Georgia–Poland relations
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Georgia–Poland relations refers to foreign relations between Georgia and Poland. Both nations enjoy close and historically friendly relations, rooted in similar experiences, solidarity and shared struggles against foreign
imperialism Imperialism is the state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas, often through employing hard power (economic and ...
, especially that of Russia. Both countries are full members of the OSCE, the
Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; french: Conseil de l'Europe, ) is an international organisation founded in the wake of World War II to uphold European Convention on Human Rights, human rights, democracy and the Law in Europe, rule of law in Europe. ...
, the World Trade Organization and the United Nations.


History

The documented ties between Georgia and Poland reach back to the 15th century, when the Georgian (Kartlian) King Konstantin sent a diplomatic mission to the Polish King Alexander Jagiellon. Later, Polish King Jan III Sobieski tried to establish contacts with Georgia. Many Georgians participated in military campaigns led by Poland in the 17th century.
Bogdan Gurdziecki Bogdan Gurdziecki (known in Persia as Bohtam Beg) (died April 12, 1700) was a Georgia-born Polish diplomat who served as the first permanent Polish resident in Safavid Persia. Born in Georgia into a noble Georgian family, Gurdziecki served the P ...
, a Georgian, who was the greatest authority on all things Persian working in the Polish king's diplomatic service, made frequent diplomatic trips to Persia, on which he obtained, among other things, guarantees upholding earlier privileges for missionaries. Already during the rule of King John II Casimir Vasa, he sent on missions to
Isfahan Isfahan ( fa, اصفهان, Esfahân ), from its Achaemenid empire, ancient designation ''Aspadana'' and, later, ''Spahan'' in Sassanian Empire, middle Persian, rendered in English as ''Ispahan'', is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Regio ...
, and King Jan III Sobieski availed himself of Gurdziecki's talents in like manner (in 1668, 1671, 1676–1678, in 1682–1684, and in 1687). Gurdziecki remained at the court of the shah for several years in the capacity of special resident and representative of the Polish king; it was he who delivered to the shah
Suleiman Suleiman (Arabic language, Arabic: سُلِيمَان ''sulaymān''; or dictionary.reference.comsuleiman/ref>) is the Arabic name of the Quranic king and Islam, Islamic prophet Solomon (name), Solomon meaning "man of peace", derived from the Heb ...
news about the victory of the Polish-led Christian forces at Vienna (1683). In the late 18th century, Poland lost its independence in the course of the
Partitions of Poland The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 12 ...
, and its territory was annexed by Prussia (later Germany), Russia and Austria, while Georgia was annexed by Russia in the 19th century. Since then, the history of the two nations was intertwined and there were migrations, often forced, in both directions. Already in 1794, the Russians were sending captured Polish prisoners of war from the
Kościuszko Uprising The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794 and the Second Polish War, was an uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Pr ...
to the Caucasus region, including Georgia. Following the partitions and then following the unsuccessful Polish
November Uprising The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in W ...
of 1830–1831, many Poles who were forcibly conscripted to the
Russian Army The Russian Ground Forces (russian: Сухопутные войска В Sukhoputnyye voyska V, also known as the Russian Army (, ), are the Army, land forces of the Russian Armed Forces. The primary responsibilities of the Russian Gro ...
were sent to Georgia. In 1832, the Russians discovered a Georgian independence conspiracy and then deported some of its participants to the Russian Partition of Poland. Among them was
Giorgi Eristavi Giorgi Eristavi ( ka, გიორგი ერისთავი) (1813 – September 9, 1864) was a Georgian playwright, poet, journalist, and the founder of modern Georgian theatre. Prince Giorgi Eristavi was born in the village of Odzisi (near ...
, Georgian poet and playwright, who learned Polish during his exile and later translated poems of the Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz into Georgian. Since the 1830s, Polish officials, teachers, midwives, craftsmen, merchants and doctors also settled in Georgia, and many married local Georgians. About 4,000 Poles, mostly soldiers, lived in Georgia as of 1840. By the mid-19th century, Polish communities existed in various Georgian cities, including Tbilisi,
