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Thornaby-on-Tees, commonly referred to as Thornaby, is a town and civil parish on the River Tees's southern bank. It is in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees, North Yorkshire, England. The parish had a population of 24,741 at the 2011 census, in the Teesside built-up area.

The town had a royal charter enacted to form a municipal borough in 1892, during the Victorian era, before merging into the County Borough of Teesside in 1968. A borough no longer defines a specific settlement's status as a town in England since the Local Government Act 1972 reforms.

The modern centre was built on the north eastern part of Thornaby airfield and lies south-west of Stockton-on-Tees and south-west of Middlesbrough.

History

Prehistoric

There are other signs of Thornaby being a much older settlement. Traces of prehistoric man have been found, the earliest being a stone axe, 8 inches long, dating back to the Mesolithic Period (about 3000 BC). In 1926, a dugout canoe said to date from about 1600 – 1400 BC was found in the mud under of water opposite Thornaby High Wood. An arrowhead of the Neolithic Period (about 3000 BC) was found in a garden on Thornaby Village Green.

Danes

The name Thornaby came into existence about AD 800 when the land was given by Halfdene (Halfdan Ragnarsson), King of the Danes, to Thormod, one of his noblemen, hence "Thormods-by" – Thormod's farmstead. Although the -by suffix originally meant a farmstead, many of these grew into villages, taking the -by suffix with them in their names as with other villages in the area, such as Danby, Faceby, Ingleby, Maltby and Ormesby.

During the Battle of Hastings (1066), one of William the Conqueror's noblemen, Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, Robert I de Brus, marched north with a garrison of men and occupied the area of Cleveland, England, Cleveland. William gave him those lands to control including Thornaby and Middlesbrough.

King Sweyn II of Denmark, on 9 September 1069, defeated the Normans at York by killing the entire garrison of 3,000 men. William I of England, William swore an oath to take revenge on Sweyn by destroying every house and dwelling in the lands under Sweyn's rule, leaving all the land in the north east of Yorkshire barren and bare.

In the ''Domesday Book'' Thornaby is mentioned five times, Thornaby's first mention in the ''Domesday Book'' states:- ''"Robert Malet has these lands and they are waste."'' It appears that they remained undeveloped until the early 19th century as ''"Thurnaby waaste"'' is mentioned in a poem by Tennyson called ''"The Northern Farmer."''.

Over the centuries there have been a number of different spellings of the name Thornaby including Turmozbi, Tormozbi, Tormozbia and Thurmozbi. The form Thornaby first appears in 1665 and refers to old Thornaby village, south western area of the present town which is near the River Tees as it flows north east.

The Five Lamps of St Peter's Church

It is said that Robert de Thormodbi, wounded in the Crusades at Acre, Israel, Acre, swore to raise a shrine to the Virgin Mary if he survived his wounds. He did, and as part of his wish a shrine niche to the Virgin Mary, lit by five sanctuary lamps, was placed in St Peter's Church.

A town from the marshes

In 1825 old Thornaby was centred around St Peter's Church and the old village green. Thornaby Carr (landform), Carrs (marshes) had been a site of intermittent horse racing before moving to the now former Stockton Racecourse after The Mandale Cut, the River Tees was straightened in 1810, a short distance down stream. From 1825, industry started to be built south of Stockton's existing port industry as Stockton and Darlington Railway had been established, Stockton railway station (S&D), old Stockton railway station being just on the other side of the bank. The first site was William Smith's pottery with the area quickly growing with shipbuilding and engineering companies established on the marshes. From 1840-June 1987 heavy engineering firm Head Wrightson was a major employer in Thornaby.

It was not until the local government act of 1863 that the district of South Stockton officially came into being. As Stockton's port industry moved to Middlesbrough, shipbuilding was replaced by iron works. A new railway line opened up the area south of the river for further development, with a South Stockton Railway Station built in 1882.

The new settlement grew as a work force for new industry, spreading south down and between Thornaby Road, the new Westbury Street, and Mandale Road (once known as Acklam Road). The settlement's built-up area grew enough down Thornaby to merge with the old village; on 6 October 1892 South Stockton and Thornaby formally merged to form the municipal borough of Thornaby-on-Tees, gaining town status. South Stockton station was renamed to Thornaby and the town hall built nearby for when status was granted.

The airfield, 608 squadron and Spitfires

The earliest known flying in Thornaby took place in 1912 when Matthew Young of the Vale Farm was paid 100 Gold Sovereigns for the use of a field for an airshow. Taking place on a Saturday afternoon in June or July, one of the main events was flying by Gustav Hamel, an early flying pioneer. The next known use was by the Royal Flying Corps who used the same fields between 1914 and 1918 as a staging post between Catterick and Marske aerodromes.

