Charles Goodhart delives the 2012 Long Finance conference keynote speech

Goodhart's law is an adage often stated as, "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure". It is named after British

economist An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...

Charles Goodhart, who is credited with expressing the core idea of the adage in a 1975 article on

monetary policy Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to control either the interest rate payable for federal funds, very short-term borrowing (borrowing by banks from each other to meet their short-term needs) or the money s ...

in the United Kingdom: It was used to criticize the British Thatcher government for trying to conduct monetary policy on the basis of targets for broad and narrow money, but the law reflects a much more general phenomenon.

Priority and background

Numerous concepts are related to this idea, at least one of which predates Goodhart's statement. Notably,

Campbell's law Campbell's law is an adage developed by Donald T. Campbell, a psychologist and social scientist who often wrote about research methodology, which states: Applications Campbell's law is related to the cobra effect, which is the sometimes uninte ...

likely has precedence, as Jeff Rodamar has argued, since various formulations date to 1969. Other academics had similar insights at the time. Jerome Ravetz's 1971 book '' Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems'' also predates Goodhart, though it does not formulate the same law. He discusses how systems in general can be gamed, focuses on cases where the goals of a task are complex, sophisticated, or subtle. In such cases, the persons possessing the skills to execute the tasks properly seek their own goals to the detriment of the assigned tasks. When the goals are instantiated as metrics, this could be seen as equivalent to Goodhart and Campbell's claim. Shortly after Goodhart's publication, others suggested closely related ideas, including the Lucas critique (1976). As applied in

economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics anal ...

, the law is also implicit in the idea of rational expectations, a theory in economics that states that those who are aware of a system of rewards and punishments will optimize their actions within that system to achieve their desired results. For example, if an employee is rewarded by the number of cars sold each month, they will try to sell more cars, even at a loss. While it originated in the context of market responses, the law has profound implications for the selection of high-level targets in organizations. Jon Danielsson states the law as He suggested a corollary for use in financial risk modelling: Mario Biagioli related the concept to consequences of using citation impact measures to estimate the importance of scientific publications: The law is illustrated in the 2018 book ''The Tyranny of Metrics'' by Jerry Z. Muller.

Generalization

Later writers generalized Goodhart's point about monetary policy into a more general adage about measures and targets in accounting and evaluation systems. In a book chapter published in 1996, Keith Hoskin wrote: In a 1997 paper responding to the work of Hoskin and others on financial accounting and grades in education, anthropologist Marilyn Strathern expressed Goodhart's Law as "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure," and linked the sentiment to the history of accounting stretching back into Britain in the 1800s:

Examples

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Priority and background

Generalization

Examples

See also

References

Further reading