango'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) turtur'' — turtle dove ('' Streptopelia turtur'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) vacuolatus'' — yellow whiskered greenbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) valkiūnasi'' — great frigatebirds ('' Fregata minor''), lesser frigatebirds ('' F. ariel''), Ascension frigatebirds ('' F. aquila'') *''H. vangii'' — hook billed vanga ('' Vanga curvirostris'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) velans'' — red-bellied woodpecker ('' Melanerpes carolinus''), red-cockaded woodpecker ('' Picoides borealis'') *''H. zosteropsis'' — oriental white eye ('' Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa'')

Reptile hosts

*''H. anatolicum'' — tortoise ('' Testudo graeca'') *''H. balli'' — Egyptian cobra ('' Naja haje haje'') *''H. chelodina'' — saw-shelled tortoise ('' Elseya latisternum'') *''H. edomensis'' — lizard ('' Agama stellio'') *''H. geochelonis'' — tortoise ('' Geochelone denticulata'') *''H. kopki'' — spotted Indian house gecko ('' Hemidactylus brookei''), giant frog eye gecko ('' Teratoscincus scincus'') *''H. mackerrasi'' — Binoe's prickly gecko ('' Heteronotia binoei'') *''H. mesnili'' — spitting cobra ('' Naja nigricollis nigricolli'') *''H. metchnikovi'' — turtle ('' Chrysemys picta''), yellow bellied terrapin ('' Tramchemys scripta'') *''H. oedurae'' — Australian northern velvet gecko ('' Oedura castelnaui'') *''H. peltocephali'' — river turtle ('' Peltocephalus dumerilianus'') *''H. phyllodactyli'' — gekkonid ('' Ptyodactylus elisa'') *''H. ptyodactyli'' — Kramer's yellow fan-fingered gecko ('' Ptyodactylus hasselquistii'') *''H. tarentolae'' — Moorish gecko ('' Tarentola mauritanica'') *''H. trionyxi'' —

Ganges The Ganges ( ) (in India: Ganga ( ); in Bangladesh: Padma ( )). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river to which India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China are the riparian states." is ...

softshell turtle ('' Trionyx gangeticus'')

Amphibian hosts

*''H. ovalis'' — cricket frog ('' Rana limnocharis'')

Hosts known to be infected but ''Haemoproteus'' species not identified

*common myna ('' Acridotheres tristis'') *Blyth's reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus dumetorum'') *sedge warblers ('' Acrocephalus schoenobaenus'') *reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus scirpaceus'') *clamorous reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus stentoreus'') *black throated sunbird ('' Aethopyga saturata'') *Spanish red-legged partridge ('' Alectoris rufa'') *imperial eagles ('' Aquila heliaca'') *canvasbacks ('' Aythya valisineria'') *white cockatoo ('' Cacatua alba'') *sulphur-crested cockatoo (''

Cacatua galerita The sulphur-crested cockatoo (''Cacatua galerita'') is a relatively large white cockatoo found in wooded habitats in Australia, New Guinea, and some of the islands of Indonesia. They can be locally very numerous, leading to them sometimes being ...

'') *speckled pigeon ('' Columba guinea'') *white-rumped shama ('' Copsychus malabaricus'') *green jays ('' Cyanocorax yncas glaucescens'') *European bee-eaters (''

Merops apiaster The European bee-eater (''Merops apiaster'') is a near passerine bird in the bee-eater family, Meropidae. It breeds in southern and central Europe, northern and southern Africa, and western Asia. Except for the resident southern African populati ...

'') *mute swan (''

Cygnus olor The mute swan (''Cygnus olor'') is a species of swan and a member of the waterfowl family Anatidae. It is native to much of Eurosiberia, and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is an introduced species in North America, home ...

'') *magnificent bird of paradise ('' Diphyllodes magnificus hunsteini'') *red munia ('' Estrilda amandava'') *lesser kestrel ('' Falco naumanni'') *common kestrel (''

Falco tinnunculus The common kestrel (''Falco tinnunculus'') is a bird of prey species belonging to the kestrel group of the falcon family Falconidae. It is also known as the European kestrel, Eurasian kestrel, or Old World kestrel. In the United Kingdom, wher ...

