''Gymnogeophagus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

cichlid Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Cichlids were traditionally classed in a suborder, the Labroidei, along with the wrasses ( Labridae), in the order Perciformes, but molecular studies have contradicted th ...

fishes from

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...

, where they are known from various

river basins A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the ...

(notably

Rio de la Plata Rio or Río is the Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, and Maltese word for "river". When spoken on its own, the word often means Rio de Janeiro, a major city in Brazil. Rio or Río may also refer to: Geography Brazil * Rio de Janeiro * Rio do Sul, a ...

and Lagoa dos Patos– Mirim) in southern

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...

Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...

and northern

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest ...

. They are part of a group popularly known as eartheaters.

Species

There are currently 18 recognized species in this genus: * ''

Gymnogeophagus australis ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various Drainage basin, river basins (notably Río de la Plata Basin, Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos–Lagoon Mirim, Mirim) in southern Brazil, Par ...

'' ( C. H. Eigenmann, 1907) (Uruguayan eartheater) * ''

Gymnogeophagus balzanii ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos– Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are par ...

'' (

Perugia Perugia (, , ; lat, Perusia) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part ...

, 1891) (Argentine eartheater) * ''

Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos– Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are ...

'' Staeck, 2006 * ''

Gymnogeophagus che ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos– Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are ...

'' Casciotta, S. E. Gómez & Toresanni, 2000 * ''

Gymnogeophagus constellatus ''Gymnogeophagus constellatus'' is a species of geophagine cichlid. It inhabits parts of the Uruguay and Río Negro rivers in eastern Rio Grande do Sul. It is characterised by the absence of supraneural bones, the presence of a forward spine i ...

'' L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 * ''

Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos– Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are ...

'' ( R. F. Hensel, 1870) (Smooth-cheek eartheater) * ''

Gymnogeophagus jaryi ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos– Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are ...

'' Alonso et al., 2019Alonso, F., G.E. Terán, G. Aguilera, O. Říčan, J. Casciotta, W.S. Serra, A. Almirón, M.F. Benítez, I. García and J.M. Mirande (2019). Description of A New Species of the Neotropical Cichlid Genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the Middle Paraná Basin, Misiones, Argentina. PLoS ONE. 14(2): e0210166. * ''

Gymnogeophagus labiatus ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos– Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are ...

'' ( R. F. Hensel, 1870) (Earth eater) * '' Gymnogeophagus lacustris'' R. E. dos Reis & L. R. Malabarba, 1988 * '' Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos'' L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 * '' Gymnogeophagus mekinos'' L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 * ''

Gymnogeophagus meridionalis ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various Drainage basin, river basins (notably Río de la Plata Basin, Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos–Lagoon Mirim, Mirim) in southern Brazil, Par ...

'' R. E. dos Reis & L. R. Malabarba, 1988 * '' Gymnogeophagus missioneiro'' L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 * '' Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus'' L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 * ''

Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various Drainage basin, river basins (notably Río de la Plata Basin, Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos–Lagoon Mirim, Mirim) in southern Brazil, Par ...

'' ( R. F. Hensel, 1870) (Stripe-fin eartheater) * ''

Gymnogeophagus setequedas ''Gymnogeophagus'' is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various Drainage basin, river basins (notably Río de la Plata Basin, Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos–Lagoon Mirim, Mirim) in southern Brazil, Par ...

'' R. E. dos Reis, L. R. Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992 * '' Gymnogeophagus terrapurpura'' Loureiro, Zarucki, L. R. Malabarba & González-Bergonzoni, 2016Loureiro, M., Zarucki, M., Malabarba, L.R. & González-Bergonzoni, I. (2016): A new species of ''Gymnogeophagus'' Miranda Ribeiro from Uruguay (Teleostei: Cichliformes). ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (1): e150082.'' * '' Gymnogeophagus tiraparae'' González-Bergonzoni, Loureiro &

Oviedo Oviedo (; ast, Uviéu ) is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain and the administrative and commercial centre of the region. It is also the name of the municipality that contains the city. Oviedo is located a ...

, 2009

References

Fish of South America Geophagini Cichlid genera Taxa named by Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro {{Cichlidae-stub