In about 1925 negotiations began on the opening of a full-time aerodrome and in the late 1920s the Air Ministry constructed an airfield to the south of the town and the station which was the second permanent aerodrome to be built in Yorkshire (the first being Catterick) was opened on 29 September 1929. During the World War II, Second World War, Thornaby came under the control of 18 group, RAF Coastal Command, Coastal Command, before this however it had come under Flying Training, RAF Fighter Command, Fighter and RAF Bomber Command, Bomber Commands, and post-war under Reserve and Fighter Commands, at this time (post-war) it was also used by the Royal Air Force Regiment. During the war a variety of tasks were carried out from RAF Thornaby, such as, attacks on targets in Europe, anti-submarine patrols, operational training, strikes against enemy shipping, leaflet dropping and air sea rescue operations.

608 (North Riding) squadron

Of all the squadrons to have been based at RAF Thornaby during its operational period, "Thornaby's own" 608 (North Riding) squadron is probably the squadron best remembered by the townsfolk. It was formed at Thornaby on 17 March 1930 and went on to serve within both Coastal and Bomber Commands during the Second World War. After the war, on 10 May 1946 the squadron was re-formed at Thornaby and carried on in Reserve Command "at home" until the squadron disbanded for the last time on 10 March 1957. 608 (North Riding) Squadron's Standard, which was approved by the Queen and bears their battle honours, can be seen housed in York Minster under the Astronomical Clock where it was laid-up on 14 November 1959. The numerous items of glass and silverware which were presented to the squadron during their service are held by Middlesbrough Council, are housed in Middlesbrough Town Hall and are to be returned to the squadron should it ever re-form.

Acquiring inland areas

The last R.A.F aircraft to leave the airfield (Hawker Hunter, Hawker Hunter F6s) left on 1 October 1958 and further use of Thornaby as a regional airport on 23 February 1962 ended when all but of land was purchased from the Air Ministry by Thornaby-on-Tees Borough Council.

As Thornaby changed hand to the County Borough of Teesside (1968–1974) then, on its third attempt, into the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees (this was initially as a district of Cleveland county). Development in the 1960s and 1970s on transforming the airfield, demolishing its buildings, into housing, shops, offices, a sport centre and a light industrial estate, the light industrial estate was the first in the wider area and therefore called Teesside Industrial Estate.

Many symbols of Thornaby's aeronautical past were placed for prosperity with streets (such as Allensway), buildings and public houses using names of Royal Air Force aircraft, stations and personnel. The Bader School (built on the former airfield) on Kintyre Drive was named after and opened by Sir Douglas Bader on 10 November 1971. In 1976 a stained glass window in St Paul's Church on Thornaby Road was dedicated to the RAF at Thornaby and in 1997 a statue was erected on Thornaby Road, it is dedicated to all who served at RAF Thornaby.

In 2007 a full-size replica Supermarine Spitfire aircraft was erected on the roundabout at the junction of Thornaby Road, Bader Avenue and Trenchard Avenue. Hidden beneath the roundabout is part of a runway (one of three) which used to run east to west.

A mature town centre

In the late 2000s, the post war shops, also known Thornaby Pavilion, were designated as the main centre for the town. Shops were built opposite the older shops to form a pedestrian high street. An official relaunch event was held in the now Thornaby town centre on 25 April 2009.

Future

High rises (2 tower blocks and a former hotel) in the town centre have been demolished. With the Government spending in the United Kingdom#Towns Fund, towns fund, they are plans for the former Npower offices site will also become an indoor baths, replacing Thornaby Pool on Thornaby Road.

Community and culture

Thornaby won a number of awards in 2008; the silver gilt award for best small cities, Northumbria in Bloom, which was repeated in 2011. Thornaby Cemetery had ''Cemetery of the Year'' award in 2006. The cemetery had lost then lost its Green flag award until 2011.

On 10 November 2011 an R.A.F. Search and Rescue Sea King Helicopter paid a three-hour visit to Bader primary to help celebrate the 40th anniversary of Sir Douglas Bader opening the school. The day of activities included a visit by representatives from RAF Leeming, the Commanding Officer at Catterick Garrison, Middlesbrough Armed Forces Careers Office and the Cleveland Mountain Rescue Team.

Thornaby held its eleventh Yorkshire Day event in August 2017. The annual Thornaby Show takes place at the beginning of September, it is estimated that more than 10,000 people turn up over the course of the day.

In January 2014 a McDonald's and Asda opened on the site of the former Tristar Neasham site. Teesside Park is the location of a shopping park which occupies a former racecourse.

Governance

Thornaby lies within the Historic counties of England, historic county boundaries of the North Riding of Yorkshire and was made a municipal borough in 1892. It was amalgamated with other boroughs in 1968 to form the County Borough of Teesside, county borough of Teesside. In 1974, the town became part of the enlarged Stockton-on-Tees district of Cleveland (county), Cleveland non-metropolitan county.