Kutaisi Kutaisi (, ka, ქუთაისი ) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the third-most populous city in Georgia, traditionally, second in importance, after the capital city of Tbilisi. Situated west of Tbilis ...
, Gori, Signagi, and Telavi. In 1870 a Polish Catholic church was built in Tbilisi, which served its Polish community. Poles in Georgia were under the watchful eye of the Russian authorities, as they were constantly considered a potential threat. Poles made great contributions in the fields of architecture, geography, arts, botany and zoology in Georgia. In the 1840s, Pole established a botanical garden in Sukhumi. Great contributions to the botany and zoology of Georgia were made by
Ludwik Młokosiewicz Ludwik Franciszek Młokosiewicz (August 25, 1831 – 1909) was a Polish explorer, zoologist and botanist, who studied extensively in the Caucasus Mountains and discovered various species of plants and animals. Life Młokosiewicz was born in ...
, a Pole, who initially came to
Lagodekhi Lagodekhi ( ka, ლაგოდეხი) is a town, located at the foot of the Greater Caucasus mountains between the rivers Lagodekhiskhevi and Shromiskhevi, in the historical region of Hereti (now part of Kakheti). Lagodekhi has a number of ...
in 1853 to do his compulsory military service in the Russian Army, but eventually stayed permanently. Młokosiewicz discovered various species of plants and animals on Georgian soil, and founded the
Lagodekhi Protected Areas Lagodekhi Protected Areas, also known as Lagodekhi National Park, is a pair of protected areas in the Kakheti district of Georgia: Lagodekhi Strict Nature Reserve and Lagodekhi Managed Nature Reserve (divided in 2003).
. He invented a method to eradicate malaria in Georgia, which earned him widespread respect among the Georgian people. Młokosiewicz also expanded the knowledge of Georgian fauna and flora in Poland by maintaining contacts with museums and institutions in Warsaw, to which he sent Georgian botanical and zoological specimens, as well as through scientific publications. Józef Chodźko conducted pioneering geographical and geodetic surveys of Georgian lands. Polish architects worked in various Georgian cities, including Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi, Poti and Sukhumi, designing many residential houses as well as theaters, schools, courts, incl. the present Supreme Court of Georgia.Wojtasiewicz, p. 65–66
Aleksander Szymkiewicz Aleksander Szymkiewicz (12 November 1858, in Saint Petersburg – 1908, in Tbilisi) was a Polish architect who worked in Georgia (primarily in Tbilisi) in the 1880s–1900s. He was a member of the City Council and municipal architect of Tbili ...
even became a city councillor and the municipal architect of Tbilisi, while Józef Kognowicki became the municipal engineer of Tbilisi, responsible for constructing the city's modern water supply and sewage system. Polish architects were also involved in the restoration of historic Georgian churches, and contributed to the construction of roads and railroads and the expansion of seaports in Poti, Batumi and Sukhumi. Ferdynand Rydzewski headed the construction of the Surami Tunnel under the
Surami Pass The Surami Pass ( ka, სურამის უღელტეხილი) is a mountain pass in the Likhi Range of Georgia with an altitude of . The pass connects the western and eastern part of Georgia. A railroad (in a tunnel) runs throug ...
, the longest railroad tunnel in the Caucasus. Before 1914 about 500 Poles were employed in the construction of railroads, roads, bridges, public buildings and pipelines on Georgian lands.Wojtasiewicz, p. 63 Polish artists (musicians, writers, painters) also lived in Georgian cities, some being founders or co-founders of art schools in Tbilisi. Polish painter
Zygmunt Waliszewski Zygmunt Waliszewski (1897–1936) was a Polish painter, a member of the Kapist movement. Biography Waliszewski was born in Saint Petersburg to the Polish family of an engineer. In 1907 his parents moved to Tbilisi where Waliszewski spent h ...
spent his youth in Batumi and Tbilisi, and the first years of his career in Tbilisi, before returning to Poland after it regained independence. In 1863, Petre Nakashidze, future Georgian lecturer and activist, was an eyewitness of the Polish
January Uprising The January Uprising ( pl, powstanie styczniowe; lt, 1863 metų sukilimas; ua, Січневе повстання; russian: Польское восстание; ) was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at ...