'') *Swainson's francolin ('' Francolinus swainsonii'') *magnificent frigatebirds ('' Fregata magnificens'') *chaffinch ('' Fringilla coelebs'') *hill mynah ('' Gracula religiosa intermedia'') *long tailed shrike ('' Lanius schach'') *superb bird of paradise ('' Lophorina superba'') *Egyptian kites ('' Milvus migrans aegypticus'') *Guianan red-capped cardinal ('' Paroaria gularis gularis'') *lesser flamingos ('' Phoeniconaias minor'') *New Holland honeyeaters ('' Phylidonyris novaehollandiae'') *streaked weaver (''

Ploceus manyar The streaked weaver (''Ploceus manyar'') is a species of weaver bird found in South Asia and South-east Asia in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thail ...

'') *Surinam crested oropendola ('' Psarocolius decumanus decumanus'') *Montezuma oropendolas ('' Psarocolius montezuma'') *Guianan turquoise tanager ('' Tangara mexicana mexicana'') *blue-necked tanager ('' Tangara cyanicollis caeruleocephala'') *sacred ibis (''

Threskiornis aethiopicus The African sacred ibis (''Threskiornis aethiopicus'') is a species of ibis, a wading bird of the family Threskiornithidae. It is native to much of Africa, as well as small parts of Iraq, Iran and Kuwait. It is especially known for its role in ...

'') *white-crowned sparrows ('' Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha'')

Vectors

*''H. balmorali'' — '' Culicoides impunctatus'' *''H. belopolskyi'' — '' Culicoides impunctatus'' *''H. columbae'' — '' Ornithomyia avicularia'', '' Pseudolynchia canariensis'' *''H. danilewskyi'' — '' Culicoides arboricola'', '' Culicoides edeni'', '' Culicoides knowltoni'' *''H. dolniki'' — '' Culicoides impunctatus'' *''H. fringillae'' — '' Culicoides impunctatus'' *''H. lanii'' — '' Culicoides impunctatus'' *''H. lophortyx'' — '' Culicoides bottimeri'', '' Lynchia hirsuta'', '' Stilbometopa impressa'' *''H. metchinikovi'' — ''

Chrysops callidus ''Chrysops callidus'' is a species of deer fly in the family Horse fly, Tabanidae. Distribution Canada, United States. References

Tabanidae Insects described in 1875 Diptera of North America Taxa named by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken {{T ...

'' *''H. nettionis'' — '' Culicoides downesi'' *''H. sacharovi'' — '' Peseudolynchia maura'' *''H. syrnii'' — '' Ornithomyia avicularia'' *''H. tartakovskyi'' — '' Culicoides impunctatus'' *''H. turtur'' — '' Pseudolynchia canariensis''

Avian families affected

The concept of a "one host-one species" was originally used in the taxonomy of this genus as it appears that the parasites are at least moderately host specific. After this rule was found to be incorrect, it was suggested that the avian parasite species were limited to single avian families. From an inspection of the host records above it is clear that this is not the case. The avian species known to be infected are listed below: Order

Family

Accipitridae The Accipitridae is one of the three families within the order Accipitriformes, and is a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet. They feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-s ...

*Cooper's hawk ('' Accipiter cooperii'') *Sharp shinned hawk ('' Accipiter striatus'') *Eastern imperial eagle ('' Aquila heliaca'') *White-backed vulture ('' Gyps africanus'') *Black kite ('' Milvus migrans'') *Hooded vulture ('' Necrosyrtes monachus'') *White-headed vulture ('' Trigonoceps occipitalis'') *Lappet faced vulture ('' Torgos tracheliotos'') Family Cathartidae *Turkey vulture ('' Cathartes aura'') Order Anseriformes Family

Anatidae The Anatidae are the biological family of water birds that includes ducks, geese, and swans. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all the world's continents except Antarctica. These birds are adapted for swimming, floating ...

*Wood duck (''

'') *Blue winged teal ('' Anas discors'') *Mallard duck (''

'') *Lesser scaup (''

'') *Ring necked duck (''

'') *Canvasback ('' Aythya valisineria'') *Muscovy duck (''

'') *Trumpeter swan (''

'') *Mute swan (''

'') *Black-bellied whistling duck ('' Dendrocygna autumnalis'') *Common merganser ('' Mergus merganser'') Order

Family

Laridae Laridae is a family of seabirds in the order Charadriiformes that includes the gulls, terns, skimmers and kittiwakes. It includes around 100 species arranged into 22 genera. They are an adaptable group of mostly aerial birds found worldwide. ...

*Swallow tailed gull ('' Creagrus furcatus'') *Caspian gull ('' Larus cachinnans'') Order

Ciconiiformes Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills. They belong to the family called Ciconiidae, and make up the order Ciconiiformes . Ciconiiformes previously included a number of other families, such as herons a ...