''Thornaby Town Council'' was created in 1995. Cleveland county was abolished in 1996 under the Local Government Commission for England (1992), Banham review. Boroughs of Redcar and Cleveland and Borough of Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough along with six parishes of Hilton, North Yorkshire, Hilton, Ingleby Barwick, Kirklevington, Maltby, North Yorkshire, Maltby, Thornaby-on-Tees and Yarm-on-Tees became a part of ceremonial North Yorkshire and, along with the separate City of York borough, became unitary authorities in the county. Stockton-on-Tees borough, since the abolition, straddles North Yorkshire and county Durham.

In 2012 the town council purchased Thornaby Town Hall from the borough council for restorations. The hall, dating back to 1890–92, had been unoccupied since the 1968 county borough of Teesside amalgamation. It is now the main building used by Thornaby Town Council.

Religion

Church of England

The Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Thornaby-on-Tees, Church of St Peter ad Vincula on the village green is of 12th-century origin but a place of worship existed at the time of the ''Domesday Book'' of 1086. The unusual dedication to Liberation of Saint Peter, St Peter ad Vincula (''"St Peter in chains"'') is derived from the ancient Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome. The building, with a simple nave and a bell turret with two bells, was originally dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. Grace Pace, the mother of James Cook, Captain James Cook, was baptised at St Peter's in 1702. The larger St Paul's serves most of the town.

Sport

Acklam Road

Thornaby Cricket Club is situated at Mandale Bottoms (A1130 road, Acklam Road) and has been in existence since 1892. The main teams are in the North Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League.

Teesside Golf Club opened in 1901. It is in of the Teesside and District Union of Golf Clubs and therefore the Yorkshire Union of Golf Clubs

Thornaby FC play in the Northern Football League, Northern League Division one. It was established as 'Thornaby' in 2000. The club play at Teesdale Park ground, Acklam Road.

Thornaby Road

Thornaby and Ingleby Barwick Football Club (TIBS FC) play in the North Riding Football League division one, it was established in 1997. The club play at a grounds off A1045 road, Thornaby Road and train at Conyers School.

Transport

Rail

The town is served by Thornaby railway station, operated and owned by Northern, who operate rail services to Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, Sunderland, Darlington, Redcar, Hexham and Whitby. TransPennine Express provides direct rail services to Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester and York. London North Eastern Railway, LNER also provides a direct rail service to York and London King's Cross railway station, London Kings Cross

Road

Thornaby is served by
*the A19 road, A19 to the town's east heading north–south
*A66 road, A66 to the town's north heading west/ east and
*A174 road, A174 heading south east to Whitby.

Public Services

Arriva North East and Stagecoach Group, Stagecoach provide bus services to Thornaby and National Express Coaches, National Express and Megabus (Europe), Megabus operate coach travel from Middlesbrough bus station.

Education

Secondary

Thornaby is served by three secondary schools; St Patrick's Catholic College, Thornaby Academy and Westlands Academy.

College

Thornaby is home is Stockton Riverside College, a major provider of further education in the Tees Valley with around 10,000 full & part-time students. It is labelled Stockton due to it being in or near the former Stockton South settlement, which lied on the southern banks of the river Tees (Yorkshire) and merged into Thornaby on Tees.

University

Adjacent to the college is Durham University's University of Durham#Queen.27s Campus.2C Stockton, Queen's Campus. Durham University was the second university to be approached due to Teesside University (who were first approached) not having the funds available, at the time, necessary to run the university.

Notable people

* Grace Pace (the mother of Captain James Cook).
* Award-winning author Pat Barker lived in Millbank Lane and is best known for her Regeneration Trilogy of books about the First World War, the third of which, "The Ghost Road" won the 1995 Man Booker Prize.
*TV-Personality Holly Hagan, one of the original stars from MTV show Geordie Shore was born in Thornaby.
* Actor, Richard Griffiths was born in Thornaby and is best known for his role as Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter movies and as Uncle Monty in the cult film ''Withnail and I''. He won many awards for his acting in the film ''The History Boys''.
* Paul Curran (cyclist), Paul Curran – the championship cyclist was born in Thornaby.
* Max Jones, pupil at Robert Atkinson school, was a seven-time Olympic athletics coach and was the GB Team leader at the Sydney and Athens Olympic Games. Max was the Performance Director for UK Athletics 1997 to 2005.
* Norma Farnes was born and grew up in Thornaby. She went to London and ended up as Spike Milligan's and Eric Sykes's manager. Norma has edited and written several successful books.

References

External links

Thornaby Town Council

Thornaby Community Information

Thornaby Amateur Swimming Club

St. Patrick's Catholic College

Thornaby Academy

Thornaby Football Club

Thornaby Cricket Club

Thornaby's Mandale and Victoria Resident's Group

Thornaby's Village Park Resident's Association

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thornaby-On-Tees
Thornaby-on-Tees,
Towns in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Places in the Tees Valley
Borough of Stockton-on-Tees