in the Russian Partition of Poland. His accounts began to be published by the Georgian press, but after the first part was published, the Russian censorship intervened and stopped the publication of the subsequent parts. A fundraising for Polish insurgents was organized in Tbilisi in the spring of 1863. In the second half of the 19th century, some ethnic Georgian officers and officials were sent to the Russian Partition of Poland.Woźniak (1992), p. 30 The commander of the
Dęblin Dęblin is a town at the confluence of Vistula and Wieprz rivers, in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. Dęblin is the part of the agglomeration with adjacent towns of Ryki and Puławy, which altogether has over 100 000 inhabitants. The population of ...
and Warsaw fortresses was
Ivane Kazbegi Ivane Kazbegi ( ka, ივანე ყაზბეგი; pl, Jan wanKazbek; russian: Иван Николаевич Казбек, ) (June 11, 1860 — December 2, 1943) was a Georgian soldier, who served, successively, in the Imperial Russian, G ...
, who later settled in restored independent Poland in the interbellum and joined the Polish Army. Young Georgians came to study in Warsaw, where they sought inspiration and examples for their national liberation activity.Woźniak (1992), p. 31 In Warsaw, Georgian students founded the League for the Liberation of Georgia, which was discovered by Russians and its members were arrested, including future writer
Shio Aragvispireli Shio Aragvispireli ( ka, შიო არაგვისპირელი) was a penname of Shio Dedabrishvili ka, შიო დედაბრიშვილი; December 14, 1867 – January 2, 1926), a Georgian writer popular for his stories ...
. Future leader of independent Georgia and then the Georgian government-in-exile
Noe Zhordania Noe Zhordania ( ka, ნოე ჟორდანია /nɔɛ ʒɔrdɑniɑ/; russian: Ной Никола́евич Жорда́ния; born (or ) — January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and Menshevik politician. He played an eminent role ...
studied at the Veterinary Institute in Warsaw. Both countries regained independence in 1918. In 1918, the Polish Regency Council sent diplomat Wacław Ostrowski to Georgia. Ostrowski organized a Polish consular agency in Tbilisi and began talks with Noe Zhordania on a military alliance. In 1920 the consular agency was upgraded into a consulate, and then in 1921 into a consulate general with a plan to further upgrade it into an embassy. Poland and Georgia had established good relations and signed an alliance. Both countries were invaded by Soviet Russia. Poland successfully repelled the Russian invasion and secured its independence, but Georgia was conquered. Poland maintained contacts with the Georgian government-in-exile. As a result of repatriation of Poles to Poland, their number in Georgia decreased from over 15,000 in 1914 to 3,000 in 1926. Many Georgian military officers found refuge in Poland and joined the Polish Army. The officers fought in Polish defense during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland which started World War II in 1939. Many then joined the Polish resistance movement and some also fought in the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. Several Georgian officers were also among Poles murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in 1940. Poles in Georgia were among the victims of the so-called Polish Operation and Kulak Operation, carried out by the Soviet Union during the Great Purge in 1937–1938. Among the victims was painter, graphic artist and illustrator Henryk Hryniewski. After Operation Barbarossa in 1941, many Polish refugees from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland ended up in Georgia, where they encountered local Poles as well as friendly Georgians. After the Sikorski–Mayski agreement, the Polish embassy in Moscow was allowed to establish local offices in the Georgian SRR and organize care for the Polish population in Georgia.Głowacki, p. 15 Many Poles then joined the newly formed Anders' Army. In July 1942 the Soviets liquidated the Polish offices in Georgia and then mostly arrested their officials in order to replace them with newly formed puppet Polish structures, subordinated to the communist authorities. During the war, about 10,000 Polish refugees ended up in Georgia, however their number gradually decreased, as many Poles joined the Anders' Army, then the First Polish Army and also returned to Poland. According to official data, in January 1945 there were still 1,879 registered refugees from Poland in Georgia. After the war, in the years 1946-1948, 3,000 people were repatriated from Georgia to Poland.