Family Ciconiidae *Wood stork ('' Mycteria americana'') Order Columbiformes Family

Columbidae Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

*Speckled pigeon ('' Columba guinea'') *Japanese wood pigeon ('' Columba janthina'') *Rock pigeon ('' Columba livia'') *Common wood pigeon (''

Columba palumbus The common wood pigeon or common woodpigeon (''Columba palumbus''), also known as simply wood pigeon, wood-pigeon or woodpigeon, is a large species in the dove and pigeon Family (biology), family (Columbidae), native to the western Palearctic re ...

'') *Socorro common ground dove ('' Columbina passerina socorroensis'') *Ruddy ground dove ('' Columbina talpacoti'') *Tambourine dove ('' Turtur timpanistria'') *Scaled dove ('' Scardafella squammata'') *European turtle dove ('' Streptopelia turtur'') *Laughing dove ('' Stigmatopelia senegalensis'') *White-winged dove ('' Zenaida asiatica'') *Eared dove ('' Zenaida auriculata'') *Galápagos Dove ('' Zenaida galapagoensis'') *Mourning dove ('' Zenaida macroura'') Order

Coraciiformes The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their base) ...

Family Alcedinidae *African pygmy kingfisher ('' Ispidina picta'') Family

Brachypteraciidae The ground rollers are a small family of non-migratory near-passerine birds restricted to Madagascar. They are related to the kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. They most resemble the latter group, and are sometimes considered a sub-family of ...

*Rufous headed ground roller ('' Atelornis crossleyi'') *Pitta like ground roller ('' Atelornis pittoides'') Family

Bucerotidae Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are a family of bird found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. They are characterized by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a casque on the upper mandibl ...

*Red-billed hornbill (''

'') Family Meropidae *Blue checked bee-eater (''

Merops superciliosus The olive bee-eater or Madagascar bee-eater (''Merops superciliosus'') is a near passerine bee-eater species in the genus ''Merops (genus), Merops''. It is native to the southern half of Africa where it is present in Angola; Botswana; Burundi; Co ...

'') Order

Family Falconidae *Saker falcon ('' Falco cherrug'') *Lesser kestrel ('' Falco naumanni'') *American kestrel ('' Falco sparverius'') *Common kestrel (''

'') *Chimango caracara ('' Milvago chimango'') Order

Family

Numididae Guineafowl (; sometimes called "pet speckled hens" or "original fowl") are birds of the family Numididae in the order Galliformes. They are endemic to Africa and rank among the oldest of the gallinaceous birds. Phylogenetically, they branched o ...

*Helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') Family

Odontophoridae The New World quail are small birds only distantly related to the Old World quail, but named for their similar appearance and habits. The American species are in their own family, the Odontophoridae, whereas Old World quail are in the pheasant ...

*California quail (''

'') *Scaled quail ('' Callipepla squamata'') *Bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus'') Family Phasianidae *Red legged partridge ('' Alectoris rufa'') *Chinese bamboo partridge ('' Bambusicola thoracicus'') *Ahanta francolin ('' Francolinus ahantensis'') *Swainson's francolin ('' Francolinus swainsonii'') *Chicken (''

'') *Willow grouse ('' Lagopus lagopus'') *Wild turkey ('' Meleagris gallopavo'') Family

Tetraonidae Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes, in the family Phasianidae. Grouse are presently assigned to the tribe Tetraonini (formerly the subfamily Tetraoninae and the family Tetraonidae), a classification supported by mitochondria ...

*Dusky grouse ('' Dendragapus obscurus'' Order

Gruiformes The Gruiformes are an order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like". Traditionally, a number of wading and terrestrial bird families that did ...

Family Gruidae *Black crowned crane (''

Balearica pavonina The black crowned crane (''Balearica pavonina'') is a part of the family Gruidae, along with its sister species, the grey crowned crane. It is topped with its characteristic bristle-feathered golden crown. It is usually found in the shallow we ...

'') *Sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis'') Family Otidae *MacQueen's bustard ('' Chlamydotis macqueenii'') *Red crested bustard ('' Eupodotis ruficrista'') *Great bustard ('' Otis tarda'') Order

Family

Acrocephalidae The Acrocephalidae (the reed warblers, marsh- and tree-warblers, or acrocephalid warblers) are a family of oscine passerine birds, in the superfamily Sylvioidea. The species in this family are usually rather large "warblers". Most are rather p ...

*Great reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus'') *Blyth's reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus dumetorum'') *Marsh warbler ('' Acrocephalus palustris'') *Sedge warbler ('' Acrocephalus schoenobaenus'') *Reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus scirpaceus'') *Clamorous reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus stentoreus'') Family

Corvidae Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers. In colloquial English, they are known as the crow family or corvids. Cu ...

*Blue jay ('' Cyanocitta cristata'') *Green jay ('' Cyanocorax yncas'') Family Dicruridae *Fork-tailed drongo ('' Dicrurus adsimilis'') *Crested drongo ('' Dicrurus forficatus'') Family

Emberizidae The buntings are a group of Old World passerine birds forming the genus ''Emberiza'', the only genus in the family Emberizidae. The family contains 45 species. They are seed-eating birds with stubby, conical bills. Taxonomy The family Emberizid ...

*Dark eyed junco (''

'') *Rufous winged sparrow ('' Peucaea carpalis'') *White crowned sparrow ('' Zonotrichia leucophrys'') Family

Estrildidae Estrildidae, or estrildid finches, is a family of small seed-eating passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills. Despite the word "fi ...

*Red munia ('' Amandava amandava'') *Indian silverbill ('' Euodice malabarica'') *Tricoloured munia ('' Lonchura malacca'') *Scaly breasted munia ('' Lonchura punctulata'') Family

Fringillidae The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usua ...

*House finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus'') *Hawfinch ('' Coccothraustes coccothraustes'') *Chaffinch ('' Fringilla coelebs'') Family

Hirundinidae The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine songbirds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The ...

*Purple martin ('' Progne subis'') Family Icteridae *Crested oropendola ('' Psarocolius decumanus'') *Montezuma oropendola ('' Psarocolius montezuma'') Family Laniidae *Red backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio'') *Long tailed shrike ('' Lanius schach'') *Woodchat shrike ('' Lanius senator'') Family

Meliphagidae The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family, Meliphagidae, of small to medium-sized birds. The family includes the Australian chats, myzomelas, friarbirds, wattlebirds, miners and melidectes. They are most common in Australia and New Gu ...

*New Holland honeyeaters ('' Phylidonyris novaehollandiae'') Family Mimidae *Gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') Family Motacillidae *Yellow wagtail ('' Motacilla flava'') Family

Muscicapidae The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, Bluethroat (''Luscinia svecica)'' and Northe ...

*White rumped shama ('' Copsychus malabaricus'') *Oriental magpie robin ('' Copsychus saularis'') Family

Nectariniidae Sunbirds and spiderhunters make up the family Nectariniidae of passerine birds. They are small, slender passerines from the Old World, usually with downward-curved bills. Many are brightly coloured, often with iridescent feathers, particularly ...

*Black throated sunbird ('' Aethopyga saturata'') *Olive sunbird ( Cyanomitra olivacea'') Family Oriolidae *Golden oriole ('' Oriolus oriolus'') Family

Paridae The tits, chickadees, and titmice constitute the Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus ''Parus''. Members of this family are common ...

*Blue tit (''

'') Family

Paradisaeidae The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia. The family has 44 species in 17 genera. The members of this ...

*Magnificent bird of paradise ('' Cicinnurus magnificus'') *Superb bird of paradise ('' Lophorina superba'') Family

Parulidae The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds that make up the family Parulidae and are restricted to the New World. They are not closely related to Old World warblers or Australian warblers. Mos ...

*American redstart ('' Setophaga ruticilla'') Family

Passeridae Old World sparrows are a group of small passerine birds forming the family Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, a name also used for a particular genus of the family, '' Passer''. They are distinct from both the New World sparrows, ...

*House sparrow (''

Passer domesticus The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, an ...

'') Family

Ploceidae Ploceidae is a family of small passerine birds, many of which are called weavers, weaverbirds, weaver finches and bishops. These names come from the nests of intricately woven vegetation created by birds in this family. In most recent classifica ...

*Red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis'') *Streaked weaver (''

'') *Black-headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus'') *Baya weaver (''

'') *Red billed quelea (''

'') Family

Pycnonotidae The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical ...

*Yellow whiskered bulbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *Red whiskered bulbul ('' Pycnonotus jocosus'') Family Sturnidae *Common myna ('' Acridotheres tristis'') *Common hill myna ('' Gracula religiosa'') *Chestnut tailed starling ('' Sturnia malabarica'') *Asian pied starling ('' Sturnus contra'') *Greater blue eared glossy starling ('' Lamprotornis chalybaeus'') Family

Sylviidae Sylviidae is a family of passerine birds that includes the typical warblers and a number of babblers formerly placed within the Old World babbler family. They are found in Eurasia and Africa. Taxonomy and systematics The scientific name Sylvii ...