Modern relations

The diplomatic relation was reestablished on 28 April 1992, following the restoration of independent Georgia in 1991. In 1993 a friendship and cooperation treaty and a cultural and scientific cooperation agreement were signed. In 2007 in Warsaw presidents Lech Kaczyński and Mikheil Saakashvili unveiled a monument to Georgian officers of the Polish Army who lost their lives in the Katyn massacre, in the Warsaw Uprising and on many fronts of World War II. In 2011 the Museum of Georgian Officers of the Polish Army was opened in the former house of Nikoloz Matikashvili, Georgian Major of the Polish Army, in Piaseczno near Warsaw. During the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, Poland strongly supported Georgia. The President of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, flew to Tbilisi along with other Central and Eastern European presidents to rally against the Russian military buildup and subsequent military conflict. After several attacks on the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website, the Polish president allowed the Georgian MFA to publish its messages on his website. April 11, 2010, was declared a day of national mourning in Georgia to commemorate the 96 victims of the Smolensk air disaster, including Polish President Lech Kaczyński, with the Georgian president's administration stating that "Georgia lost the greatest friend in the international community, Poland and Europe lost the greatest politician." Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili attended the state funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński in Kraków despite the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. In 2004–2018, Poland spent over 140 million PLN for implementation of more than 300 projects in Georgia as part of a development assistance programme. Since the introduction of visa-free travel in 2017, there has been an increase in emigration from Georgia to Poland, mainly for work. In 2018, a Polish-Georgian Parliamentary Assembly and a Polish Institute in Georgia were established. On May 20, 2018, a celebration of the 100th anniversary of Georgia's independence was held in Warsaw, including at the
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier A Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is a monument dedicated to the services of an unknown soldier and to the common memories of all soldiers killed in war. Such tombs can be found in many nations and are usually high-prof ...
, where the most important ceremonies on Polish national days are held. In November 2021, Poland donated 468,000
COVID-19 vaccine A COVID19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID19). Prior to the COVID19 pandemic, an e ...
s to Georgia. In 2021 the number of Georgian citizens with valid residence permits in Poland exceeded 10,000.


Resident diplomatic missions

* Georgia has an embassy in Warsaw. * Poland has an embassy in Tbilisi.


See also

*
Foreign relations of Georgia Georgia's location, nestled between the Black Sea, Russia, and Turkey, renders it strategically important. It is developing as the gateway from the Black Sea to the Caucasus and the larger Caspian region, but also serves as a buffer between Russia ...
* Foreign relations of Poland * Georgia–EU relations *
Georgian emigration in Poland The documented ties between Georgia (country), Georgia and Poland reach back to the 15th century, when the Georgian (Kartlian) Constantine I of Georgia, Constantine I sent a diplomatic mission to the Polish King Alexander Jagiellon. Later, Polish ...
* Poles in Georgia *
Armenia–Poland relations Armenia–Poland relations are bilateral relations between Armenia and Poland. Both nations enjoy historically friendly relations, owing to their centuries-long cultural exchange and trade. Both countries are full members of the OSCE, the Council ...
* Azerbaijan–Poland relations


References


External links


Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Poland

Georgian embassy in Warsaw (in Georgian and Polish only)

Polish embassy in Tbilisi
{{DEFAULTSORT:Georgia-Poland Relations Poland Bilateral relations of Poland