*Blackcap (''

'') Family

Thraupidae The tanagers (singular ) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropica ...

*Bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola'') *Red capped cardinal ('' Paroaria gularis'') *Blue necked tanager ('' Tangara cyanicollis'') *Turquoise tanager ('' Tangara mexicana'') Family Timaliidae *Rufous sibia ('' Heterophasia capistrata'') *Jungle babbler ('' Turdoides striata'') Family

Turdidae The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World fl ...

*Swainson's thrush ('' Catharus ustulatus'') Family Vangidae *Hook billed vanga ('' Vanga curvirostris'') Family

Zosteropidae The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the ...

*Oriental white eye ('' Zosterops palpebrosus'') Order

Family

Fregatidae Frigatebirds are a family of seabirds called Fregatidae which are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. The five extant species are classified in a single genus, ''Fregata''. All have predominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked ...

*Magnificent frigatebird ('' Fregata magnificens'') *Great frigatebird ('' Fregata minor'') Family

Threskiornithidae The family Threskiornithidae includes 36 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the ibises and the spoonbills; however recent genetic studies have cast doubt on this arrangement, and ha ...

*African sacred ibis (''

'') *Glossy ibis ('' Plegadis falcinellus'') Order

Piciformes Nine families of largely arboreal birds make up the order Piciformes , the best-known of them being the Picidae, which includes the woodpeckers and close relatives. The Piciformes contain about 71 living genera with a little over 450 species, of ...

Family Megalaimidae *Coppersmith barbet ('' Megalaima haemacephala'') Family Picidae *Red bellied woodpecker ('' Melanerpes carolinus'') *Red cockaded woodpecker ('' Picoides borealis'') *Grey faced woodpecker ('' Picus canus'') *Greater yellownape ('' Picus flavinucha'') Order

Phoenicopteriformes Phoenicopteriformes is a group of water birds which comprises flamingos and their extinct relatives. Flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes) and the closely related grebes ( Podicipedidae) are contained in the parent clade Mirandornithes. Fossil re ...

Family

Phoenicopteridae Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four flamingo species distributed throughout the Americas (including the Caribbean ...

*Lesser flamingo ('' Phoenicopterus minor'') Order Psittaciformes Family

Cacatuidae A cockatoo is any of the 21 parrot species belonging to the family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea (true parrots) and the Strigopoidea (large New Zealand parrots), they make up the orde ...

*White cockatoo ('' Cacatua alba'') *Sulphur crested cockatoo (''

'') *Yellow crested cockatoo ('' Cacatua sulphurea'') Family

Psittacidae The family Psittacidae or holotropical parrots is one of three families of true parrots. It comprises the roughly 10 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Old World or Afrotropical parrots) and 157 of subfamily Arinae (the New World or Neotropi ...

*Plum headed parakeet ('' Psittacula cyanocephala'') *Rose ringed parakeet ('' Psittacula krameri'') *Blossom headed parakeet ('' Psittacula roseata'') *African grey parrot ('' Psittacus erithacus'') Order Strigiformes Family

Strigidae The true owls or typical owls (family Strigidae) are one of the two generally accepted families of owls, the other being the barn owls (Tytonidae). This large family comprises 230 living or recently extinct species in 24 genera. The typical owl ...

*Snowy owl ('' Bubo scandiacus'') *Brown Hawk-Owl ('' Ninox scutulata'') *European scops owl ('' Otus scops'') *Brown owl ('' Strix aluco'') *Spotted owl ('' Strix occidentalis'') *Spotted wood owl ('' Strix seloputo'')

Notes

''Haemoproteus balazuci'' Dias 1953 is a junior synonym of '' H. testudinalis'' ''Haemoproteus gymnorhidis'' de Mello 1936, ''Haemoproteus granulosum'' Rey Vila 1945, ''Haemoproteus danilewskyi var. urbanensis'' Sachs 1953 and ''Haemoproteus zasukhini'' Burtikashvili 1973 are considered to be synonyms of '' H. passeris'' Kruse 1890. ''Haemoproteus rouxi'' Novy and MacNeal 1904 is a '' nomen nudum''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5638270 Haemosporida Apicomplexa genera Poultry diseases Veterinary protozoology Parasites of reptiles Parasites of amphibians